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1.
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu ; 53(3): 403-409, 2024 May.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38839581

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To analyze food carbon footprint and its socio-demographic disparities among adults in China. METHODS: A total of 12 777 adults aged 18 years and above from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018 who have completed dietary and socio-demographic data were analyzed. The information of food intake were collected by 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings. Food consumption was converted into energy intake by the China Food Composition Table. Carbon footprint of 26 food groups were calculated by the food carbon footprint database based on life-cycle assessment(LCA), multinomial logit model was used to analyze the association of socio-demographic factors and food carbon footprint. RESULTS: Average food carbon footprint were decreased with increasing age while increased with increasing income and education levels, and was higher among male than that among female, was higher among urban residents than that among rural residents, was higher in the south than that in the north. Multinomial logit analysis showed that compared with people aged 18-44, the likelihood of occurring high carbon footprint in 60y and above group were 29%(OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.61-0.83) lower than that occurring low carbon footprint. Women were 11%(OR=0.89, 95%CI 0.81-0.99) and 25%(OR=0.75, 95%CI 0.67-0.84) less likely to appear medium and high carbon footprint than low carbon footprint, compared with their male counterparts. In comparison to people living in cities, rural dwellers were 24%(OR=0.76, 95%CI 0.69-0.85) and 38%(OR=0.62, 95%CI 0.55-0.70) less likely to appear medium and high carbon footprint than low carbon footprint. People in the south were 3.89 times(95%CI 3.52-4.30) and 11.35 times(95%CI 10.01-12.88) more likely to occur medium and high carbon footprint than low carbon footprint, compared with people in the north. Participants were more likely to occur medium carbon footprint and high carbon footprint with the increasing income level(OR>1), and were more likely to occur high carbon footprint with the increasing education level(OR>1). CONCLUSION: The food carbon footprint of adults in China in 2018 show different socio-demographic disparities, gender, income and education level are significant factors.


Assuntos
Pegada de Carbono , Inquéritos Nutricionais , População Rural , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Humanos , China , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Pegada de Carbono/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Dieta/estatística & dados numéricos , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Sociodemográficos
2.
Public Health Nutr ; 25(3): 649-656, 2022 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32924898

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To measure the associations of sociodemographic and behavioural factors with fruit and vegetable consumption among adults in China. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: A 2015 wave of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. PARTICIPANTS: Totally, 11 910 adults aged 18 to 64 years. RESULTS: Adjusted log binomial regression analyses showed that adults with higher income levels had higher fruit intake than those with low income levels (medium income group, risk ratio (RR): 1·28; 95 % CI: 1·16, 1·41; high income group, RR: 1·58; 95 % CI: 1·43, 1·74). Current smokers had lower fruit intake than non-smokers (RR: 0·86; 95 % CI: 0·77, 0·96). Adults living in southern China had higher vegetable intake (RR: 1·88; 95 % CI: 1·76, 2·01) but lower fruit intake (RR: 0·85; 95 % CI: 0·79, 0·91) than adults in northern China. With increasing age, adults had higher fruit intake (50-64 years, RR: 1·20; 95 % CI: 1·09, 1·33; reference category 18-34 years) and higher vegetable intake (35-49 years, RR: 1·13; 95 % CI: 1·05, 1·22; 50-64 years, RR: 1·22; 95 % CI: 1·13, 1·31). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identify a range of sociodemographic and behavioural factors associated with fruit and vegetable consumption among Chinese adults. They also point to the need for public health nutrition interventions for socially disadvantaged populations in China.


Assuntos
Frutas , Verduras , Adulto , China , Estudos Transversais , Dieta , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
3.
Nutrients ; 12(9)2020 Sep 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32937736

RESUMO

Few studies have focused on quantifying the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) phenomenon in China. We aimed to clarify the prevalence of DBM among Chinese adults as well as to examine whether usual daily dietary micronutrient status varies by body mass index (BMI) categories. In this study, a sample of 6602 adults aged 18-59 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) was analyzed. Information was obtained on dietary intake and anthropometric measurements. Dietary intakes of 11 micronutrients were estimated based on the data collected by three consecutive days of 24 h recalls combined with the weighing of household seasonings. Dietary micronutrient deficiency was defined according to the cutoff of the Chinese estimated average requirement (EARs). 44% of Chinese adults faced the problem of DBM, of which nearly 40% experienced overweight/obesity and micronutrient deficiency simultaneously. Comparable percentages (>50%) of Chinese adults had dietary intake less than the Chinese EARs for key micronutrients including retinol, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, selenium, zinc, and magnesium, and the percentages varied by body weight status. More than 80% participants had at least two selected vitamin or mineral deficiencies in all BMI categories. These findings indicate that Chinese adults have a high DBM and micronutrient inadequacies prevail among and within gender and all BMI categories. All body weight groups need advice on the changing needs for dietary variety to ensure optimal health.


Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Estado Nutricional , Adolescente , Adulto , China/epidemiologia , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Prevalência , Adulto Jovem
4.
Nutrients ; 12(7)2020 Jul 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32708978

RESUMO

Epidemiological studies suggest a positive association between obesity and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by microbial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, while animal models suggest increased energy harvest through colonic SCFA production in obesity. However, there is a lack of human population-based studies with dietary intake data, plasma SCFAs, gut microbial, and anthropometric data. In 490 Chinese adults aged 30-68 years, we examined the associations between key plasma SCFAs (butyrate/isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate measured by non-targeted plasma metabolomics) with body mass index (BMI) using multivariable-adjusted linear regression. We then assessed whether overweight (BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2) modified the association between dietary-precursors of SCFAs (insoluble fiber, total carbohydrates, and high-fiber foods) with plasma SCFAs. In a sub-sample (n = 209) with gut metagenome data, we examined the association between gut microbial SCFA-producers with BMI. We found positive associations between butyrate/isobutyrate and BMI (p-value < 0.05). The associations between insoluble fiber and butyrate/isobutyrate differed by overweight (p-value < 0.10). There was no statistical evidence for an association between microbial SCFA-producers and BMI. In sum, plasma SCFAs were positively associated with BMI and that the colonic fermentation of fiber may differ for adults with versus without overweight.


Assuntos
Adiposidade , Povo Asiático , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Índice de Massa Corporal , Colo/metabolismo , Colo/microbiologia , Estudos Transversais , Dieta , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Fibras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Fermentação , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sobrepeso/sangue , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Relação Cintura-Quadril
5.
Nutr J ; 18(1): 70, 2019 11 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31711492

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The China Dietary Guidelines Index (CDGI) is a diet quality evaluation index that can present the overall diet quality and is comparable between individuals. The aim of this study was to revise CDGI for Chinese adults according to the Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016 (CDG-2016), evaluate adherence to recommended diets between 1991 and 2015, and analyze the trend, variation, and determinants of diet quality. METHODS: Food, cooking oil, and condiment intakes were estimated based on twenty-four-hour dietary recalls over three consecutive days and the household weighing method. Based on the food and nutrients recommendations for people with different energy requirements in CDG-2016, CDGI was revised as China Dietary Guidelines Index (2019)-Adults (CDGI(2019)-A) by equal weight continuity scoring. Three-level random intercept-slope growth models were applied to analyze the trend, variation, and determinants at both the community and individual levels. RESULTS: CDGI(2019)-A, the sum of fourteen component scores with a range of 0-110 points, increased significantly from 38.2 in 1991 to 47.3 in 2015. Components with a score of less than half were milk (91.6%), fruits (72.0%), nuts (82.5%), other cereals and beans (82.6%), and seafood (77.7%). Between-individual accounted for 25.6% of the total score variation, of which 87.4% derived from the community level. CDGI(2019)-A score displayed a positive association with being female, having higher education, having higher income, living in an urban area, and knowing the CDG-2016 recommendations. The impact of income and awareness of CDG-2016 varied significantly across communities. CONCLUSIONS: Although quality of diet has been improving in China, overall quality remains poor, primarily because of inadequate intake of milk and dairy products, nuts, fruits, other cereals and miscellaneous beans, and seafood. Intervention at the community level may improve diet quality more efficiently than at the individual level, and the most effective intervention should be selected in different communities according to local conditions.


Assuntos
Política Nutricional , Inquéritos Nutricionais/métodos , Inquéritos Nutricionais/estatística & dados numéricos , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , China , Análise por Conglomerados , Dieta , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto Jovem
6.
Nutrients ; 10(5)2018 May 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29738427

RESUMO

The dietary zinc consumed in Chinese households has decreased over the past decade. However, the national dietary zinc intake in the last five years has seldom been investigated. Using data from 12,028 participants 18 to 64 years old (52.9% male) in the China Nutritional Transition Cohort Survey (CNTCS) 2015, we describe the intake of dietary zinc and the contributions of major foods and we examine the relationship between the level of dietary zinc intake and metabolic syndrome indicators, including blood pressure, fasting glucose, and triglycerides (TG), in Chinese adults. We assessed dietary zinc intake using 24 h recalls on three consecutive days. The mean daily dietary zinc intake for all participants was 10.2 milligrams per day (males 11.2 mg/day, females 9.4 mg/day, p < 0.001). The mean daily dietary zinc density for all participants was 5.2 mg/day per 1000 kilocalories. Among all participants, 31.0% were at risk of zinc deficiency, with dietary zinc intakes of less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) (males 49.2%, females 14.8%, p < 0.050), and 49.9% had adequate dietary zinc intakes, equal to or greater than the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) (males 30.7%, females 67.0%, p < 0.050). We found substantial gender differences in dietary zinc intake and zinc deficiency, with nearly half of the men at risk of zinc deficiency. Males of younger age, with higher education and incomes, and who consumed higher levels of meat, had higher zinc intakes, higher zinc intake densities, and higher rates of meeting the EAR. Among all participants, grains, livestock meat, fresh vegetables, legumes, and seafood were the top five food sources of zinc, and their contributions to total dietary zinc intake were 39.5%, 17.3%, 8.9%, 6.4%, and 4.8%, respectively. The groups with relatively better dietary zinc intakes consumed lower proportions of grains and higher proportions of livestock meat. For males with adequate dietary zinc intake (≥RNI), TG levels increased by 0.219 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) compared with males with deficient dietary zinc intake (

Assuntos
Dieta , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Zinco/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Adulto , Povo Asiático , Glicemia/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Índice de Massa Corporal , China/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Carboidratos da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional , Recomendações Nutricionais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Verduras , Adulto Jovem , Zinco/sangue , Zinco/deficiência
7.
Wei Sheng Yan Jiu ; 46(2): 246-250, 2017 Mar.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29903101

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To measure and calculate the medical cost attributable to hypertension among Chinese middle and old aged residents in 12 provinces( city or region)in 2011. METHODS: The data were collected in 2011 from China Health and Nutrition Survey. The sample was 45 years old and over of health male and female residents. To estimate the probability of medical usage and medical expenditure, and calculate the medical cost attributable to hypertension. RESULTS: The results showed that, in 2011, the estimate predict that the per capita medical expenditure for a single medical event was246. 8 yuan, the medical cost attributable to hypertension was 21. 2 yuan, which amounted to 8. 6% of the total personal medical cost. Hypertension showed a positive effect on the probability of medical usage to a large extent. Female respondents had lower medical cost. New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme was linked with higher medical expenditure and the medical cost was higher in the north. CONCLUSION: To some extent, the probability of medical usage and medical expenditure are affected by hypertension. The whole society, families and individuals may also have certain economic burden due to hypertension.


Assuntos
Análise Custo-Benefício , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Gastos em Saúde , Hipertensão/economia , China/epidemiologia , Cidades , Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão/etnologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População Rural
9.
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi ; 34(9): 863-8, 2013 Sep.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24331959

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the long-term shifts in fruit and vegetable intakes in Chinese children and adolescents between 1991 and 2009 and related impact from socio-economic factors on such dynamics. METHODS: Data was from the seven waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. 12 596 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years with full data of 3-day-24-hour dietary recall, together with related demographic and socioeconomic factors were chosen as the study subjects. RESULTS: The consumption rates of fruits and vegetables showed an significant increasing trend, from 58.3% in 1991 to 82.4%, on dark-color vegetables(χ(2) = 213.2, P < 0.01), from 94.4% to 96.9% on light-color vegetable(χ(2) = 11.6, P < 0.0001)and from 12.6% to 45.4% for fruits(χ(2) = 571.2, P < 0.0001)in 2009. The median intake of total vegetables decreased from 250.0 g/d in 1991 to 225.8 g/d in 2009(χ(2) = 72.4, P < 0.0001) and the light-color vegetable decreased by 36.6 g/d. However, among the corresponding consumers, the fruit intake increased about 50.0 g/d (χ(2) = 104.2, P < 0.01)and the dark-color vegetable intake decreased about 40.0 g/d (χ(2) = 92.8, P < 0.0001 ). The proportion of children who reached the minimum intake of vegetable(300 g/d)recommended by Dietary Guidelines for Chinese 2007 decreased from 38.9% in 1991 to 26.8% in 2011 and the proportion of children who had met the minimum intake(200 g/d)increased from 2.0% to 13.9% . 25.1% of the children consumed dark-color vegetables more than half of the total vegetable intake. Schooling of the mother and family income had important impact on fruit consumption of the children. CONCLUSION: Rates on fruit and vegetable consumption showed an increasing trend among Chinese children and adolescents over the past 20 years. However, the vegetable intake significantly decreased and the fruit intake increased slightly. Chinese Children posed a greater risk on insufficient intake on both vegetables and fruits. Comprehensive and effective programs should be taken to increase vegetable and fruit intakes in order to improve the nutritional status of children.


Assuntos
Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Comportamento Alimentar , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adolescente , Criança , China , Feminino , Frutas , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Verduras
10.
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi ; 32(9): 902-4, 2011 Sep.
Artigo em Chinês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22340879

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the status of anemia among children under 5 years of age in the economically less developed rural areas from 6 western provinces of China in 2009. METHODS: 8141 study subjects were from the program- 'Study on Appropriate Technology of Children Under-nutrition Improvement in Poor Rural Areas'. RESULTS: In 2009, the prevalence of anemia among children under 5 years of age in the above said rural areas from 6 western provinces was 24.1%. The prevalence of anemia among male children was much higher than that among female children. The peak of anemia prevalence (38.5%) was among children of 6 - 11 months. The prevalence of anemia decreased along with the increase of age. CONCLUSION: Results from the study demonstrated that anemia among the preschool children was a public health problem in poor rural areas of western China. Improving the knowledge on reasonable feeding seemed a better way for the prevention and control of anemia plus providing complementary nutrients sprinkle to the affected children.


Assuntos
Anemia/epidemiologia , Áreas de Pobreza , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , População Rural
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