Assessment of serum Vit A, D and zinc nutritional status and related dietary and exercise behaviors of children and adolescents in rural and urban area.

Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents has a negative impact on their growth and development. This study aimed to learn the nutritional status of vitamin A and D among rural children and adolescents and to explore related dietary and exercise behaviors. A total of 10 counties (cities, districts) from 90 counties (cities, districts) in Zhejiang Province were selected by the method of random cluster sampling. Children and adolescents were investigated and their food and nutrient intake were calculated. The concentration of serum vitamin A in urban area was 0.38 ng/ml, which was higher than that in rural area (p < 0.05); while the concentration of serum vitamin D in urban area was 21.25 mg/L, which was lower than that in rural area (p < 0.05). The concentration of serum zinc was 101 µg/dl in urban area and 107 µg/dl in rural area (p < 0.05). The intake of dietary fiber, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin C was lower than the recommended value. In rural area, the intakes of cereals, tubers and beans, livestock, poultry and meat of children and adolescents were higher than the recommended values; while the intake of vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk, fish and shrimp, soybean and nuts was lower than the recommended value. The intake of edible oil and salt is higher than the recommended value. The time of medium and high intensity exercise time in rural area is more than that in urban area in the age group of 12-17 years, while the sitting time is less than that in urban area. Children and adolescents living in rural area should be guided to eat reasonably, and to choose foods with high nutrient density and with low oil, salt and sugar.

[Assessment on dietary iodine intake in three areas of Zhejiang province, 2009].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of dietary iodine intake in three areas of Zhejiang and the related policy on universal salt iodization in the province. METHODS: The study involved 497 residents from 180 families living in Hangzhou, Taizhou, Zhoushan cities, representing coastal and inland areas in Zhejiang province in 2009. A total diet study was applied to obtain the typical diet samples at three study areas through food consumption, aggregation, sampling and preparation processes. The contents of iodine in diet samples were determined by tetramethylammonium hydroxide extraction-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The amount of dietary iodine intake was calculated by timing the food consumption data and the iodine content in different dietary samples. The safety of dietary iodine intake was evaluated according to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) and tolerable upper intake level (UL) published by the Chinese Nutrition Society in 2001. RESULTS: The dietary iodine intake of reference person in three areas of Zhejiang province was 421.0 µg/d. The levels of P5, P25, median, P75, P90, P95 dietary iodine intake were 145.7 µg/d, 267.6 µg/d, 358.5 µg/d, 495.6 µg/d, 774.1 µg/d and 1273.0 µg/d respectively. Daily dietary iodine intake at UL accounted for 5.2%, 87.5% and 7.2% of all the participants respectively. Without considering the loss through cooking, salt iodine provided 81.6% of the dietary iodine source. The resources of dietary iodine would include vegetables, cereals and marine food, proportionally, as 57.2%, 13.0% and 8.5%, respectively. Participants whose daily dietary iodine intake exceeded the UL level would consume more marine algae products than those whose dietary iodine intakes were lower than RNI or between RNI-UL. CONCLUSION: Dietary iodine intake among most residents and their average level were among reasonable ranges. Meanwhile, deficiency and excess of iodine intake coexisted. Salt iodine was the main resource of dietary iodine. Participants whose dietary iodine intakes exceeding the UL level, would prefer consume more marine algae products.

[Exposure assessment on dietary lead and cadmium of residents in three areas of Zhejiang province from 2009 to 2010].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety of dietary lead and cadmium intake in 3 areas of Zhejiang province. METHODS: Using the total dietary study method, the study was conducted in 3 regions which represented coastal, city and rural areas in Zhejiang province from 2009 to 2010. The dietary survey was conducted on the residents (512 subjects) and the categories and volume of food consumption were obtained. The analytical food samples were obtained by food consumption survey, food aggregation, food sampling and preparation. The food samples were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The safety of dietary lead and cadmium intake was evaluated. RESULTS: The median dietary lead intake (P50) in Zhejiang province was 37.8 µg/d. The 97.5% dietary lead intake (P97.5) was 72.3 µg/d. The P50 dietary lead intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 23.2 to 44.2 µg/d. The P97.5 dietary lead intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 34.2 to 88.1 µg/d. The P50 dietary cadmium intake in Zhejiang province was 9.6 µg/d. The P97.5 dietary cadmium intake was 15.7 µg/d. The P50 dietary cadmium intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 6.4 to 11.4 µg/d, accounting 15.6% - 42.6% of PTMI (provisional tolerable monthly intake, 25 µg/kg). The P97.5 dietary cadmium intakes of different age and gender groups ranged from 10.5 to 21.4 µg/d, accounting 27.5% - 77.6% of PTMI. Vegetable (11.3 µg), cereal (11.0 µg) and meat (9.8 µg) were the first three food sources which accounted for 84.9% of dietary lead (P50: 37.8 µg/d). Cereal (3.6 µg), vegetable (2.1 µg) and legume (0.9 µg) were the first three food sources which accounted for 68.8% of dietary cadmium (P50: 9.6 µg/d). CONCLUSION: Dietary lead and cadmium intakes of most residents in 3 areas of Zhejiang province as well as the average level are safe.