Characterization and fitness cost of bifenthrin resistance in Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Rhopalosiphum padi is an important global wheat pest. The pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin is widely used in the control R. padi. We explored the resistance potential, cross-resistance, adaptive costs, and resistance mechanism of R. padi to bifenthrin using a bifenthrin-resistant strain (Rp-BIF) established in laboratory. The Rp-BIF strain developed extremely high resistance against bifenthrin (1033.036-fold). Cross-resistance analyses showed that the Rp-BIF strain had an extremely high level of cross-resistance to deltamethrin (974.483-fold), moderate levels of cross-resistance to chlorfenapyr (34.051-fold), isoprocarb (27.415-fold), imidacloprid (14.819-fold), and thiamethoxam (11.228-fold), whereas negative cross-resistance was observed to chlorpyrifos (0.379-fold). The enzymatic activity results suggested that P450 played an important role in bifenthrin resistance. A super-kdr mutation (M918L) of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) was found in the bifenthrin-resistant individuals. When compared with the susceptible strain (Rp-SS), the Rp-BIF strain was significantly inferior in multiple life table parameters, exhibiting a relative fitness of 0.69. Our toxicological and biochemical studies indicated that multiple mechanisms of resistance might be involved in the resistance trait. Our results provide insight into the bifenthrin resistance of R. padi and can contribute to improve management of bifenthrin-resistant R. padi in the field.

Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between macronutrients and cardiovascular disease and mortality is controversial. Most available data are from European and North American populations where nutrition excess is more likely, so their applicability to other populations is unclear. METHODS: The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study is a large, epidemiological cohort study of individuals aged 35-70 years (enrolled between Jan 1, 2003, and March 31, 2013) in 18 countries with a median follow-up of 7·4 years (IQR 5·3-9·3). Dietary intake of 135 335 individuals was recorded using validated food frequency questionnaires. The primary outcomes were total mortality and major cardiovascular events (fatal cardiovascular disease, non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure). Secondary outcomes were all myocardial infarctions, stroke, cardiovascular disease mortality, and non-cardiovascular disease mortality. Participants were categorised into quintiles of nutrient intake (carbohydrate, fats, and protein) based on percentage of energy provided by nutrients. We assessed the associations between consumption of carbohydrate, total fat, and each type of fat with cardiovascular disease and total mortality. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) using a multivariable Cox frailty model with random intercepts to account for centre clustering. FINDINGS: During follow-up, we documented 5796 deaths and 4784 major cardiovascular disease events. Higher carbohydrate intake was associated with an increased risk of total mortality (highest [quintile 5] vs lowest quintile [quintile 1] category, HR 1·28 [95% CI 1·12-1·46], ptrend=0·0001) but not with the risk of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease mortality. Intake of total fat and each type of fat was associated with lower risk of total mortality (quintile 5 vs quintile 1, total fat: HR 0·77 [95% CI 0·67-0·87], ptrend<0·0001; saturated fat, HR 0·86 [0·76-0·99], ptrend=0·0088; monounsaturated fat: HR 0·81 [0·71-0·92], ptrend<0·0001; and polyunsaturated fat: HR 0·80 [0·71-0·89], ptrend<0·0001). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with lower risk of stroke (quintile 5 vs quintile 1, HR 0·79 [95% CI 0·64-0·98], ptrend=0·0498). Total fat and saturated and unsaturated fats were not significantly associated with risk of myocardial infarction or cardiovascular disease mortality. INTERPRETATION: High carbohydrate intake was associated with higher risk of total mortality, whereas total fat and individual types of fat were related to lower total mortality. Total fat and types of fat were not associated with cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, or cardiovascular disease mortality, whereas saturated fat had an inverse association with stroke. Global dietary guidelines should be reconsidered in light of these findings. FUNDING: Full funding sources listed at the end of the paper (see Acknowledgments).

Relative validity of an FFQ to estimate daily food and nutrient intakes for Chilean adults.

OBJECTIVE: FFQ are commonly used to rank individuals by their food and nutrient intakes in large epidemiological studies. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate an FFQ to rank individuals participating in an ongoing Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study in Chile. DESIGN: An FFQ and four 24 h dietary recalls were completed over 1 year. Pearson correlation coefficients, energy-adjusted and de-attenuated correlations and weighted kappa were computed between the dietary recalls and the FFQ. The level of agreement between the two dietary assessment methods was evaluated by Bland-Altman analysis. SETTING: Temuco, Chile. SUBJECTS: Overall, 166 women and men enrolled in the present study. One hundred men and women participated in FFQ development and sixty-six individuals participated in FFQ validation. RESULTS: The FFQ consisted of 109 food items. For nutrients, the crude correlation coefficients between the dietary recalls and FFQ varied from 0.14 (protein) to 0.44 (fat). Energy adjustment and de-attenuation improved correlation coefficients and almost all correlation coefficients exceeded 0.40. Similar correlation coefficients were observed for food groups; the highest de-attenuated energy adjusted correlation coefficient was found for margarine and butter (0.75) and the lowest for potatoes (0.12). CONCLUSIONS: The FFQ showed moderate to high agreement for most nutrients and food groups, and can be used to rank individuals based on energy, nutrient and food intakes. The validation study was conducted in a unique setting and indicated that the tool is valid for use by adults in Chile.

Assessment of dietary intake in a sample of Polish population - baseline assessment from the prospective cohort 'PONS' study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of participants in the Polish-Norwegian Study (PONS). METHODS: The presented study comprised 3,862 inhabitants of Swietokrzyskie Province aged 45-64 (2,572 females and 1,290 males). Daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat and fatty acid were estimated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). RESULTS: Energy intake was significantly higher in males than females (1,461.4 vs 1,320.7 kcal/day), and in participants aged 45-54 than in those aged 55-64 (1,409.5 vs 1,338.5 kcal/day). The percentage of energy from saturated fatty acids was higher than dietary recommendations. Protein, fat and carbohydrate intakes were significantly higher in males compared to females, and in younger than in older group. Daily cholesterol intake was significantly higher in males compared to females and in younger than in older group. People with a higher level of education had a higher energy, protein and fat intake. CONCLUSION: Under-reporting of energy intake was observed in a significant percentage of participants, especially in males. Gender, age and education status had statistically significant impact on dietary intake. Increase in the intake of dietary fibre, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids with diet by the studied participants will make the diets more healthy.

Evaluation of mineral and vitamin intake in the diet of a sample of Polish population - baseline assessment from the prospective cohort 'PONS' study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate selected mineral and vitamin intake of the Polish-Norwegian Study (PONS) participants. METHODS: Daily mineral and vitamin intake of PONS study participants was estimated using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Overall, 3,862 inhabitants of Swietokrzyskie Province aged 45-64 (2,572 females and 1,290 males) enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Mean calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium intake were, in males: 660.6 mg/day, 15.4 mg/day, 218.5 mg/day, 889.3 mg/day, 2,453.4 mg/day and 2,571.5 mg/day, and in females: 703.6 mg/day, 13.9 mg/day, 220.8 mg/day, 916.3 mg/day, 2,497.3 mg/day and 2,301.8 mg/day, respectively. Iron and sodium intake was significantly higher in males compared to females. Calcium intake was lower in males than in females and in participants aged 55-64 then those aged 45-54. Estimated daily sodium intake was similar among individuals with and without hypertension. Mean vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, A and E were, in males: 80.1 mg/day, 1.3 mg/day, 1.5 mg/day, 1.6 mg/day, 8,454.0 IU/day and 5.4 mg/day and in females: 83.7 mg/day, 1.1 mg/day, 1.6 mg/day, 1.6 mg/day, 9,494.6 IU/day and 4.9 mg/day, respectively. Females had a higher intake of vitamin C and A , while males had higher thiamin and vitamin E intakes. Higher daily vitamin C intake was observed in the younger than in the older group, and in participants with higher education than those with a lower level of education. CONCLUSION: Significant differences were observed in daily intake of some vitamins and minerals by gender, age, level of education, and place of residence. Some participants had a lower intake of some minerals and vitamins than Polish recommendations.