Emerging N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and 6PPD quinone in paired human plasma and urine from Tianjin, China: Preliminary assessment with demographic factors.

With increasing concerns about N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), relevant environmental investigations and toxicological research have sprung up in recent years. However, limited information could be found for human body burden assessment. This work collected and analyzed 200 samples consisting of paired urine and plasma samples from participants (50 male and 50 female) in Tianjin, China. Low detection frequencies (DF, <15 %) were found except for urinary 6PPD-Q (86 %), which suggested the poor residue tendency of 6PPD and 6PPD-Q in blood. The low DFs also lead to no substantial association between two chemicals. Data analysis based on urinary 6PPD-Q showed a significant difference between males and females (p < 0.05). No significant correlation was found for other demographic factors (Body Mass Index (BMI), age, drinking, and smoking). The mean values of daily excretion (ng/kg bw/day) calculated using urinary 6PPD-Q for females and males were 7.381 ng/kg bw/day (female) and 3.360 ng/kg bw/day (male), and apparently female suffered higher daily exposure. Further analysis with daily excretion and ALT (alanine aminotransferase)/TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)/ blood cell analysis indicators found a potential correlation with 6PPD-Q daily excretion and liver/immune functions. Considering this preliminary assessment, systematic research targeting the potential organs at relevant concentrations is required.

Cost-effective fabrication of a high-conductivity copper electrode for heterojunction solar cells via laser-induced selective metallization.

Replacing expensive silver with inexpensive copper for the metallization of silicon wafer solar cells can lead to significant reductions in material costs associated with cell production, but the susceptibility of the Cu material to oxidation remains a challenging issue to solve. In this study, we investigate copper metallization of Indium Tin Oxide surfaces to define copper grid electrodes for heterojunction cells. We propose a novel laser-induced selective metallization (LISM) method to fabricate large-scale copper electrodes for heterojunction solar cells at low cost. This study includes a comprehensive evaluation of the morphological characteristics and electrical properties of the electrodes. The effects of laser parameters on the morphology, composition, size, and conductivity of copper electrodes are investigated. The goal of establishing the process window is to obtain the optimal laser parameters for manufacturing highly conductive copper electrodes. These optimized parameters will then be employed to fabricate high-performance electrodes for solar cells. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the mechanism underlying laser selective metallization is provided. The resulting Cu electrodes exhibit high conductivity and low resistivity of 1.98 × 10-5Ω.cm, demonstrating the potential of this method for efficient and cost-effective solar electrode production.

[Spatiotemporal Occurrence of Organophosphate Esters in the Surface Water and Sediment of Taihu Lake and Relevant Risk Assessment].

Aiming to explore the spatiotemporal occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the aquatic environment of Taihu Lake and to assess the relevant ecological risk, monomeric and oligomeric OPEs in the surface water and sediment of Taihu Lake were determined using solid phase extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The target monomeric OPEs included chlorinated OPEs, alkyl OPEs, and aryl OPEs. There was no significant difference in the spatial distribution of OPEs in water and sediment between the pollutant-impacted and less-impacted zones. The average concentrations of OPEs in summer and winter were, respectively, 752.7 and 498.5 ng·L-1 in water and 124.0 and 54.5 ng·g-1 in sediment, indicating an obvious seasonal difference, especially for the monomeric OPEs. The OPEs levels in both the water and sediment were ranked in the order of chlorinated OPEs > alkyl OPEs > aryl OPEs≈oligomeric OPEs. The pseudo-partitioning coefficients (Kd) of OPEs between the sediment and surface water of Taihu Lake were much higher in summer (0.05-4.17 L·g-1) compared to those in winter (0.02-3.47 L·g-1) and were significantly positively correlated with the lg Kow values of OPEs. Based on the median concentrations of OPEs in the water of Taihu Lake, the ecological risk of OPEs was assessed by risk quotient (RQ) values, which indicated a medium risk at an RQ level of 0.34 during winter and 0.35 during summer. The assessment results showed that the risk ranking of OPEs was consistent with that of their concentrations, and the monomeric OPEs posed a higher ecological risk in summer compared to that in winter. Although the ecological risk of oligomeric OPEs in this study was not serious and was lower than that of monomeric OPEs, it is an urgent requirement to conduct ecotoxicology studies on oligomeric OPEs in the future since available data is highly limited at present.

Characteristics analysis of solid waste generation and carbon emission of beer production in China.

As the largest beer producer and consumer in the world, China's endeavors to reduce solid waste generation (SWG) and carbon emissions (CEs) in the course of beer production assume paramount significance. This study aims to assess the SWG and CEs in beer production within China at both national and provincial levels, and further delves into the spatial distribution characteristics and evolving patterns across the country. Key findings of the study include:(1) Peak SWG and CEs were recorded in 2013, reaching 861.62 million tons and 2315.10 tCO2e, respectively, followed by a consistent decline. (2) Among the three types of solid waste, spent grain exhibited the highest generation rate, contributing to 94.38% of the total. (3) The emergence of China's beer industry dates back to the 1980s in the northeastern region, expanding to the southeastern and the Yangtze River Basin during the 1990s, ultimately extending nationwide. (4) The spatial distribution of beer production revealed significant regional disparities and notable industry concentration. Notably, many provinces witnessed reduced CEs from beer production starting in 2015, although the extent of reduction varied in different provinces. These findings serve as a scientific foundation for formulating emission reduction strategies in beer producing and offer insights for other food industries in China.

Ibrutinib versus bendamustine plus rituximab for first-line treatment of 65 or older patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia without del(17p)/TP53 mutation in China: a lifetime economic research study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and mortality rates of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in China have recently increased. This study performed a long-term economic evaluation of the first-line treatment strategies ibrutinib (IB) or bendamustine (BE) plus rituximab (RI) for previously untreated older patients with CLL without the del(17p)/TP53 mutation in China. METHODS: Based on clinical data from large, randomized trials, a Markov model including four disease states (event-free survival, treatment failure, post-treatment failure, and death) was used to estimate the incremental costs per quality adjusted-life year (QALY) gained from the first-line IB strategy versus the BE plus RI strategy over a 10-year period. All costs were adjusted to 2022 values based on the Chinese Consumer Price Index, and all costs and health outcomes were discounted at an annual rate of 5%. Sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm the robustness of base-case results. RESULTS: Compared to the first-line BE plus RI strategy, first-line IB treatment achieved 1.17 additional QALYs, but was accompanied by $88,046.78 (estimated in 2022 US dollars) in decremental costs per patient over 10 years. Thus, first-line treatment with IB appeared to have absolute dominance compared to the BE plus RI strategy. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these results. CONCLUSIONS: The first-line treatment with IB is absolutely cost-effective compared to the first-line BE plus RI treatment strategy for 65 or older patients with CLL without the del (17p)/TP53 mutation from the Chinese payer perspective. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that Chinese health authorities select the former strategy for these CLL patients.

A Markov model-based cost-effectiveness analysis comparing zanubrutinib to ibrutinib for treating relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

OBJECTIVE: This article examined the cost-effectiveness of zanubrutinib and ibrutinib for managing relapsed and refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia from the viewpoint of payers in China and the US. METHODS: Markov models were employed to conduct comparisons. Baseline characteristics and clinical data were extracted from the ALPINE study. The cost-effectiveness outcome indicators encompassed cost, quality-adjusted life years, and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS: The Markov model analysis revealed that the zanubrutinib group incurred an incremental cost per patient of $-24,586.53 compared to the ibrutinib group. The zanubrutinib group exhibited an incremental utility per capita of 0.28 quality-adjusted life years, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $-88,068.16 per quality-adjusted life year, which is lower than the payment threshold in China. The willingness-to-pay value in China for 2022 was three times the country's gross domestic product per capita. In the US, patients in the zanubrutinib group experienced per capita incremental costs of $-79,421.56, per capita incremental utility of 0.28 quality-adjusted life years, and an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $-284,485.45 per quality-adjusted life year. CONCLUSION: For Chinese payers, zanubrutinib exhibited superior cost-effectiveness compared to ibrutinib. Zanubrutinib proved to be a more affordable option for US payers when considering the payment threshold.

Global, regional, and national burden of intestinal obstruction from 1990 to 2019: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal obstruction (IO) is a common surgical acute abdominal condition that places a significant burden on modern health systems. Unfortunately, the global burden and trends of IO remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively assess its long-term trends and epidemiological features, which will help policymakers to formulate appropriate health policies. METHODS: We conducted an ecological study using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. Data on IO were analyzed by sex, age, year, sociodemographic index (SDI), and location according to GBD 2019. In addition, joinpoint regression analysis was used to assess temporal trends. Age-period-cohort analysis (APC Analysis) was conducted to evaluate age, period, and birth cohort effects on IO incidence and mortality risk. RESULTS: Globally, the prevalent and incident cases increased by 56.91% and 86.67% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) increased, but age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate decreased over the past three decades. The age effect demonstrated that older people have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. The period effect of incidence and mortality showed an upward trend from 1990 to 2019. Cohort effect revealed that the incidence and death risk peaked in the earlier-born cohort and was lower in the more recent-born cohort. Notably, we found that the burden of IO was higher in males than in females throughout the study period. There are huge disparities in IO burden among countries. CONCLUSION: Globally, the reported incidence and prevalence of IO increased from 1990 to 2019. The burden of IO differed markedly by age, sex, country, and region. Middle-aged and elderly people over 50 years old were at high risk. Given the ageing population, the burden of IO will be a major public health challenge. Thus, there is a strong necessity to strengthen prevention and early intervention in the at-risk population.

Cross-sectional study on dysphagia evaluation in community-dwelling older adults using the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT) -10, EAT-2, and Water Swallow Test.

BACKGROUND: Dysphagia is a health concern that causes severe complications and affects the life quality of the older population. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT)-2 compared with the EAT-10 and the Water Swallow Test (WST) in screening for dysphagia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 5,090 community-dwelling older adults. Dysphagia was evaluated using both a subjective measure, the 10-item EAT (EAT-10) and an objective measure, the WST. The kappa index in pairs were analyzed. The validity and reliability of EAT-2 were also assessed. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the EAT-2 were 96.3 % and 94.8 %, respectively. The kappa index between the EAT-2 and EAT-10 was 0.64, whereas it was 0.11 between the EAT-10 and WST. CONCLUSIONS: The EAT-2 was a simpler screening tool for dysphagia. Combining the subjective questionnaire (EAT-10 or EAT-2) and the objective test (WST) is recommended.

Foreground Segmentation-Based Density Grading Networks for Crowd Counting.

Estimating object counts within a single image or video frame represents a challenging yet pivotal task in the field of computer vision. Its increasing significance arises from its versatile applications across various domains, including public safety and urban planning. Among the various object counting tasks, crowd counting is particularly notable for its critical role in social security and urban planning. However, intricate backgrounds in images often lead to misidentifications, wherein the complex background is mistaken as the foreground, thereby inflating forecasting errors. Additionally, the uneven distribution of crowd density within the foreground further exacerbates predictive errors of the network. This paper introduces a novel architecture with a three-branch structure aimed at synergistically incorporating hierarchical foreground information and global scale information into density map estimation, thereby achieving more precise counting results. Hierarchical foreground information guides the network to perform distinct operations on regions with varying densities, while global scale information evaluates the overall density level of the image and adjusts the model's global predictions accordingly. We also systematically investigate and compare three potential locations for integrating hierarchical foreground information into the density estimation network, ultimately determining the most effective placement.Through extensive comparative experiments across three datasets, we demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method.

Development of a solubility parameter calculation-based method as a complementary tool to traditional techniques for indoor dust microplastic determination and risk assessment.

Herein, a method based on solubility parameter calculation was first used to analyze microplastics in indoor dust. The limit of quantification (LOQ) reached 0.2 mg/g, and the result of reference material SRM 2585 (n = 3) was 14.8 mg/g ± 1.8 %, suggesting satisfying sensitivity and precision. Recoveries of spiking experiments were > 80 % with no obvious matrix interferences observed, except ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) MPs. Further, 69 indoor dust samples were analyzed to verify the method and to assess exposure scenarios for graduate students in Tianjin, China. EPDM was identified in an indoor environment for the first time as the second most widely detected type after PET in this work. The mass-based result is complementary to the outcomes from thermogravimetric analysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and laser direct infrared imaging. Significant correlations were found between total organic carbon (TOC), microplastics, and BDE-209 concentrations, indicating microplastics important contaminant vectors in indoor dust. Dormitory stays and PET contributed the most to health risks among the three exposure scenarios and detected four polymers, respectively. This work provides an approach with the potential for the standardized determination of microplastics in complex environmental matrices and reveals exposure characteristics of indoor dust microplastics.

A gender specific risk assessment of coronary heart disease based on physical examination data.

Large-scale screening for the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) is crucial for its prevention and management. Physical examination data has the advantages of wide coverage, large capacity, and easy collection. Therefore, here we report a gender-specific cascading system for risk assessment of CHD based on physical examination data. The dataset consists of 39,538 CHD patients and 640,465 healthy individuals from the Luzhou Health Commission in Sichuan, China. Fifty physical examination characteristics were considered, and after feature screening, ten risk factors were identified. To facilitate large-scale CHD risk screening, a CHD risk model was developed using a fully connected network (FCN). For males, the model achieves AUCs of 0.8671 and 0.8659, respectively on the independent test set and the external validation set. For females, the AUCs of the model are 0.8991 and 0.9006, respectively on the independent test set and the external validation set. Furthermore, to enhance the convenience and flexibility of the model in clinical and real-life scenarios, we established a CHD risk scorecard base on logistic regression (LR). The results show that, for both males and females, the AUCs of the scorecard on the independent test set and the external verification set are only slightly lower (<0.05) than those of the corresponding prediction model, indicating that the scorecard construction does not result in a significant loss of information. To promote CHD personal lifestyle management, an online CHD risk assessment system has been established, which can be freely accessed at http://lin-group.cn/server/CHD/index.html .

Selective saccharification of crude glycerol pretreated sugarcane bagasse via fast pyrolysis: Reaction kinetics and life cycle assessment.

Saccharification is a pivotal step in the conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels and chemicals. In this study, crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production was used in pretreatment to facilitate efficient and clean pyrolytic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse. Delignification, demineralization, destruction of lignin-carbohydrate complex structure, and cellulose crystallinity improvement in crude glycerol pretreated biomass could enhance levoglucosan producing reactions against competitive reactions, and therefore facilitate a kinetically controlled pyrolysis with apparent activation energy increased by 2-fold. Accordingly, selective levoglucosan production (44.4%) was promoted by 6-fold whilst light oxygenates and lignin monomers were limited to <25% in bio-oil. Owing to the high-efficiency saccharification, life cycle assessment suggested that the environmental impacts of the integrated process were less than those of typical acid pretreatment and petroleum-based processes, especially on the acidification (8-fold less) and global warming potential. This study provides an environmentally benign approach to efficient biorefinery and waste management.

An improved global vegetation health index dataset in detecting vegetation drought.

Due to global warming, drought events have become more frequent, which resulted in aggravated crop failures, food shortage, larger and more energetic wildfires, and have seriously affected socio-economic development and agricultural production. In this study, a global long-term (1981-2021), high-resolution (4 km) improved vegetation health index (VHI) dataset integrating climate, vegetation and soil moisture was developed. Based on drought records from the Emergency Event Database, we compared the detection efficiency of the VHI before and after its improvement in the occurrence and scope of observed drought events. The global drought detection efficiency of the improved high-resolution VHI dataset reached values as high as 85%, which is 14% higher than the original VHI dataset. The improved VHI dataset was also more sensitive to mild droughts and more accurate regarding the extent of droughts. This improved dataset can play an important role in long-term drought monitoring but also has the potential to assess the impact of drought on the agricultural, forestry, ecological and environmental sectors.

Does Environmental Regulation Promote the Infrastructure Investment Efficiency? Analysis Based on the Spatial Effects.

Infrastructure investment plays a key role in steady economic growth. Investment in infrastructure is gradually increasing; however, large-scale infrastructure investment is also associated with efficiency problems and environmental problems, which need to be carefully examined. The entropy weight method and the Super-SBM model are implemented to measure environmental regulation and infrastructure investment efficiency, respectively; and the spatial Durbin model is applied to analyze the influence mechanism and spatial effects of environmental regulation on infrastructure investment efficiency. The results show that spatial agglomeration characteristics exist in both environmental regulation and infrastructure investment efficiency. Besides, environmental regulation can promote infrastructure investment efficiency in general, but it develops an inverted U-shaped relationship as the intensity increases. Lastly, the spillover effects of environmental regulation on infrastructure investment efficiency present a U-shaped relationship. The conclusion is that both environmental regulation and infrastructure investment efficiency in China increased from 2008 to 2020. Besides, moderate environmental regulation is beneficial to infrastructure investment efficiency and restrains spatial spillover, but strict environmental regulation appears to be the opposite. This research expands the literature on environmental regulation and production efficiency and provides a reference basis for formulating effective policies to improve infrastructure investment efficiency from the perspective of the ecological environment.

Waste reclamation from municipal solid waste for the cost-efficient treatment of landfill leachate with a novel biological trickle reactor system.

Mature landfill leachate (MLL) would be a tough nut to crack, how to realize waste reclamation while deal with the intractable by-products deserves for more considerations. In this study, a novel system, equipped with two biological trickle reactors developed by inert wastes and a connected organic feeder using waste-recycling rotten banana powder, was established for treating MLL. Results indicated that superior pollutant removal performance and long-term stability were achieved by this system, with only COD and TN concentrations slightly higher than the relevant standard limits. But the shortage about poor resistance to shock pollution loads, was underlined by the fluctuation of water quality. Anaerobic condition and carbon source supplementation contributed to more microbial similarities but less community richness and diversity among inert fillings, and the selective enrichment of denitrification and organic-degrading strains simultaneously occurred. The comparisons with common processes demonstrated that this system was a cost-efficient choice for MLL treatment.

The Spatial-Temporal Transition and Influencing Factors of Green and Low-Carbon Utilization Efficiency of Urban Land in China under the Goal of Carbon Neutralization.

Urban-land development and utilization is one of the main sources of carbon emissions. Improving the green and low-carbon utilization efficiency of urban land (GLUEUL) under the goal of carbon neutrality is crucial to the low-carbon transition and green development of China's economy. Combining the concept of green and low-carbon development in urban land use, carbon emissions and industrial-pollution emissions are incorporated into the unexpected outputs of the GLUEUL evaluation system. The super-efficient slacks-based measure (SBM) model, Exploratory Spatial-Temporal Data Analysis (ESTDA) method and Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model were used to analyze the spatial-temporal transition and the influencing factors of GLUEUL in 282 cities in China from 2005 to 2020. The result shows that: (1) From 2005 to 2020, the green and low-carbon land-utilization efficiency of Chinese cities shows an increasing temporal-evolution trend, but the gap between cities is gradually widening. (2) From the spatial-temporal dynamic characteristics of Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA), regions with the highest GLUEUL have strong dynamics and instability, while cities at the lowest level have a relatively stable spatial structure. On the whole, the local-spatial-transfer direction of GLUEUL of each city is stable, with certain path-dependent characteristics. (3) There are differences in the degree of influence and direction of action of different factors on GLUEUL. The economic development level, industrial-structure upgrading, financial support, wealth level, and green-technology-innovation ability have positive effects on overall GLUEUL, with industrial-structure upgrading promoting GLUEUL the most, while urban population size, foreign-investment scale, and financial-development level play a negative role. This study can provide some empirical and theoretical references for the improvement of GLUEUL.

Waste plastic resource recovery from landfilled refuse: A novel waterless cleaning method and its cost-benefit analysis.

The efficient classification and resource conversion of landfilled refuse can simultaneously realize the secondary pollution prevention and land replacement. This work aimed to investigate the waste plastic resource recovery from landfilled refuse via a novel waterless cleaning method. Composition analysis showed that the content of waste plastic from landfilled refuse had differences between different regions, and the specific weight content range was between 15-40%. Moreover, when the landfill time was less than 7 years, the high calorific value (>35 MJ/kg) and mechanical property (declining range <3%) of waste plastic were basically the same as those of the original waste plastic, indicating a high resource attribute. However, due to the high degree of pollution, it was difficult to directly make high-value utilization. Furthermore, a waterless device was designed for waste plastic cleaning, and 94% cleaning rate was obtained with the optimal conditions of the sand medium particle size of 4-14 mesh, stirring speed of 50 r/min, and the operation time of 45 min. The actual on-site pilot test was carried out under the best conditions, and the results showed that the cleaning rate of waste plastic could reach 90%. On the basis, cost-benefit analysis of different waste plastic recycling methods was carried out. Compared with the other four methods, direct extrusion molding after multi-effect cleaning had lower resource consumption (cost of 88.64 RMB), higher economic benefit (net income of 311.36 RMB), and was more in line with the characteristics of raw materials. This research can provide scientific basis and technical support for the cleaning and upgrading and resource utilization of plastic in refuse.

The relationship between night-time light and socioeconomic factors in China and India.

This paper re-examines the relationships between night-time light (NTL) and gross domestic product (GDP), population, road networks, and carbon emissions in China and India. Two treatments are carried out to those factors and NTL, which include simple summation in each administrative region (total data), and summation normalized by region area (density data). A series of univariate regression and multiple regression experiments are conducted in different countries and at different scales, in order to find the changes in the relationship between NTL and every parameter in different situations. Several statistical metrics, such as R2, Mean Relative Error (MRE), multiple regression weight coefficient, and Pearson's correlation coefficient are given special attention. We found that GDP, as a comprehensive indicator, is more representative of NTL when the administrative region is relatively comprehensive or highly developed. However, when these regions are unbalanced or undeveloped, the representation of GDP becomes weak and other factors can have a more important influence on the multiple regression. Differences in the relationship between NTL and GDP in China and India can also be reflected in some other factors. In many cases, regression after normalization with the administrative area has a higher R2 value than the total regression. But it is highly influenced by a few highly developed regions like Beijing in China or Chandigarh in India. After the scale of the administrative region becomes fragmented, it is necessary to adjust the model to make the regression more meaningful. The relationship between NTL and carbon emissions shows obvious difference between China and India, and among provinces and counties in China, which may be caused by the different electric power generation and transmission in China and India. From these results, we can know how the NTL is reflected by GDP and other factors in different situations, and then we can make some adjustments.

Mobility in China, 2020: a tale of four phases.

2020 was an unprecedented year, with rapid and drastic changes in human mobility due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To understand the variation in commuting patterns among the Chinese population across stable and unstable periods, we used nationwide mobility data from 318 million mobile phone users in China to examine the extreme fluctuations of population movements in 2020, ranging from the Lunar New Year travel season (chunyun), to the exceptional calm of COVID-19 lockdown, and then to the recovery period. We observed that cross-city movements, which increased substantially in chunyun and then dropped sharply during the lockdown, are primarily dependent on travel distance and the socio-economic development of cities. Following the Lunar New Year holiday, national mobility remained low until mid-February, and COVID-19 interventions delayed more than 72.89 million people returning to large cities. Mobility network analysis revealed clusters of highly connected cities, conforming to the social-economic division of urban agglomerations in China. While the mass migration back to large cities was delayed, smaller cities connected more densely to form new clusters. During the recovery period after travel restrictions were lifted, the netflows of over 55% city pairs reversed in direction compared to before the lockdown. These findings offer the most comprehensive picture of Chinese mobility at fine resolution across various scenarios in China and are of critical importance for decision making regarding future public-health-emergency response, transportation planning and regional economic development, among others.

Estimation of municipal solid waste amount based on one-dimension convolutional neural network and long short-term memory with attention mechanism model: A case study of Shanghai.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) amount has direct influence on MSW management, policy-decision making, and MSW treatment methods. Machine learning has great potential for prediction, but few studies apply the approaches of deep learning to forecast the quantity of MSW. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and practicability of employing the methods of supervised learning, including Attention, one-dimension Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to predict the MSW Amount in Shanghai. Integrated 1D-CNN and LSTM with Attention model, the new structure model (1D-CNN-LSTM-Attention, 1D-CLA), is designed to forecast MSW amount. In addition, the influence of socioeconomic factors on MSW amount, the structure and layers distribution of Attention, 1D-CNN, LSTM and 1D-CLA are also discussed. The results indicate that the correlation coefficients of Attention, one-dimension CNN, LSTM, and proposed 1D-CLA model to predict the MSW in Shanghai are 78%, 86.6%, 90%, and 95.3%, respectively, suggesting the feasible and practicable. The values of 24, 0.01, 50 and 25 for the number of neurons, dropout, the value of epoch number and Batch size best fit 1D-CLA to predict the amount of MSW in Shanghai. Furthermore, the performance of 1D-CLA is better than any single model or two model's combination (R2 is 95.3%) and the mechanism of 1D-CLA is contributed by three former models following the order: LSTM>CNN>Attention.