Formation characteristics and acute toxicity assessment of THMs and HAcAms from DOM and its different fractions in source water during chlorination and chloramination.

The formation characteristics of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetamides (HAcAms) from dissolved organic matter and its fractions were investigated during chlorine-based disinfection processes. The relationships between water quality parameters, fluorescence parameters, and the formation levels of THMs and HAcAms were analyzed. The fractions contributing most to the acute toxicity were identified. The trichloromethane (TCM) generation level (72 h) generally followed the order of Cl2 > NH2Cl > NHCl2 process. The NHCl2 process was superior to the NH2Cl process in controlling TCM formation. Hydrophobic acidic substance (HOA), hydrophobic neutral substance (HON), and hydrophilic substance (HIS) were identified as primary precursors of 2,2-dichloroacetamide and trichloroacetamide during chlorination and chloramination. The formation of TCM mainly resulted from HOA, HON and HIS fractions relatively uniformly, while HOA and HIS fractions contributed more to the formation of bromodichloromethane and dibromomonochloromethane. UV254 could be used as an alternative indicator for the amount of ΣTHMs formed during chlorination and chloramination processes. Dissolved organic nitrogen was a potential precursor of 2,2-dichloroacetamide during chlorination process. The fractions with the highest potential acute toxicity after the chlorination were water-dependent.

Career Development, Institutional Factors, Social Factors and Urban Young Returnees' Happiness in the Context of Healthy China.

In the context of the Healthy China 2030 Plan, the importance of the happiness of urban young returnees should not be underestimated. Based on a large-scale social survey of social practices in China, this paper applies a hierarchical linear regression model (HLM) and a structural equation model (SEM) to investigate the determinants of urban young returnees' happiness. The results show that the happiness of urban young returnees in China is not only influenced by their socio-demographic characteristics, such as age and education, but mainly by their occupational development, institutional factors (especially the employment and entrepreneurship policy system) and social factors (physical environment and urban rural relationship), which are different from those of ordinary residents. Further study shows that occupational development indirectly affects the happiness of urban young returnees through relationship adaptation, collective adaptation and material adaptation, the indirect effects accounts for 42.18%, 21.64% and 36.18%, respectively. Institutional factors exert an indirect effect on the happiness of urban young returnees through relationship adaptation (46.80%) and material adaptation (53.20%). Social factors indirectly affect the happiness of urban young returnees through relationship adaptation (44.20%), collective adaptation (16.96%) and material adaptation (38.84%). Policies to improve the happiness of urban young returnees are suggested.

Research on the Transformation from Financial Accounting to Management Accounting Based on Drools Rule Engine.

With the development of Internet economy and the advent of artificial intelligence era, the transformation from financial accounting to management accounting has become an inevitable trend of financial management among companies. In this paper, the significance of the transformation from financial accounting to management accounting is expounded under the background of artificial intelligence, and the current situation, problems and reasons of the transition are analyzed. In addition, the development of self-management accounting system based on Drools rule engine is put forward, including rule management, rule engine and so on. The core processes such as pattern matching and auto-billing are analyzed, and then the core subsystems such as data receiving and processing, accounting rule engine are designed in detail. Finally, the technological advancement and structural stability of this system are discussed, which can provide reference for promoting the transformation from financial accounting to management accounting under artificial intelligence.

Assessment of occlusion and temporomandibular joint after placing preformed metal crowns on all primary molars in children.

BACKGROUND: Placing preformed metal crowns (PMCs) on all eight primary molars at one single clinical visit may disrupt a child's occlusion; the literature regarding the effects on occlusion and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is scarce. AIM: This study aimed to quantify the changes in occlusion using T-Scan III and to investigate whether there was TMJ dysfunction after placing eight PMCs at the same time. DESIGN: In this study, we enrolled children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and dental phobia, who needed eight PMCs to be placed under general anesthesia. The participants underwent occlusal examinations with a computed occlusal analysis system. The vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) was measured using a dental vertical dimension gauge, TMJ dysfunction signs were recorded by the clinical dysfunction index (Di), and TMJ dysfunction symptoms were recorded using a questionnaire. The data were collected before treatment (T0 ), 1 week after treatment (T1 ), and 1 month (T2 ) and 3 months (T3 ) after treatment during follow-up visits. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Friedman's test were used for occlusal data analysis. In addition, the Di and symptoms were compared over time using McNemar's test. RESULTS: Forty patients (mean age = 4.25 ± 0.63 years, age range = 3-5 years, 21 boys and 19 girls) were followed up for 3 months. The occlusal contact area 3 months after treatment did not return to the pretreatment status (p = .03). The total of force at the 3-month follow-up visit increased significantly (p = .009) compared with that at the pretreatment. The asymmetric ratio of occlusal force at the 1-month follow-up visit was restored to pretreatment. Concerning the occlusion time, no significant changes were observed for any time intervals (p = .069). The VDO was recovered at the 1-month follow-up visit. The statistical analysis of TMJ dysfunction showed no significant differences in the Di and TMJ dysfunction symptoms before and after treatment (p > .05). CONCLUSION: After undergoing eight PMC restorations under general anesthesia, occlusal re-equilibration was attained approximately after 1 month. There were no significant signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction after treatment.

Evaluation of therapeutic effect and health economics of general anesthesia and routine outpatient dental treatment in children with severe early child caries.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and health economics of the comprehensive therapy for the children with severe early child caries (S-ECC) under dental general anesthesia (DGA) and conventional outpatient treatment to provide references for dentists and parents in the choice of clinical treatment. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on S-ECC children aged 36-71 months and who received dental treatment under general anesthesia or routine outpatient situation. The filled tooth survival rate, treatment cost, and cost-filled tooth survival time of the two groups were compared, and the curative effect and health economics was evaluated. RESULTS: The filled tooth survival rate of the DGA group was higher than that of the routine outpatient group (P<0.05). The average direct medical cost per filled tooth was significantly higher in the DGA group than in the routine outpatient group (P<0.05). The direct medical cost-filled tooth survival time ratio in the DGA group was higher than that in the routine outpatient group (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed in the total medical cost-filled tooth survival time ratio (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the conventional outpatient treatment group, the treatment outcomes of S-ECC under general anesthesia were better, and the costs were higher. However, no significant difference was observed in the total medical cost-filled tooth survival time between these two groups, and the conventional outpatient treatment did not have evident economic advantages.

The effect and mechanism of neighbourhood choice on socioeconomic integration of migrants: Evidence from China.

On the basis of the 2013 China Migrants Dynamic Survey provided by the National Health and Family Planning Commission, we explored the impact of neighbourhood choice on the socioeconomic integration of migrants and the underlying mechanism. When problems with endogeneity were controlled, the findings showed that neighbourhood choice had a significant positive effect on the socioeconomic integration of migrants, that is, compared with migrants living in informal neighbourhoods (urban villages or outdated inner-city housing), those living in formal neighbourhoods (commercial housing, affordable housing or work unit housing neighbourhoods) displayed higher socioeconomic integration. Further research found that neighbourhood choice did not directly affect the socioeconomic integration of migrants in China, partly because migrants living in formal neighbourhoods established localized social capital (contacting local residents and government personnel, seeking help from them and increasing expenditures on local invitations and gifts) to promote better integration into the city, and they had a stronger willingness to settle down, which encouraged them to work harder, actively integrated into the mainstream society.

Post relocation of industrial sites for decades: Ascertain sources and human risk assessment of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

As a persistent organic pollutant, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may still residually pollute industrial sites after relocation. This study investigated the contamination status of PAHs in the topsoils of three industrial legacy sites (the Shougang industrial ruins, the original Beijing coking plant area, and an abandoned gas station) that relocated more than 10 years ago from downtown Beijing. The sources of PAHs in the soil were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, and health risks were evaluated for different groups of people. The total concentration of 16 PAHs in the study area ranged from 371.1 ng g-1 to 4073.9 ng g-1. The pollution levels of the three study areas were abandoned gas station > Beijing coking plant > Shougang ruins. In terms of composition, low-ring aromatics accounted for the majority of the detected PAHs, and in the dry season, low-ring aromatics accounted for a higher proportion in the three areas than in the wet season. The comparison of the PAH diagnostic ratio and PMF model verification showed that the sources of PAHs in the Shougang ruins and the Beijing coking plant area were mainly those of biomass and coal combustion, accounting for 66.3% and 56.1% of the total detected PAHs, respectively; the PAH sources of the abandoned gas station storage tank area were largely that of petrol (33.9%) and diesel combustion (23.8%). Since these industrial sites were located in urban centers, this study also conducted a health risk assessment of the topsoil. The total carcinogenic risk range of the three contaminated sites was 1.41E-06 to 2.47E-05. Abandoned industrial sites have potential carcinogenic risks to human health. The government needs to conduct comprehensive risk assessments and remedial measures on soils of industrial legacy sites to achieve land reuse.

Relational quality, illness interference, and partner support in Ménière's disease.

OBJECTIVE: The current study aimed to better understand how patients and their significant others (SOs) cope with Menière's disease (MD). DESIGN: The study used a cross-sectional design and the data were collected using questionnaires. STUDY SAMPLE: Seventy-five dyads in which one person had MD. RESULTS: SOs of patients with MD not only experienced activity and participation restrictions but also had positive experiences. In relational quality, the SOs reported uncertainty of their future, limited visits in noisy places, limited activities as walking, watching TV, and participating in social life. The illness interference correlated with the patients' complaints, and most significant was the problem of imbalance. The quality of life was significantly reduced in patients with MD, and the illness interference in terms of quality of life was correlated with the SOs in items related to mood and anxiety. The stress related conditions of the SOs were correlated with two positive items (e.g. alleviating the stress factor). The SOs could also identify one positive item (i.e., improved relationship). CONCLUSIONS: Perceptions of MD as interfering in couples' lives influence dyadic coping in unique ways. The current study identified that dyadic coping has both positive aspects and limitations as a consequence of their partner's MD.

Salivary proteins and microbiota as biomarkers for early childhood caries risk assessment.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a term used to describe dental caries in children aged 6 years or younger. Oral streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sorbrinus, are considered to be the main etiological agents of tooth decay in children. Other bacteria, such as Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp., and fungus, that is, Candida albicans, are related to the development and progression of ECC. Biomolecules in saliva, mainly proteins, affect the survival of oral microorganisms by multiple innate defensive mechanisms, thus modulating the oral microflora. Therefore, the protein composition of saliva can be a sensitive indicator for dental health. Resistance or susceptibility to caries may be significantly correlated with alterations in salivary protein components. Some oral microorganisms and saliva proteins may serve as useful biomarkers in predicting the risk and prognosis of caries. Current research has generated abundant information that contributes to a better understanding of the roles of microorganisms and salivary proteins in ECC occurrence and prevention. This review summarizes the microorganisms that cause caries and tooth-protective salivary proteins with their potential as functional biomarkers for ECC risk assessment. The identification of biomarkers for children at high risk of ECC is not only critical for early diagnosis but also important for preventing and treating the disease.

[The impacts of the multidisciplinary team model on the length of stay and hospital expenses of patients with lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impacts of the multidisciplinary team model on the average length of stay and hospital expenses of patients with lung cancer. METHODS: After the multidisciplinary team discussion, 97 patients with lung cancer were selected as the lung cancer group according to the enrollment and elimination criteria the control group was 97 patients with lung cancer managed without team discussion during the same period. All the patients were firstly diagnosed to have lung cancer from December 2011 to December 2013 in Subei People's Hospital. The length of stay, hospital expenses, stages of tumor, types of tumor, Zubrod-ECOG-WHO score, the form of payment, smoking history, sex and age of all the patients were collected. The difference in the average length of stay and hospital expenses between the 2 groups and the associated factors were analyzed by using χ² test, t test and multi-factor stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: There were 68 males and 29 females with a mean age of (61 ± 9) years in the lung cancer group, while there were 73 males and 24 females with a mean age of (63 ± 10) years in the control group. There were no differences between the 2 groups in tumor staging, tumor types, Zubrod-ECOG-WHO score, the form of payment, smoking history, sex and age (χ² = 4.854, P = 0.563, χ² = 4.248, P = 0.097; χ² = 0.395, P = 0.821; χ² = 1.191, P = 0.554; χ² = 0.108, P = 0.977; χ² = 1.011, P = 0.389; χ² = 0.649, P = 0.519; P = 0.474, P = 0.845, respectively). The average hospital expenses (13 303 vs 16 553, Yuan) were lower and the length of stay (10.33 vs 12.49, days) was shorter in the lung cancer group as compared to the control group (t = 2.616, P = 0.010; t = 2.730, P = 0.007), especially so for the first clinical hospitalization (15 953 vs 19 485 yuan, t = 2.315, P = 0.022; 12.71 vs 14.75 days, t = 1.979, P = 0.049). The average length of stay and the tumor stages were the main factors associated with the average hospital expenses. Except for patients with the limited stage of small cell lung cancer, the average length of stay and hospital expenses showed a tendency to reduce in different stages of the lung cancer group. The hospital cost was lower and the length of stay shorter for patients with stages Ia-IIIa and IIIb-IV in the lung cancer group as compared to the control group (6 722 vs 8 188 yuan; 1.09 vs 2.65 days). CONCLUSIONS: The multidisciplinary team model was an effective measure to cut down the hospital expenses and shorten the length of stay of lung cancer patients, especially for the first hospitalization. Patients may benefit from the multidisciplinary team approach according to their stages. On the basis of reducing the hospital costs and the length of stay, it further reduced the gap of the length of stay and hospital expenses between patients with Ia-IIIa and IIIb-IV diseases, while patients with stage Ia-IIIa disease seemed to benefit more.

[Caries risk assessment in children].

Caries risk assessment (CRA) involves a combination and analysis of factors including individual's age, biological factors, and protective and clinical findings. CRA significantly guides pediatric dentists and oral health caregivers in their decision-making plan for clinical treatment. The following is an introduction on the aspects of harmfulness of childhood caries and CRA for children of different ages.

The Peru Cervical Cancer Prevention Study (PERCAPS): the technology to make screening accessible.

OBJECTIVE: This study utilized a combination of HPV self-sampling, iFTA elute specimen cards, and long distance transport for centralized processing of specimens to determine the feasibility of large-scale screening in remote and transient populations. METHODS: This study was performed in two locations in Peru (Manchay and Iquitos). The "Just For Me" cervico-vaginal brush and iFTA elute cards were used for the collection and transport of specimens. Samples were shipped via FedEx to China and tested for 14 types of high-risk HPV using PCR based MALDI-TOF. HPV positive women were treated with cryotherapy after VIA triage, and followed-up with colposcopy, biopsy, ECC, and repeat HPV testing at 6 months. RESULTS: Six hundred and forty three women registered, and 632 returned a sample over a 10 day period. Within 2 weeks, specimens were shipped, samples tested, and results received by study staff. Sixty-eight women (10.8%) tested positive, and these results were delivered over 4 days. Fifty-nine HPV positive women (87%) returned for evaluation and treatment, and 2 had large lesions not suitable for cryotherapy. At 6 months, 42 women (74%) returned for follow-up, and 3 had CIN 2 (all positive samples from the endocervical canal). Ninety eight percent of participants reported that they would participate in this type of program again. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing HPV self-sampling, solid media specimen cards for long distance transport, and centralized high throughput processing, we achieved rapid delivery of results, high satisfaction levels, and low loss to follow-up for cervical cancer screening in remote and transient populations.

Low-frequency sound pressure and transtympanic endoscopy of the middle ear in assessment of "spontaneous" perilymphatic fistula.

This study was designed to verify an eventual perilymphatic fistula (PLF) in 264 patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and/or vertigo. The patients were exposed to a low-frequency sound stimulation (LFS) on posturography to objectively test Tullio's phenomenon and Hennebert's sign. Endoscopes with 5 degree and 25 degree of visual angle and an outer diameter of 1.7 mm were used. The round window niche, with its foldings, oval window with stapes superstructure, a part of the facial recess and the area in the fissula ante fenestram were examined and video recorded. In one patient, we endoscopically verified a fistula in the round window membrane (resulting from a diving accident) that was covered with a fibrinous layer. In 4 cases, there was abnormal mucosal shining in the round window but without PLF. In 7 cases, the tympanic cavity could not be visualized because of the adhesive middle ear process, the abnormal anatomy, or the prominent exostoses of the ear canal prohibited vision. In 34 patients, LFS provoked unsteadiness on posturography without PLF. In 6 cases, a postoperative middle ear infection was recorded. No permanent tympanic membrane perforation occurred. It is unlikely that disease entity of "spontaneous PLF" exists. Tympanoscopy should be regarded as the first choice when a PLF is suspected.

Quantitative assessment of enamel hypomineralization by KaVo DIAGNOdent at different sites on first permanent molars of children in China.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the most caries-susceptible site of pits and fissures on first permanent molars by quantitative evaluation of the mineralization in both caries-active and caries-free children, and to provide helpful information for cost-effective, targeted prevention. METHODS: Eighty-four caries-free and 85 caries-active children were selected from 800 6- to 7-year-old children with fully erupted first permanent molars. Hypomineralization of the central fossa (CF) and lingual pit (LP) of the maxillary or buccal pit (BP) of mandibular first permanent molars were evaluated by KaVo DIAGNOdent. Statistical analysis included grouped t test and single-factor variance analysis and paired comparison. RESULTS: CF of mandibular first permanent molars had significantly greater hypomineralization than other sites. The hypomineralization of the maxillary CF is more severe than that of LP. The extent of the hypomineralization of each site at the first permanent molar in caries-active children was significantly higher than that in caries-free children. CONCLUSIONS: Central fossae of first mandibular molars are the most hypomineralized sites in both caries-free and caries-active groups. The results suggest that preventive interventions should be targeted at the CF of mandibular molars with special concern given to the caries-active population.