Correction: Geographic and socioeconomic factors associated with leprosy treatment default: An analysis from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007714.].

Geographic and socioeconomic factors associated with leprosy treatment default: An analysis from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Although leprosy is largely curable with multidrug therapy, incomplete treatment limits therapeutic effectiveness and is an important obstacle to disease control. To inform efforts to improve treatment completion rates, we aimed to identify the geographic and socioeconomic factors associated with leprosy treatment default in Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using individual participant data collected in the Brazilian national registries for social programs and notifiable diseases and linked as part of the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort, we evaluated the odds of treatment default among 20,063 leprosy cases diagnosed and followed up between 2007 and 2014. We investigated geographic and socioeconomic risk factors using a multivariate hierarchical analysis and carried out additional stratified analyses by leprosy subtype and geographic region. Over the duration of follow-up, 1,011 (5.0%) leprosy cases were observed to default from treatment. Treatment default was markedly increased among leprosy cases residing in the North (OR = 1.57; 95%CI 1.25-1.97) and Northeast (OR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.17-1.78) regions of Brazil. The odds of default were also higher among cases with black ethnicity (OR = 1.29; 95%CI 1.01-1.69), no income (OR = 1.41; 95%CI 1.07-1.86), familial income ≤ 0.25 times Brazilian minimum wage (OR = 1.42; 95%CI 1.13-1.77), informal home lighting/no electricity supply (OR = 1.53; 95%CI 1.28-1.82), and household density of > 1 individual per room (OR = 1.35; 95%CI 1.10-1.66). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study indicate that the frequency of leprosy treatment default varies regionally in Brazil and provide new evidence that adverse socioeconomic conditions may represent important barriers to leprosy treatment completion. These findings suggest that interventions to address socioeconomic deprivation, along with continued efforts to improve access to care, have the potential to improve leprosy treatment outcomes and disease control.

Effect of the Bolsa Familia Programme on the outcome of tuberculosis treatment: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Social protection interventions might improve tuberculosis outcomes and could help to control the epidemic in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the independent effect of the Bolsa Familia Programme (BFP) on tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Brazil. METHODS: We prospectively recruited and followed up individuals (aged ≥18 years) who initiated tuberculosis treatment at 42 health-care centres across seven cities in Brazil, between March 1, 2014, and April 30, 2017. Patients were interviewed at health-care centres and information about individual characteristics, socioeconomic status, living conditions, lifestyle, and comorbidities was recorded. Patients were separated into two groups according to BFP beneficiary status: BFP (exposed) or non-BFP (not exposed). Treatment outcome (cure, dropout, death, or development of drug-resistant tuberculosis or treatment failure) was recorded after 6 months of therapy. Pearson's χ2 test and ANOVA were used to compare tuberculosis treatment outcomes between the two groups, and we estimated the propensity score of being a beneficiary of the BFP using a logit model. We used multinomial regression models to evaluate the effect of the BFP on tuberculosis treatment outcomes. FINDINGS: 1239 individuals were included in the study, of whom 196 (16%) were beneficiaries of the BFP and 1043 (84%) were not. After 6 months of treatment, 912 (87%) of 1043 patients in the non-BFP group and 173 (88%) of 196 patients in the BFP group were cured of tuberculosis, 103 (10%) patients in the non-BFP group and 17 (9%) patients in the BFP group had dropped out, and 25 (3%) patients in the non-BFP group and six (3%) patients in the BFP group had died. Three (<1%) of 1043 patients in the non-BFP group developed drug-resistant tuberculosis. Being a BFP beneficiary had a positive effect for cure (average effect 0·076 [95% CI 0·037 to 0·11]) and a negative effect for dropout (-0·070 [-0·105 to 0·036]) and death (-0·002 [-0·021 to 0·017]). INTERPRETATION: BFP alone had a direct effect on tuberculosis treatment outcome and could greatly contribute to the goals of the WHO End TB Strategy. FUNDING: Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and Brazilian Ministry of Health Department of Science and Technology (DECIT).

Adesão ao tratamento farmacológico e controle dos níveis pressóricos de hipertensos acompanhados na Estratégia de Saúde da Família / Adherence to pharmacological treatment in hypertensive people followed in the Family Health Strategy

Introdução: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é uma doença multifatorial com controle ainda difícil no Brasil, sendo a adesão ao tratamento um importante aspecto neste processo. Este estudo objetiva estimar a prevalência da adesão ao tratamento farmacológico anti-hipertensivo e sua associação com controle dos níveis pressóricos em indivíduos hipertensos acompanhados na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), em São Francisco do Conde, Bahia. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 356 indivíduos hipertensos cadastrados no Programa de Acompanhamento de Hipertensos e Diabéticos (HIPERDIA). Osdados foram coletados através de visitas domiciliares, aplicação de questionário contendo o teste de Morisky-Green para avaliação da adesão farmacológica e realização da medida da pressão arterial. Resultados e discussão: Segundo o teste de Morisky-Green, 22,9% dos sujeitos foram considerados aderentes à terapia farmacológica, dado semelhante ao encontrado em outros estudos. O controle dos níveis pressóricos esteve associado com a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico. Os indivíduos aderentes à terapia farmacológica apresentaram maior média de idade e níveis pressóricos mais baixos. Conclusão: Nesse estudo a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico foi baixa entre os hipertensos, e esteve associada a melhores níveis pressóricos. Fazem-se necessárias diversas estratégias para melhor controle terapêutica desta doença

Introduction: Arterial systemic hypertension is a multifactorial disease hard to control in Brazil, and the adherence to treatment is a substantial aspect of this process. To estimate the prevalence of adherence to antihypertensive pharmacological treatment and its association with blood pressure level control in persons suffering from hypertension that were assisted by the Family Health Strategy (FHS), in São Francisco do Conde, Bahia, Brazil. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study, performed on 356 hypertense persons registered on the Hypertensive Diabetics Monitoring program (HIPERDIA). The data were collected through home visits, application of questionnaire containing the Morisky-Green test and two evaluations of blood pressure, both separated by at least 5 minutes within one another. Results: According to the Morisky-Green test, 22.6% of individuals did adhere to the pharmacological treatment, similar information were found in other studies. Blood pressure control was associated with medication adherence. Adherent individuals in this study possess higher average age and lower blood pressure levels. Conclusion: Medication adherence were low among hypertensive people and contributes to blood pressure level control. Various strategies are necessary for a better therapeutic control of this disease.