RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that the prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia is higher than in the general population. Biological, psychological and social factors influence smoking in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: The study was carried out in psychiatry outpatient clinics in a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. Every third patient was selected using systematic sampling from patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to ICD-10 clinical criteria. Smoking behaviours were assessed using self-reports. Severity of illness was assessed using Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence assessed level of dependence. Readiness to Change Questionnaire assessed motivation to change smoking behaviour. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 306 patients with schizophrenia. Mean age was 38.93 years (SD 10.98). There were 148 males (48.4%). Mean duration of illness was 12.63 years (SD 8.38). Current medication was oral atypical antipsychotics 103, clozapine 136, oral typicals 29 and depot typicals 38. Prevalence of tobacco use among males was 30.41% (95% CI 22.91 to 37.90) and among females 1.90% (95% CI -0.25 to 4.05). Prevalence of current smoking among males was 20.27% (95% CI 13.72 to 26.82). None of the females smoked. Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among males was 10.14 (95% CI 5.22 to 15.05) and among females 1.90 (95% CI -0.03 to 4.05). When patients treated with clozapine were excluded from the analysis, prevalence of tobacco use was 41.6% among males and 3.2% among females and prevalence of smoking was 29.9% among males. Prevalence of tobacco use was lowest in patients treated with clozapine 18.31 (95% CI 9.09 to 27.53) and highest in those treated with depot antipsychotics 47.83 (95% CI 25.74 to 69.91). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of smoking was less than in many countries. This is influenced by prevalence in the general population and low affordability. Risk of tobacco use was significantly less among patients treated with clozapine.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the direct and indirect cost of care incurred by patients with schizophrenia attending a tertiary care psychiatry unit in Colombo. METHODS: Study was carried out at the National Hospital of Sri Lanka. Systematic sampling selected every second patient with an ICD-10 clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia presenting to the clinic during a two month period. Investigator administered semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. RESULTS: Sample consisted of 91 patients. Direct cost was defined as cost incurred by the patient (out of pocket expenditure) for outpatient care. Mean cost of a clinic visit was Rs. 500. Of the clinic visit cost, highest proportions were travel cost (39.8%) and medication (26.4%). Sixty four (70.3%) had received informal care. The mean cost of informal care during the entire course of the illness was Rs. 33, 540. Mean indirect cost was Rs. 150,190. CONCLUSIONS: Despite low direct cost of care, indirect cost and cost of informal treatment results in substantial economic impact on patients and their families. It is recommended that economic support should be provided for patients with disabling illnesses such as schizophrenia, especially when patients are unable to engage in full time employment. There is a need to educate the public regarding higher cost of care by traditional healers and other informal modes of treatment compared to Western medical care.