Body image perception and dissatisfaction in resistance training practitioners: A critical review of the literature of Brazilian studies and assessment tools used.

This study aimed to review the findings on body image (BI) dissatisfaction and muscle dysmorphia (MD) in Brazilian RT practitioners and the differences in the assessment tools used. A critical review of studies with searches in PubMed, Brazilian Virtual Health Library, SciELO, PsycInfo, and SPORTDiscus databases was conducted. A total of 23 studies were included. Nine tools were used to assess BI dissatisfaction or MD: three questionnaires and six visual scales. The overall mean BI dissatisfaction was 56.5% (59.2% in men vs 57.3% in women). The mean MD was 42.4% (45.1% in women vs 38.5% in men). BI dissatisfaction and MD are related to women seeking slimness and men wanting to increase muscle mass. In conclusion, the frequency of BI was high in both sexes, and MD, when identified, was higher in women. The scales and questionnaires used differ significantly in depth and scope for the same purpose.

Estimating Resting Energy Expenditure by Different Methods as Compared With Indirect Calorimetry for Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: For patients with pulmonary hypertension, nutrition status is an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality, and energy expenditure can be strongly influenced by lung disease. Indirect calorimetry (IC) is the gold standard for measuring resting energy expenditure (REE), this study aimed to compare the results of REE estimated by different methods with those obtained by IC for patients with pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study (n = 34), REE was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and the predictive equations of Harris-Benedict, Food and Agriculture Organization / World Health Organization, Institute of Medicine, Cunningham, Katch-McArdle, and Mifflin-St Jeor. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 47.0 ± 14.5 years, and 76.5% were women. REE obtained with IC was strongly correlated with all other estimation methods but showed higher mean values: IC 1750.8 ± 434.3 kcal vs bioelectrical impedance analysis, 1549.0 ± 417.8 kcal; Harris-Benedict, 1493.1 ± 337.0 kcal; FAO/WHO, 1536.1 ± 345.0 kcal; Institute of Medicine, 1457.1 ± 293.2 kcal; Cunningham, 1597.3 ± 292.3 kcal; Katch-McArdle, 1447.7 ± 287.0 kcal; and Mifflin-St Jeor, 1388.7 ± 303.9 kcal. The analysis of agreement showed a clinically significant bias of approximately -255 kcal in all estimation methods when compared with IC. CONCLUSION: Although there was a strong correlation between REE estimation methods and IC, there was no agreement between them. All estimation methods underestimated energy needs by about 255 kcal for patients with pulmonary hypertension, and the Cunningham equation had the smallest difference in relation to IC.