Capacity building in European health information systems: the InfAct peer assessment methodology.

BACKGROUND: A Health Information System (HIS) assessment is an evaluation of the functioning of the main elements that compose a national HIS. Assessors from nine countries performed peer assessments of each other's national HIS in the Joint Action on Health Information (InfAct). The aim of this study is to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the InfAct peer assessment methodology as well as the different steps involved in this assessment process. METHODS: Each peer assessment included a preparatory desk report, a country visit with semi-structured interviews with local stakeholders, a final report and a follow-up stakeholder meeting. A qualitative content analysis of the peer HIS assessment was performed based on 12 semi-structured interviews. RESULTS: The main advantage of the assessments is its informal atmosphere, high degree of objectiveness and its networking opportunities. Disadvantages are its informal request format and setting for recommendation uptake. The peer assessment helped the assessors to broaden their understanding of the assessed and their own HISs, to gain knowledge on how to carry out an HIS assessment and to practice their organization, communication, reporting and negotiation skills. All steps of the HIS assessment are essential and each contributes to the enriching experience of the participants. CONCLUSION: The InfAct peer HIS assessment methodology strengthened capacity in national HISs by building up the knowledge and expertise in participating countries and as such addressed health information inequalities. This study confirms the value and relatively easy to implement methodology, and therefore recommends its wide and more systematic application across Europe.

The relative effects of self-reported noise and odour annoyance on psychological distress: Different effects across sociodemographic groups?

In earlier research, both higher levels of noise and odour annoyance have been associated with decreased mental health. Presumably, these perceptions can trigger feelings of threat and stress reactions and in turn evoke psychological distress. There are two important lacunas in the research on this topic: most studies only consider either noise or odour annoyance and not their relative effect on psychological distress and there is scarce evidence about whether different sociodemographic groups experience more psychological distress due to noise and odour annoyance. Starting from the diversity in the available coping resources and in their daily life patterns, we distinguish gender, age and educational level as relevant sociodemographic variables. Using data from the Health Monitor (n = 25236) in Noord-Brabant, we found using Ordinary Least Squares Regression that individuals that reported higher levels of noise and odour annoyance reported higher levels of psychological distress. Furthermore, the effect of noise annoyance was relatively stronger compared to that of odour annoyance. Regarding the interaction effects, we found that younger adults' psychological distress was more strongly affected by noise annoyance compared to older adults, but not by odour annoyance. The psychological distress of individuals with no or primary education was more strongly affected by both noise and odour annoyance compared those with tertiary education, but not when compared to those who completed lower or higher secondary education. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find different effects between men and women. Though the evidence for the interactions was mixed, classic health inequalities along age and education lines are reinforced when considering the relationship between noise and odour annoyance and psychological distress.

Psychometric Properties of the QoL-ME: A Visual and Personalized Quality of Life Assessment App for People With Severe Mental Health Problems.

Background: Quality of Life (QoL) assessment in people with severe mental health problems may benefit from improved personalization and accessibility. Therefore, an innovative, digital, visual, and personalized QoL assessment app for people with severe mental health problems was recently developed: the QoL-ME. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric quality of the QoL-ME by assessing its reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Methods: To examine the reliability of the QoL-ME, the internal consistency of its subscales was assessed using Cronbach's Alpha. Correlations between the QoL-ME and the MANSA were computed to appraise the construct validity of the QoL-ME. Internal responsiveness was evaluated using the standardized response mean and external responsiveness was investigated using hierarchical regression. Results: Cronbach's Alpha's of the subscales of the QoL-ME ranged between 0.5 and 0.84. In accordance with expectations, the language-based core version of the QoL-ME correlated strongly (r = between 0.55 and 0.76) with the MANSA, whilst the picture-based additional modules of the QoL-ME correlated moderately (r = 0.3) with the MANSA. The standardized response mean was 0.23 and the regression model revealed a coefficient ß of -0.01. Conclusions: The QoL-ME has adequate psychometric properties. In comparison with similar pictorial instruments, both the QoL-ME's reliability and validity can be considered as sufficient. The results indicate that the responsiveness of the QoL-ME is insufficient. Additional research is needed to evaluate and potentially modify the instrument to improve its responsiveness.

Visual and Personalized Quality of Life Assessment App for People With Severe Mental Health Problems: Qualitative Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: QoL-ME is a digital visual personalized quality of life assessment app for people with severe mental health problems. Research reveals that e-mental health apps frequently suffer from low engagement and fall short of expectations regarding their impact on patients' daily lives. Studies often indicate that e-mental health apps ought to respect the needs and preferences of end users to achieve optimal user engagement. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of users regarding the usability and functionality of QoL-ME and whether the app is actionable and beneficial for patients. METHODS: End users (n=8) of QoL-ME contributed to semistructured interviews. An interview guide was used to direct the interviews. All interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcriptions were analyzed and coded thematically. RESULTS: Analysis revealed 3 main themes: (1) benefit, (2) actionability, and (3) characteristics of the QoL-ME. The first theme reveals that the QoL-ME app was beneficial for the majority of respondents, primarily by prompting them to reflect on their quality of life. The current version is not yet actionable; the actionability of the QoL-ME app may be improved by enabling users to view their scores over time and by supplying practical advice for quality of life improvements. Overall, participants had positive experiences with the usability, design, and content of the app. CONCLUSIONS: The QoL-ME app can be beneficial to users as it provides them with insight into their quality of life and elicits reflection. Incorporating more functionalities that facilitate self-management, such as advice and strategies for improving areas that are lacking, will likely make the app actionable. Patients positively regarded the usability, design, and contents of the QoL-ME app.

Population health monitoring: an essential public health field in motion.

BACKGROUND: Population health monitoring, the regular and institutionalized production and dissemination of information and knowledge about the health status of a population, is an essential element of public health. Nevertheless, while epidemiology and biostatistics, for example, are well-recognized disciplines, this does not (yet) apply to population health monitoring. Over the past decade, however, it has matured as a distinct field of expertise. OBJECTIVES: This paper presents a comprehensive model for population health monitoring and describes its current status as a field of expertise. It concludes with an overview of the most important developments that are likely to shape the health information systems and population health monitoring practices of the future. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Combining the information pyramid (an application of the data-information-knowledge-wisdom hierarchy), describing outputs, and a so-called monitoring chain, describing activities, results in a comprehensive model for population health monitoring. The steps of the activity chain can be viewed as a stairway by which the information pyramid is climbed, reaching evidence-informed policymaking at the top. Population health monitoring has several inherent strengths, such as its high societal relevance; its integrative, comprehensive, and structured approach; and the fact that it makes use of routinely collected data. In practice, however, secondary use of routine data is often hampered by technical, motivational, economic, political, ethical, and legal barriers. Important developments that will shape health information systems and population health monitoring practices of the future include digitalization and data-driven technology, citizen science, and the growing need for intersectoral approaches. Population health monitoring practice will need to adapt in order to counteract the risks and reap the benefits that these developments hold.

Four normative perspectives on public health policy-making and their preferences for bodies of evidence.

Calls for evidence-informed public health policy-making often ignore that there are multiple, and often competing, bodies of potentially relevant evidence to which policy-makers have recourse in identifying policy priorities and taking decisions. In this paper, we illustrate how policy frames may favour the use of specific bodies of evidence. For the sixth Dutch Public Health Status and Foresight report (2014), possible future trends in population health and healthcare expenditure were used as a starting point for a deliberative dialogue with stakeholders to identify and formulate the most important societal challenges for the Dutch health system. Working with these stakeholders, we expanded these societal challenges into four normative perspectives on public health. These perspectives can be regarded as policy frames. In each of the perspectives, a specific body of evidence is favoured and other types of evidence are neglected. Crucial outcomes in one body may be regarded as irrelevant from other perspectives. Consequently, the results of research from a single body of evidence may not be helpful in the policy-making processes because policy-makers need to account for trade-offs between all competing interests and values. To support these policy processes, researchers need to combine qualitative and quantitative methodologies to address different outcomes from the start of their studies. We feel it is time for the research community to re-politicise the idea of evidence use and for policy-makers to demand research that helps them to account for all health-related policy goals. This is a prerequisite for real evidence-informed policy-making.

Contribution of amenable mortality to life expectancy differences between the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba and Curaçao and the Netherlands

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To identify specific health care areas whose optimization could improve population health in the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba and Curaçao. Methods. Comparative observational study using mortality and population data of the Dutch Caribbean islands and the Netherlands. Mortality trends were calculated, then analyzed with Joinpoint software, for the period 1988–2014. Life expectancies were computed using abridged life tables for the most recent available data of all territories (2005–2007). Life expectancy differences between the Dutch Caribbean and the Netherlands were decomposed into cause-specific contributions using Arriaga’s method. Results. During the period 1988–2014, levels of amenable mortality have been consistently higher in Aruba and Curaçao than in the Netherlands. For Aruba, the gap in amenable mortality with the Netherlands did not significantly change during the study period, while it widened for Curaçao. If mortality from amenable causes were reduced to similar levels as in the Netherlands, men and women in Aruba would have added, respectively, 1.19 years and 0.72 years to their life expectancies during the period 2005–2007. In Curaçao, this would be 2.06 years and 2.33 years. The largest cause-specific contributions were found for circulatory diseases, breast cancer, perinatal causes, and nephritis/nephrosis (these last two causes solely in Curaçao). Conclusions. Improvements in health care services related to circulatory diseases, breast cancer, perinatal deaths, and nephritis/nephrosis in the Dutch Caribbean could substantially contribute to reducing the gap in life expectancy with the Netherlands. Based on our study, we recommend more in-depth studies to identify the specific interventions and resources needed to optimize the underlying health care areas.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar las áreas específicas de atención de salud cuya optimización podría mejorar la salud de la población en las islas del Caribe holandés de Aruba y Curaçao. Métodos. Estudio de observación comparativo en el que se utilizaron datos demográficos y de mortalidad de las islas del Caribe holandés y de los Países Bajos. Se calcularon las tendencias de mortalidad y luego se analizaron con programas de computación Jointpoint de regresión lineal segmentada, para el período 1988–2014. La esperanza de vida se calculó utilizando tablas de mortalidad abreviadas con los datos más recientes disponibles de todos los territorios (2005–2007). Las diferencias de esperanza de vida entre el Caribe holandés y los Países Bajos se desglosaron, usando el método de Arriaga, en contribuciones por causas específicas. Resultados. En el período 1988–2014, los niveles de mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud han sido sistemáticamente mayores en Aruba y Curaçao que en los Países Bajos. En el caso de Aruba, la brecha en la mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud con respecto a los Países Bajos no varió significativamente durante el período de estudio; en el caso de Curaçao, la brecha fue mayor. Si la mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud se redujese a un nivel similar al de los Países Bajos, los hombres y las mujeres en Aruba habrían sumado, respectivamente, 1,19 años y 0,72 años a su esperanza de vida en el período 2005–2007. En Curaçao, el aumento hubiese sido de 2,06 años y de 2,33 años. Según el estudio, las causas específicas que más contribuyen a esta diferencia son las enfermedades circulatorias, el cáncer de mama, las complicaciones perinatales, y la nefritis/nefrosis (estas últimas dos causas solamente en Curaçao). Conclusiones. Una mejora en los servicios de salud en relación con las enfermedades circulatorias, el cáncer de mama, las complicaciones perinatales, y la nefritis/nefrosis en el Caribe holandés podría contribuir sustancialmente a la reducción de la brecha en la esperanza de vida con respecto a los Países Bajos. Por tanto, con base en nuestro estudio, recomendamos que se realicen más estudios exhaustivos a fin de determinar las intervenciones específicas y los recursos que se necesitan para optimizar las áreas de atención de salud involucradas.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Identificar áreas específicas da atenção à saúde cuja otimização poderia melhorar a saúde da população nas ilhas de Aruba e Curaçao, no Caribe holandês. Métodos. Estudo observacional comparativo baseado em dados de mortalidade e populacionais das ilhas do Caribe holandês e dos Países Baixos. As tendências de mortalidade foram calculadas e então analisadas com o software Joinpoint, no período de 1988 a 2014. As expectativas de vida foram computadas usando tábuas de mortalidade resumidas com os dados disponíveis mais recentes de todos os territórios (2005-2007). As diferenças na expectativa de vida entre o Caribe holandês e os Países Baixos foram desagregadas segundo as contribuições específicas por causa usando o método de Arriaga. Resultados. No período de 1988 a 2014, os níveis de mortalidade evitável foram consistentemente mais elevados em Aruba e Curaçao do que nos Países Baixos. Em Aruba, a diferença na mortalidade evitável em comparação com os Países Baixos não mudou significativamente durante o período do estudo, enquanto que em Curaçao a diferença aumentou. Se a mortalidade por causas evitáveis fosse reduzida a níveis semelhantes aos dos Países Baixos, os homens e mulheres de Aruba teriam aumentos respectivos de 1,19 e 0,72 anos nas suas expectativas de vida durante o período 2005-2007. Em Curaçao, o aumento seria de 2,06 e 2,33 anos. As maiores contribuições de causas específicas foram as de doenças circulatórias, câncer de mama, causas perinatais e nefrite/nefrose (estas duas últimas causas somente em Curaçao). Conclusões. Melhorias nos serviços de saúde relacionados com doenças circulatórias, câncer de mama, mortes perinatais e nefrite/nefrose no Caribe holandês poderiam contribuir substancialmente para reduzir as disparidades na expectativa de vida em comparação com os Países Baixos. Com base neste trabalho, recomendamos estudos mais aprofundados para identificar as intervenções e recursos específicos necessários para otimizar estas áreas da atenção à saúde.

To what extent do socioeconomic inequalities in SRH reflect inequalities in burden of disease? The HELIUS study.

BACKGROUND: Self-rated health (SRH), an attractive measure for health monitoring, shows persistent inequalities with regard to socioeconomic status (SES). However, knowledge on the extent to which inequalities in SRH reflect inequalities in disease burden is lacking. METHODS: Data come from the multi-ethnic HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting study (Dutch, South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish or Moroccan origin, N = 19 379, aged 18-70). SES was defined by educational and occupational level. Disease burden was operationalized as chronic diseases, physical and mental functioning (measured with SF-12) and depressive symptoms (measured with PHQ-9). We applied logistic regression analyses and reported average marginal effects (AME). RESULTS: Dutch origin participants with low educational or low occupational level had higher probabilities of reporting fair/poor SRH, compared to the highest levels (AME = 0.20 95% CI: 0.13;0.27; and 0.12 (0.09;0.15), respectively). Associations were attenuated after adjusting for all disease burden indicators, to AME = 0.03 (0.01;0.04) and AME = 0.02 (-0.00;0.04). In all the non-Dutch origin groups, a larger part of the inequalities remained after adjustment. CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic inequalities in SRH are for a large part explained by higher disease burden in lower socioeconomic groups, but less so in those with non-Dutch origin. Future research should examine if our conclusions also hold for trend data on inequalities in SRH.

Contribution of amenable mortality to life expectancy differences between the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba and Curaçao and the Netherlands / Contribución de la mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud a la diferencia de la esperanza de vida entre las islas del Caribe holandés de Aruba y Curaçao y los Países Bajos / Contribuição da mortalidade evitável para as diferenças na expectativa de vida entre as ilhas de Aruba e Curaçao, no Caribe holandês, e os Países Baixos

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify specific health care areas whose optimization could improve population health in the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba and Curaçao. Methods. Comparative observational study using mortality and population data of the Dutch Caribbean islands and the Netherlands. Mortality trends were calculated, then analyzed with Joinpoint software, for the period 1988-2014. Life expectancies were computed using abridged life tables for the most recent available data of all territories (2005-2007). Life expectancy differences between the Dutch Caribbean and the Netherlands were decomposed into cause-specific contributions using Arriaga's method. Results. During the period 1988-2014, levels of amenable mortality have been consistently higher in Aruba and Curaçao than in the Netherlands. For Aruba, the gap in amenable mortality with the Netherlands did not significantly change during the study period, while it widened for Curaçao. If mortality from amenable causes were reduced to similar levels as in the Netherlands, men and women in Aruba would have added, respectively, 1.19 years and 0.72 years to their life expectancies during the period 2005-2007. In Curaçao, this would be 2.06 years and 2.33 years. The largest cause-specific contributions were found for circulatory diseases, breast cancer, perinatal causes, and nephritis/nephrosis (these last two causes solely in Curaçao). Conclusions. Improvements in health care services related to circulatory diseases, breast cancer, perinatal deaths, and nephritis/nephrosis in the Dutch Caribbean could substantially contribute to reducing the gap in life expectancy with the Netherlands. Based on our study, we recommend more in-depth studies to identify the specific interventions and resources needed to optimize the underlying health care areas.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar las áreas específicas de atención de salud cuya optimización podría mejorar la salud de la población en las islas del Caribe holandés de Aruba y Curaçao. Métodos. Estudio de observación comparativo en el que se utilizaron datos demográficos y de mortalidad de las islas del Caribe holandés y de los Países Bajos. Se calcularon las tendencias de mortalidad y luego se analizaron con programas de computación Jointpoint de regresión lineal segmentada, para el período 1988-2014. La esperanza de vida se calculó utilizando tablas de mortalidad abreviadas con los datos más recientes disponibles de todos los territorios (2005-2007). Las diferencias de esperanza de vida entre el Caribe holandés y los Países Bajos se desglosaron, usando el método de Arriaga, en contribuciones por causas específicas. Resultados. En el período 1988-2014, los niveles de mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud han sido sistemáticamente mayores en Aruba y Curaçao que en los Países Bajos. En el caso de Aruba, la brecha en la mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud con respecto a los Países Bajos no varió significativamente durante el período de estudio; en el caso de Curaçao, la brecha fue mayor. Si la mortalidad por causas evitables mediante la atención de salud se redujese a un nivel similar al de los Países Bajos, los hombres y las mujeres en Aruba habrían sumado, respectivamente, 1,19 años y 0,72 años a su esperanza de vida en el período 2005-2007. En Curaçao, el aumento hubiese sido de 2,06 años y de 2,33 años. Según el estudio, las causas específicas que más contribuyen a esta diferencia son las enfermedades circulatorias, el cáncer de mama, las complicaciones perinatales, y la nefritis/nefrosis (estas últimas dos causas solamente en Curaçao). Conclusiones. Una mejora en los servicios de salud en relación con las enfermedades circulatorias, el cáncer de mama, las complicaciones perinatales, y la nefritis/nefrosis en el Caribe holandés podría contribuir sustancialmente a la reducción de la brecha en la esperanza de vida con respecto a los Países Bajos. Por tanto, con base en nuestro estudio, recomendamos que se realicen más estudios exhaustivos a fin de determinar las intervenciones específicas y los recursos que se necesitan para optimizar las áreas de atención de salud involucradas.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar áreas específicas da atenção à saúde cuja otimização poderia melhorar a saúde da população nas ilhas de Aruba e Curaçao, no Caribe holandês. Métodos. Estudo observacional comparativo baseado em dados de mortalidade e populacionais das ilhas do Caribe holandês e dos Países Baixos. As tendências de mortalidade foram calculadas e então analisadas com o software Joinpoint, no período de 1988 a 2014. As expectativas de vida foram computadas usando tábuas de mortalidade resumidas com os dados disponíveis mais recentes de todos os territórios (2005-2007). As diferenças na expectativa de vida entre o Caribe holandês e os Países Baixos foram desagregadas segundo as contribuições específicas por causa usando o método de Arriaga. Resultados. No período de 1988 a 2014, os níveis de mortalidade evitável foram consistentemente mais elevados em Aruba e Curaçao do que nos Países Baixos. Em Aruba, a diferença na mortalidade evitável em comparação com os Países Baixos não mudou significativamente durante o período do estudo, enquanto que em Curaçao a diferença aumentou. Se a mortalidade por causas evitáveis fosse reduzida a níveis semelhantes aos dos Países Baixos, os homens e mulheres de Aruba teriam aumentos respectivos de 1,19 e 0,72 anos nas suas expectativas de vida durante o período 2005-2007. Em Curaçao, o aumento seria de 2,06 e 2,33 anos. As maiores contribuições de causas específicas foram as de doenças circulatórias, câncer de mama, causas perinatais e nefrite/nefrose (estas duas últimas causas somente em Curaçao). Conclusões. Melhorias nos serviços de saúde relacionados com doenças circulatórias, câncer de mama, mortes perinatais e nefrite/nefrose no Caribe holandês poderiam contribuir substancialmente para reduzir as disparidades na expectativa de vida em comparação com os Países Baixos. Com base neste trabalho, recomendamos estudos mais aprofundados para identificar as intervenções e recursos específicos necessários para otimizar estas áreas da atenção à saúde.(AU)

Assessing the role of criminality in neighbourhood safety feelings and self-reported health: results from a cross-sectional study in a Dutch municipality.

BACKGROUND: Neighbourhood safety has repeatedly been shown to be associated with the health and well-being of the residents. Criminality is often seen as one of the key factors affecting neighbourhood safety. However, the relationship between crime, fear of crime and feelings of safety remains underexplored. METHODS: Data on socio-demographic, health and safety perceptions was extracted from the Maastricht municipality survey (the Netherlands) (n = 9656 adults) and merged with data on official neighbourhood crime rates from the Police Registry. Pearson correlation coefficients and multilevel logistic regression models were computed to assess the association between aspects of objective and perceived criminality, individuals' feelings of safety and health. RESULTS: The correlation between the police recorded crime and residents' perceptions of the neighbourhood crime rates was weak (0.14-0.38), with the exception of violent crime (0.59), which indicates that other factors contribute to the perceptions of safety. In turn, the perception of higher rates of violent crime and more nuisance (on the scale 0-10) but not other types of crime or nuisance was positively associated with feeling unsafe (OR 1.27 [1.22;1.32] and 1.39 [1.33;1.46], respectively). Lower general feelings of safety at both the individual and neighbourhood level were consistently associated with worse self-rated health. Among different indicators of safety, the general feelings of safety had the most pronounced association with health, while subjective or objective measures of crime showed limited to no direct relationship with health. CONCLUSIONS: Public health policies targeting safety as a social determinant of health should consider prioritizing areas of violent crime and nuisance to improve general feelings of safety. Further research is needed to understand which factors aside from criminality are driving residents' feelings of safety.

Cocreative Development of the QoL-ME: A Visual and Personalized Quality of Life Assessment App for People With Severe Mental Health Problems.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QoL) is a prominent outcome measure in mental health. However, conventional methods for QoL assessment rely heavily on language-based communication and therefore may not be optimal for all individuals with severe mental health problems. In addition, QoL assessment is usually based on a fixed number of life domains. This approach conflicts with the notion that QoL is influenced by individual values and preferences. A digital assessment app facilitates both the accessibility and personalization of QoL assessment and may, therefore, help to further advance QoL assessment among individuals with severe mental health problems. OBJECTIVE: This study focused on the development of an innovative, visual, and personalized QoL assessment app for people with severe mental health problems: the QoL-ME. METHODS: This study targeted 3 groups of individuals with severe mental health problems: (1) people with psychiatric problems, (2) people treated in forensic psychiatry, and (3) people who are homeless. A group of 59 participants contributed to the 6 iterations of the cocreative development of the QoL-ME. In the brainstorming stage, consisting of the first iteration, participants' previous experiences with questionnaires and mobile apps were explored. Participants gave their feedback on initial designs and wireframes in the second to fourth iterations that made up the design stage. In the usability stage that comprised the final 2 iterations, the usability of the QoL-ME was evaluated. RESULTS: In the brainstorming stage, participants stressed the importance of privacy and data security and of receiving feedback when answering questionnaires. Participants in the design stage indicated a preference for paging over scrolling, linear navigation, a clean and minimalist layout, the use of touchscreen functionality in various modes of interaction, and the use of visual analog scales. The usability evaluation in the usability stage revealed good to excellent usability. CONCLUSIONS: The cocreative development of the QoL-ME resulted in an app that corresponds to the preferences of participants and has strong usability. Further research is needed to evaluate the psychometric quality of the QoL-ME and to investigate its usefulness in practice.

Health Policy Performance in 16 Caribbean States, 2010-2015.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether Caribbean states vary in health policy performance in 11 different areas; to explore the association with sociodemographic, economical, and governance determinants; and to estimate the potential health gains of "best-practice" health policies. METHODS: We selected 50 indicators that included data on mortality (latest available, 2010-2015), intermediate outcomes, and policy implementation to calculate a state's health policy performance score. We related this score to country characteristics and calculated the potential number of avoidable deaths if the age-specific mortality rates of best-performer Martinique applied in all states. RESULTS: We found large differences in health policy performance among Caribbean states. Martinique, Cuba, and Guadeloupe had the highest performance scores, and Guyana, Belize, and Suriname the lowest. Political affiliation, religious fractionalization, corruption, national income, and population density were associated with health policy performance. If the mortality rates of Martinique applied to all Caribbean states, an overall mortality reduction of 12% would be achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in health outcomes between Caribbean states are partly attributable to variations in health policy implementation. Our results suggest that many deaths can be prevented if Caribbean governments adopt best-practice policies.

The Public Health Status and Foresight report 2014: Four normative perspectives on a healthier Netherlands in 2040.

Policy-oriented foresight reports aim to inform and advise decision-makers. In value-laden areas such as public health and healthcare, deliberative scenario methods are clearly needed. For the sixth Dutch Public Health Status and Forecasts-report (PHSF-2014), a new approach of co-creation was developed aiming to incorporate different societal norms and values in the description of possible future developments. The major future trends in the Netherlands were used as a starting point for a deliberative dialogue with stakeholders to identify the most important societal challenges for public health and healthcare. Four societal challenges were identified: 1) To keep people healthy as long as possible and cure illness promptly, 2) To support vulnerable people and enable social participation, 3) To promote individual autonomy and freedom of choice, and 4) To keep health care affordable. Working with stakeholders, we expanded these societal challenges into four corresponding normative scenarios. In a survey the normative scenarios were found to be recognizable and sufficiently distinctive. We organized meetings with experts to explore how engagement and policy strategies in each scenario would affect the other three societal challenges. Possible synergies and trade-offs between the four scenarios were identified. Public health foresight based on a business-as-usual scenario and normative scenarios is clearly practicable. The process and the outcomes support and elucidate a wide range of strategic discussions in public health.

Does selective migration bias the health impact assessment of urban regeneration programmes in cross-sectional studies? Findings from a Dutch case study.

We examined if the assessment of the health impact of a national Dutch regeneration programme depends on using either a repeated cross-sectional or longitudinal study design. This is important as only the latter design can incorporate migration patterns. For both designs, we compared trends in medication use between target and control districts. We found differences in medication use trends to be modest under the longitudinal design, and not demonstrable under the repeated cross-sectional design. The observed differences were hardly influenced by migration patterns. We conclude that in the Netherlands migration patterns had little effect on the health impact assessment of this national urban regeneration programme, so either the cross-sectional or longitudinal evaluation study design will do.

Towards a sustainable EU health information system infrastructure: A consensus driven approach.

BACKGROUND: Health information in the EU is characterised by diversity and fragmentation of health information infrastructures. A well-defined and sustainable EU health information system infrastructure is lacking. The potential of a European Research Infrastructure Consortium on Health Information for Research and Evidence-based Policy (HIREP-ERIC) to take up this role is investigated. METHODS: Two working groups, a BRIDGE Health Steering Committee and the European Commission's Drafting Group of the Expert Group on Health Information, discussed the technical and scientific description of the HIREP-ERIC through a consensus-driven modified Delphi technique. RESULTS: Consensus was reached on three aspects of the HIREP-ERIC. First, it was defined as an infrastructure that facilitates interaction of networks and experts in health information by providing central governance and a more permanent collaboration. Second, the infrastructure should be distributed, with a central hub coordinating the operation of distributed networks. Third, it should provide easy access to high quality and comparable data for purposes of research and policy making, and focus its activities around generating, managing, exchanging and translating health information. CONCLUSION: A momentum has been created where representatives from 16 European countries agreed on the HIREP-ERIC as a pragmatic bottom-up approach to strengthen the current EU health information landscape. A Member States' commitment is needed at senior political level to make this consensus operational.

Subjectively different but objectively the same? Three profiles of QoL in people with severe mental health problems.

PURPOSE: Quality of life (QoL) is a broad outcome that is often used to assess the impact of treatment and care interventions in mental health services. QoL, however, is known to be influenced by individual values and preferences. To investigate this heterogeneity on the individual level, this study aimed to distinguish classes with distinct QoL profiles in a broad group of people with severe mental health problems and to identify the QoL domains that are most strongly related to the classes. METHODS: QoL data of seven studies that used the Lancashire quality of life profile (LQoLP) were used in a latent class analysis. Sociodemographic variables, health-related variables, and measures of well-being were used to characterise the classes. Additionally, univariate entropy scores were used to assess the strength of the association between the ten LQoLP domains and the latent classes. RESULTS: Two of the three indices of fit pointed towards a three-class model. The three classes differed significantly on all of the LQoLP domains, on well-being, and on 'being in an intimate relationship'. No differences were found for the majority of the health-related and sociodemographic variables. The LQoLP domains 'family relations', 'positive self-esteem', and 'negative self-esteem' were most strongly related to the latent classes. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of three distinct classes of QoL scores re-emphasises the heterogenic nature of QoL. The lack of differences in sociodemographic or health-related characteristics between the three classes suggests that QoL is primarily determined by subjective, personal evaluations, rather than by objective characteristics and circumstances.

Population health management guiding principles to stimulate collaboration and improve pharmaceutical care.

Purpose A range of strategies to improve pharmaceutical care has been implemented by population health management (PHM) initiatives. However, which strategies generate the desired outcomes is largely unknown. The purpose of this paper is to identify guiding principles underlying collaborative strategies to improve pharmaceutical care and the contextual factors and mechanisms through which these principles operate. Design/methodology/approach The evaluation was informed by a realist methodology examining the links between PHM strategies, their outcomes and the contexts and mechanisms by which these strategies operate. Guiding principles were identified by grouping context-specific strategies with specific outcomes. Findings In total, ten guiding principles were identified: create agreement and commitment based on a long-term vision; foster cooperation and representation at the board level; use layered governance structures; create awareness at all levels; enable interpersonal links at all levels; create learning environments; organize shared responsibility; adjust financial strategies to market contexts; organize mutual gains; and align regional agreements with national policies and regulations. Contextual factors such as shared savings influenced the effectiveness of the guiding principles. Mechanisms by which these guiding principles operate were, for instance, fostering trust and creating a shared sense of the problem. Practical implications The guiding principles highlight how collaboration can be stimulated to improve pharmaceutical care while taking into account local constraints and possibilities. The interdependency of these principles necessitates effectuating them together in order to realize the best possible improvements and outcomes. Originality/value This is the first study using a realist approach to understand the guiding principles underlying collaboration to improve pharmaceutical care.

The health of Antillean migrants in the Netherlands: a comparison with the health of non-migrants in both the countries of origin and destination.

Background: This article examines risk factor and health differences between Antillean migrants in the Netherlands and Antillean and Dutch non-migrants, and relates these findings to four commonly used explanations for migrant health disparities. Methods: Nationally representative data from the 2012 Dutch Public Health Monitor and the 2013 National Health Survey Curaçao was used. The weighted rates were calculated and significance assessed using the χ2 test. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare health behaviours and outcomes between Antillean migrants and the non-migrant populations. Results: Overall, Antillean migrants had poorer physical and mental health than Antillean and Dutch non-migrants. For overweight/obesity and tobacco and alcohol use, Antillean migrants had rates in-between those of the Antillean and Dutch non-migrants. The poor health of Antillean migrants persisted in the second generation, who were born in the Netherlands. Conclusions: Patterns of differences in physical and mental health among the study populations were suggestive of a 'stressful environment' effect. The poorer health of Antillean migrants may be partly determined by host-country-specific stressors, such as perceived discrimination, spatial concentration in multi-ethnic neighbourhoods and reduced social mobility.

Do conceptualisations of health differ across social strata? A concept mapping study among lay people.

OBJECTIVES: The legitimacy of policies that aim at tackling socioeconomic inequalities in health can be challenged if they do not reflect the conceptualisations of health that are valued in all strata. Therefore, this study analyses how different socioeconomic groups formulate their own answers regarding: what does health mean to you? DESIGN: Concept mapping procedures were performed in three groups that differ in educational level. All procedures followed exactly the same design. SETTING: Area of the city of Utrecht, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS: Lay persons with a lower, intermediate and higher educational level (±15/group). RESULTS: The concept maps for the three groups consisted of nine, eight and seven clusters each, respectively. Four clusters occurred in all groups: absence of disease/disabilities, health-related behaviours, social life, attitude towards life. The content of some of these differed between groups, for example, behaviours were interpreted as having opportunities to behave healthily in the lower education group, and in terms of their impact on health in the higher education group. Other clusters appeared to be specific for particular groups, such as autonomy (intermediate/higher education group). Finally, ranking ranged from a higher ranking of the positively formulated aspects in the higher education group (eg, lust for life) to that of the negatively formulated aspects in the lower education group (eg, having no chronic disease). CONCLUSION: Our results provide indications to suggest that people in lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to show a conceptualisation of health that refers to (1) the absence of health threats (vs positive aspects), (2) a person within his/her circumstances (vs quality of own body/mind), (3) the value of functional (vs hedonistic) notions and (4) an accepting (vs active) attitude towards life.

Towards local implementation of Dutch health policy guidelines: a concept-mapping approach.

To develop a targeted implementation strategy for a municipal health policy guideline, implementation targets of two guideline users [Regional Health Services (RHSs)] and guideline developers of leading national health institutes were made explicit. Therefore, characteristics of successful implementation of the guideline were identified. Differences and similarities in perceptions of these characteristics between RHSs and developers were explored. Separate concept mapping procedures were executed in two RHSs, one with representatives from partner local health organizations and municipalities, the second with RHS members only. A third map was conducted with the developers of the guideline. All mapping procedures followed the same design of generating statements up to interpretation of results with participants. Concept mapping, as a practical implementation tool, will be discussed in the context of international research literature on guideline implementation in public health. Guideline developers consider implementation successful when substantive components (health issues) of the guidelines, content are visible in local policy practice. RHSs, local organizations and municipalities view the implementation process itself within and between organizations as more relevant, and state that usability of the guideline for municipal policy and commitment by officials and municipal managers are critical targets for successful implementation. Between the RHSs, differences in implementation targets were smaller than between RHSs and guideline developers. For successful implementation, RHSs tend to focus on process targets while developers focus more on the thematic contents of the guideline. Implications of these different orientations for implementation strategies are dealt with in the discussion.