Gestão de custos: microcusteio por absorção em um pronto-socorro durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Cost management: microcosting by absorption in an emergency room during the COVID-19 pandemic / Gestión de costos: microcosteo por absorción en un servicio de urgencias durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: analisar os custos operacionais de um pronto-socorro relacionados ao atendimento de pacientes COVID-19 em 2020 e 2021. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo de abordagem quantitativa. A mensuração dos custos utilizou-se da perspectiva do gestor hospitalar, por meio de microcusteio por absorção. Custos diretos, indiretos e variáveis, foram avaliados de cima para baixo (top-down). Resultados: o perfil predominante foi de homens, com idades entre 61 e 70 anos, casados, brancos e moradores de Londrina (Paraná, Brasil). O tempo médio de internação para pacientes graves foi 12,20 dias e, para os demais, 8,38 dias. O desfecho principal foi a alta hospitalar. Os custos operacionais em 2020 foram de R$28.461.152,87, já em 2021 os valores encontrados foram R$43.749.324,61. O custo médio do paciente-dia foi de R$2.614,45 em 2020 para R$3.351,93 em 2021. Conclusão: verificou-se aumento dos custos no período estudado. Conhecer os custos operacionais do pronto-socorro, possibilita o planejamento financeiro institucional contribuindo para qualificar a tomada de decisões gerenciais.

Objective: to analyze the operating costs of an emergency room related to the care of COVID-19 patients in 2020 and 2021. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The measurement of costs was used from the perspective of the hospital manager, through absorption micro-costing. Direct, indirect and variable costs were evaluated from top to bottom (top-down). Results: the predominant profile was men, aged between 61 and 70 years, married, white and living in Londrina (Paraná, Brazil). The mean length of stay for critically ill patients was 12.20 days and for the others, 8.38 days. The main outcome was hospital discharge. Operating costs in 2020 were BRL 28,461,152.87, while in 2021 the values found were BRL 43,749,324.61. The average patient-day cost went from R$2,614.45 in 2020 to R$3,351.93 in 2021. Conclusion: costs increased in the study period. Be aware of the operational costs of emergency room, enablement or institutional financial planning, contributing to qualify management decision-making.

Objetivo: analizar los costos operativos de un servicio de urgencias relacionado con la atención de pacientes con COVID-19 en los años 2020 y 2021. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Se utilizó la medición de costos desde la perspectiva del gestor del hospital, a través del microcosteo por absorción. Los costos directos, indirectos y variables se evaluaron de arriba hacia abajo (top-down). Resultados: el perfil predominante fue el de hombres, con edad entre 61 y 70 años, casados, blancos y residentes en Londrina (Paraná, Brasil). La estancia media de internación de los pacientes críticos fue de 12,20 días y, de los demás, de 8,38 días. El resultado principal fue el alta hospitalaria. Los costos operacionales en 2020 fueron de R$ 28.461.152,87, mientras que en 2021 los valores encontrados fueron de R$ 43.749.324,61. Los costos medios del paciente/día aumentaron de R$2.614,45 en 2020 a R$3.351,93 en 2021. Conclusión: se observó un aumento de los costos en el periodo estudiado. Conocer los costos operativos de un servicio de urgencias posibilita la planificación financiera institucional, contribuyendo a calificar la toma de decisiones gerenciales.

Risk Factors for Severe-Critical COVID-19 in Pregnant Women.

Risk factors associated with severe-critical COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) are based on findings in the general population. Pregnant women are at increased risk of severe-critical infection, and few reports are based on these women. A multicentric case-control study was conducted at the Mexican Institute of Social Security, State of Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. We included pregnant women who were consecutively admitted to respiratory care units and were followed until 30 days after the resolution of pregnancy. A total of 758 pregnant women with a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled from June 2020 to July 2021. We defined groups using the World Health Organization Severity Classification; cases were pregnant women with severe-critical COVID-19 (n = 123), and controls were subjects with non-severe COVID-19 (n = 635). Data was gathered from clinical files. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to adjust odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals of factors associated with severe-critical COVID-19. Risk factors associated with severe-critical COVID-19 in pregnancy were non-vaccination (OR 10.18), blood type other than O (OR 6.29), maternal age > 35 years (OR 5.76), history of chronic hypertension (OR 5.12), gestational age at infection ≥ 31 weeks (OR 3.28), and multiparity (OR 2.80).

[Primary health care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico]. / La atención primaria a la salud durante la pandemia COVID-19 en México.

Primary health care is the provision of comprehensive and accessible medical services provided by clinical health professionals. It plays an indispensable role in the health emergency, as it represents the first contact for many Mexicans with and without social security. Its work during the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial as it forms the gateway to health systems. The contingency due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Mexico has only increased this inequality between those who have access to quality services and those who do not. Certain weaknesses are evident in the country, such as the saturation of hospitals, care times and the shortage of medicines. However, they have also highlighted strengths such as the vaccination strategy (being one of the first Latin American countries to implement the vaccine against COVID-19). On the other hand, the hospital reconversion that has made it possible to care for a greater number of patients, avoiding the saturation of hospitals. A resource that became relevant in pandemic times was technology. Doctors adapted to the needs of patients and through wireless communication, telemedicine was a resource used to provide health care remotely and thus prevent the risk of contagion. This manuscript represents an overview of the panorama in Mexico from the social perspective and the first level of care.

La atención primaria a la salud es la provisión de servicios médicos integrales y accesibles otorgados por profesionales clínicos de la salud. Juega un papel indispensable dentro de la emergencia sanitaria, pues representa el primer contacto de muchos mexicanos con y sin seguridad social. Su labor durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 ha sido crucial, pues conforma la puerta de entrada a los sistemas de salud. La contingencia por el virus SARS-CoV-2 en México ha acrecentado la desigualdad de entre quienes tienen acceso a servicios de calidad y quienes no lo tienen. En el país son evidentes ciertas debilidades como: la saturación de hospitales, los tiempos de atención y el desabasto de medicamentos. Sin embargo, también han resaltado fortalezas como la estrategia de vacunación (siendo uno de los primeros países latinoamericanos en implementar la vacuna contra la COVID-19). Por otro lado, la reconversión hospitalaria que ha permitido atender a un mayor número de enfermos, evitando la saturación de hospitales. Un recurso que cobró relevancia en los tiempos de pandemia fue la tecnología, los médicos se adaptaron a las necesidades de los pacientes y por medio de la comunicación inalámbrica, y la telemedicina fue un recurso utilizado para brindar cuidados de salud vía remota y así prevenir el riesgo el contagio. Este manuscrito representa una visión general del panorama en México desde la perspectiva social y el primer nivel de atención.

[Aswer to "Comment on article "Bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on COVID-19 elaborated by staff of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social""]. / Respuesta a "Comentario al artículo "Análisis bibliométrico de las publicaciones científicas sobre COVID-19 realizadas por personal IMSS"".

We thank the group headed by Jorge Valencia Alonso for taking the time to review in detail and prepare the letter about our article entitled: " Bibliometric analysis of scientific publications on COVID-19 elaborated by staff of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social", which has recently been published in the Medical Journal of the Mexican Social Security Institute. Based on your observations and comments, we allow ourselves to make the following clarifications following the same sequence of your letter to the Editor.

Agradecemos al grupo encabezado por Jorge Valencia Alonso por tomarse el tiempo para revisar con detalle y elaborar la carta sobre nuestro artículo titulado: "Análisis bibliométrico de las publicaciones científicas sobre COVID-19 por personal del IMSS", que recientemente se ha publicado en la Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. De acuerdo con sus observaciones y comentarios, nos permitimos realizar las siguientes aclaraciones siguiendo la misma secuencia de su carta al Editor.

Proposal of a new slit-lamp shield for ophthalmic examination and assessment of its effectiveness using computational simulations / Avaliação da eficácia e proposta de um novo protetor de lâmpada de fenda durante exame oftálmico por meio de simulações computacionais

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to use computational models for simulating the movement of respiratory droplets when assessing the efficacy of standard slit-lamp shield versus a new shield designed for increased clinician comfort as well as adequate protection. Methods: Simulations were performed using the commercial software Star-CCM+. Respiratory droplets were assumed to be 100% water in volume fraction with particle diameter distribution represented by a geometric mean of 74.4 (±1.5 standard deviation) μm over a 4-min duration. The total mass of respiratory droplets expelled from patients' mouths and droplet accumulation on the manikin were measured under the following three conditions: with no slit-lamp shield, using the standard slit-lamp shield, and using our new proposed shield. Results: The total accumulated water droplet mass (kilogram) and percentage of expelled mass accumulated on the shield under the three aforementioned conditions were as follows: 5.84e-10 kg (28% of the total weight of particle emitted that settled on the manikin), 9.14e-13 kg (0.045%), and 3.19e-13 (0.015%), respectively. The standard shield could shield off 99.83% of the particles that would otherwise be deposited on the manikin, which is comparable to 99.95% for the proposed design. Conclusion: Slit-lamp shields are effective infection control tools against respiratory droplets. The proposed shield showed comparable effectiveness compared with conventional slit-lamp shields, but with potentially enhanced ergonomics for ophthalmologists during slit-lamp examinations.

RESUMO Introdução: Os oftalmologistas têm alto risco de contrair a doença do Coronavírus-19 devido à proximidade com os pacientes durante os exames com lâmpada de fenda. Usamos um modelo de computação para avaliar a eficácia das proteções para lâmpadas de fenda e propusemos uma nova proteção ergonomicamente projetada. Métodos: As simulações foram realizadas no software comercial Star-CCM +. Os aerossóis de gotículas foram considerados 100% de água em fração de volume com distribuição de diâmetro de partícula representada por uma média geométrica de 74,4 ± 1,5 (desvio padrão) μm ao longo de uma duração de quatro minutos. A massa total de gotículas de água acumulada no manequim e a massa expelida pela boca do paciente foram medidas em três condições diferentes: 1) Sem protetor de lâmpada de fenda, 2) com protetor padrão, 3) Com o novo protetor proposto. Resultados: A massa total acumulada das gotas de água (kg) e a porcentagem da massa expelida acumulada no escudo para cada uma das respectivas condições foram; 1) 5,84e-10 kg (28% do peso total da partícula emitida que assentou no manequim), 2) 9,14e-13 kg (0,045%), 3,19e-13 (0,015%). O escudo padrão foi capaz de proteger 99,83% das partículas que, de outra forma, teriam se depositado no manequim, o que é semelhante a 99,95% para o projeto proposto. Conclusão: Protetores com lâmpada de fenda são ferramentas eficazes de controle de infecção contra gotículas respiratórias. O protetor proposto mostrou eficácia comparável em comparação com os protetores de lâmpada de fenda convencionais, mas potencialmente oferece uma melhor ergonomia para oftalmologistas durante o exame de lâmpada de fenda.

Creación e implementación del Sistema de Entrega de Medicamentos a Pacientes Crónicos SIENMECRO: estudio cualitativo

Introducción: Frente a pandemia producida por el SARS-CoV-2, el gobierno peruano implementó diversas medidas como el cierre temporal de los establecimientos del primer nivel de atención y el sistema sanitario implementó diversas políticas y estrategias; una de ellas, fue la creación e implementación del proyecto del Sistema de Entrega de Medicamentos a Pacientes Crónicos (SIENMECRO). Objetivo: Describir el proceso de creación e implementación del proyecto SIENMECRO. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa de tipo estudio de caso que implicó la revisión de la documentación existente como textos y videos y, realización de entrevistas en profundidad a funcionarios y colaboradores involucrados desde la elaboración de la propuesta del SIENMECRO. Resultados: El proyecto SIENMECRO surge como una iniciativa positiva con la aspiración de impulsar un sistema integrado de salud que aborde la realidad sanitaria desde los determinantes sociales de la salud, debido a las dificultades de los pacientes para acudir a sus controles y recibir su tratamiento. A pesar de que no se contó con un plan integral de implementación y control del proyecto, fue fundamental para cubrir la necesidad de atención sanitaria a un segmento vulnerable de la población, evitando su traslado y preservando la salud de las personas más susceptibles de padecer complicaciones por la infección por COVID-19. Conclusiones: Es una iniciativa donde el sistema sanitario toma un rol más proactivo en beneficio de la población, implementando el uso de las tecnologías de información y comunicación en la atención de salud, articulando con los diversos prestadores y acercando los servicios a los ciudadanos más vulnerables.

Introduction: Faced with the pandemic produced by SARS-CoV-2, the Peruvian government implemented several measures such as the temporary closure of primary care facilities and the health system implemented various policies and strategies; one of them was to create and implement the Drug Delivery System for Chronic Patients (SIENMECRO) project. Objective: To describe the creation and implementation process of SIENMECRO project. Methods: Qualitative case study that involved reviewing existing documentation such as texts and videos and conducting in-depth interviews with officials and collaborators involved since the preparation of SIENMECRO proposal. Results: SIENMECRO project emerges as a positive initiative with the aspiration of promoting an integrated health system that addresses the health reality from the social determinants of health, due to patients' difficulties to go to their controls and to receive their treatment. Although there was no comprehensive plan for the implementation and control of the project, it was essential to cover the need for health care for a vulnerable segment of the population, avoiding their transfer and preserving the health of the people most likely to suffer complications from COVID-19 infection. Conclusions: It is an initiative where the health system takes a more proactive role for the benefit of the population, implementing the use of technology of the information and communication in health care, articulating with the various providers and bringing services closer to the most vulnerable citizens.

Rural work and COVID-19: challenges and proposals for the prevention of damages.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the inequalities in health care access in Brazil, exarcerbating vulnerabilities and social determinants of health. Inequality is part of the context of rural populations, especially rural workers and family and subsistence farmers due to both the direct consequences of work activity and the unfavorable socioeconomic context, especially regarding service provision, the guaranteeing of rights, and the coordination of care networks. This article reviews challenges to the health of these workers and outlines proposals for disease prevention in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Apandemia de covid-19 no mundo trouxe à tona as desigualdades vivenciadas no acesso à saúde no Brasil, escancarando as vulnerabilidades e os determinantes sociais de saúde. É nesse ínterim de iniquidades que as populações rurais se inserem, em especial trabalhadores e trabalhadoras rurais e membros da agricultura familiar e de subsistência, tanto pelas consequências diretas da atividade laboral quanto pelo contexto socioeconômico desfavorável, especialmente no que diz respeito a oferta de serviços, garantia de direitos e articulação das redes de assistência. Frente a isso, o presente trabalho discute os desafios relacionados à saúde desses trabalhadores e traça propostas para a prevenção de agravos da referida população no contexto da pandemia de covid-19.

Saúde mental e atuação de psicólogos hospitalares brasileiros na pandemia da covid-19 / Health and works of brazilian hospital psychologists in the covid-19 pandemic / Salud mental y actuación de psicólogos en hospitales brasileños en la pandemia del covid-19

Em março de 2020 a situação causada pela covid-19 foi elevada à categoria de pandemia, impactando de inúmeras formas a vida em sociedade. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os impactos da pandemia na atuação e saúde mental do psicólogo hospitalar, profissional que atua nos espaços de saúde e tem experienciado mais de perto o sofrimento dos doentes e dos profissionais de saúde frente à covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo com 131 psicólogos que atuam em hospitais. Os profissionais foram convidados a participar através de redes sociais e redes de contatos das pesquisadoras, utilizando-se a técnica Bola de Neve. Foram utilizados dois questionários, disponibilizados na plataforma Google Forms, um abordando os impactos da pandemia sentidos pelos profissionais e outro referente ao sofrimento psíquico. Os dados foram analisados a partir de estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais. Foram observados impactos na atuação de quase a totalidade dos participantes, constatada a necessidade de preparação dos profissionais para o novo cenário, a percepção de pouco apoio institucional e quase metade da população estudada referiu-se a sintomas de sofrimento psíquico considerável desde o início da pandemia. É fundamental dar atenção a sinais e sintomas de sofrimento psíquico, procurando evitar o adoecimento de uma categoria profissional que se encontra na linha de frente do combate aos danos psicológicos da pandemia e cuja própria saúde mental é pouco abordada na literatura.(AU)

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic breakout hugely impacted life in society. This study analyzes how the pandemic impacted hospital psychologists' mental health and performance, professional who more closely experienced the suffering of patients and health professionals in this period. An exploratory and descriptive study was conducted with 131 hospital psychologists. Professionals were invited to participate through the researchers' social and contact networks using the Snowball technique. Data were collected by two questionnaires available on the Google Forms platform, one addressing the impacts felt by professionals and the other regarding psychic suffering, and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that almost all participants had their performance affected by the need to prepare for the new scenario, the perceived little institutional support. Almost half of the study sample reported considerable psychological distress symptoms since the beginning of the pandemic. Paying attention to signs and symptoms of psychic suffering is fundamental to avoid compromising a professional category that is on the front line of combating the psychological damage caused by the pandemic and whose own mental health is little addressed by the literature.(AU)

En marzo de 2020, la situación provocada por el COVID-19 se caracterizó como pandemia e impactó el mundo de diversas maneras. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los impactos de la pandemia en la salud mental y la actuación del psicólogo en los hospitales, uno de los profesionales que trabaja en espacios sanitarios y que ha experimentado más de cerca el sufrimiento de pacientes y profesionales sanitarios frente al COVID-19. Este es un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, realizado con 131 psicólogos que trabajan en hospitales. Los profesionales recibieron la invitación a participar a través de las redes sociales y redes de contactos de las investigadoras, mediante la técnica snowball. Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios disponibles en la plataforma Google Forms: uno sobre los impactos de la pandemia en los profesionales y el otro sobre el sufrimiento psíquico. Los datos se analizaron a partir de estadísticas descriptivas e inferenciales. Se observaron impactos en el trabajo de casi todos los participantes, la necesidad de preparación de los profesionales para este nuevo escenario, la percepción de poco apoyo institucional, y casi la mitad de la población estudiada reportaron sentir síntomas de considerable angustia psicológica desde el inicio de la pandemia. Es esencial prestar atención a los signos y síntomas del sufrimiento psíquico, buscando evitar la enfermedad de una categoría profesional que está a la vanguardia de la lucha contra el daño psicológico de la pandemia y cuya propia salud mental se aborda poco en la literatura.(AU)

Percepción de usuarios de servicios de salud sobre la visibilidad social de los profesionales de enfermería durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: Conocer la percepción de usuarios de los servicios de salud de tres comunas de Chile sobre la visibilidad social de los profesionales de enfermería durante el período de la pandemia de COVID-19. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo que utilizó la técnica del grupo focal. Se realizó un grupo focal con un muestreo de tipo intencionado conformado por siete participantes cuyos criterios de inclusión fueron ser usuarios del sistema de salud de Chile y mayor de 18 años. El reclutamiento de los participantes fue realizado por un afiche en redes sociales de la institución académica. La estrategia de análisis fue el de contenido. Resultados: Se encontraron tres temas y siete subtemas: la visibilidad de la profesión (imaginarios sociales, valoración de la labor, invisibilidad), primera línea (revaloración de los profesionales, seguridad y confianza) y género (profesión feminizada, invisibilidad). Conclusiones: Bajo el actual contexto de salubridad, la visibilidad de la enfermería se ha sostenido por situaciones que justamente son asociadas a la invisibilidad, salud mental, cargas laborales, cuestiones de género, entre otras. Se sugiere la realización de investigaciones que demuestren y difundan el importante rol de los profesionales de enfermería en la sociedad y promuevan su reconocimiento.

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de usuários dos serviços de saúde de três municípios do Chile sobre a visibilidade social dos profissionais de enfermagem durante o período da Pandemia da COVID-19. Material e Método: Estudo qualitativo descritivo que utilizou a técnica de grupo focal. Foi realizado um grupo focal com uma amostragem do tipo intencional, composta por sete participantes, cujos critérios de inclusão foram ser usuários do Sistema de Saúde do Chile e maiores de 18 anos. O recrutamento dos participantes foi realizado por um poster nas redes sociais da instituição acadêmica. A estratégia de análise foi de conteúdo. Resultados: Foram encontrados três temas e sete subtemas: a visibilidade da profissão (imaginários sociais, valorização do trabalho, invisibilidade), primeira linha (reavaliação dos profissionais, segurança e confiança) e gênero (profissão feminizada, invisibilidade). Conclusões: No contexto atual da saúde, a visibilidade da enfermagem tem sido sustentada por situações que se associam justamente à invisibilidade, saúde mental, carga de trabalho, questões de gênero, entre outras. Sugere-se a realização de pesquisas que demonstrem e divulguem o importante papel dos profissionais de enfermagem na sociedade e promovam seu reconhecimento.

Objective: To know the perception of users of health services in three communes of Chile regarding the social visibility of nursing professionals during the period of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Material and Method: Qualitative study with a descriptive design that used the focus group technique. A focus group was carried out with an intentional sampling, made up of seven participants whose inclusion criteria were: being users of the Chilean Health System and, older than 18 years. The recruitment of the participants was conducted by a poster in social networks of the academic institution. The analysis strategy was content. Results: Three themes and seven sub-themes were found. The themes were, the visibility of the profession (social imaginaries, value of work, invisibility), first line (revaluation of professionals, safety, and trust) and gender (feminized profession, invisibility). Conclusions: Under the current context of health, the visibility of nursing has been sustained by situations that are precisely associated with invisibility, mental health, workload, gender issues, among others. It is suggested that research be conducted to demonstrate and disseminate the significant role of nursing professionals in society and promote their recognition.

Viabilidade e custo-benefício no reúso de respiradores PFF2 durante a pandemia da COVID-19: um estudo multimétodos / Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of reusing PFF2 respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multimethod study

No final do primeiro trimestre de 2020 a Organização Mundial da Saúde reconheceu a contaminação pelo novo SARS-Cov2 como uma pandemia. Diante disso, encontrar alternativas diante das dificuldades de fornecimento de EPIs, incluindo aqueles de difícil fabricação e considerados descartáveis, como os respiradores do tipo N95 e/ou PFF2, tornou-se uma das tarefas difíceis e primordiais para garantir assistência aos pacientes com a doença do coronavírus (COVID-19). Objetivo: Avaliar a segurança no uso de respiradores descontaminados do tipo PFF2, equipamentos de proteção individual (EPIs) considerados de uso único por profissional de saúde em situações de pandemia. Método: Pesquisa de abordagem de multimétodos. O estudo foi dividido em três desdobramentos metodológicos: uma revisão sistemática com metanálise, um estudo com desenho quase-experimental e um estudo de caso. O relatório da revisão sistemática com metanálise foi desenvolvido em oito bases científicas, de acordo com as orientações de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), com busca de publicações entre janeiro de 2020 e agosto de 2022. A pergunta norteadora foi: o reúso e/ou descontaminação de máscaras N95 viabiliza a manutenção da integridade e eficiência de filtração para os profissionais de saúde na prevenção da COVID-19? A meta-análise foi realizada usando meta-regressão, com variação inversa. A avaliação metodológica dos artigos foi realizada através do instrumento Joanna Briggs critical appraisal para ensaios experimentais não randomizados. O quase-experimento e o estudo de caso foram realizados na Central de Materiais e Esterilização (CME), em um hospital público, universitário e federal da região Sul do Brasil. Foi definido o cálculo do tamanho amostral mínimo de seis respiradores PFF2 para cada tipo de intervenção e tempo de uso para o desenvolvimento do quase-experimento. Este cálculo foi baseado no estudo piloto com máscaras novas com simulação de uso, com análise de potência de 90%, com dois desvios- padrão e com nível de confiança de 95%. As amostras foram coletadas de forma não aleatória, com recrutamento sequencial em duas unidades: Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI não- COVID), na qual os profissionais utilizavam respiradores PFF2 por 42 horas, e a UTI-COVID, na qual as máscaras PFF2 foram utilizadas por 6 horas. O período da coleta foi de 60 dias, entre os meses de abril e junho de 2021. Os critérios de inclusão foram: respiradores do tipo PFF2 fornecidos pela instituição para uso profissional contra agentes biológicos, com laudos de certificação de eficiência bacteriológica, e usados pelos profissionais das UTIs COVID e não- COVID, conforme o protocolo. Os critérios de exclusão foram: respiradores com deformidades ou danificados, com perda de integridade aparente, com marcações que não fossem decorrentes de uso, respiradores valvulados, bem como respiradores da UTI não-COVID descartados com tempo de uso inferior ou superior às 42 horas (7 plantões de 6 horas) preconizadas. Os grupos foram divididos por tempo de uso e tipo de intervenção: Grupo Controle, composto de respiradores novos, e nove grupos experimentais adicionais. Foram consideradas como variáveis dependentes quantitativas: os resultados dos testes de resistência à respiração, à penetração do filtro e à inflamabilidade relacionada à segurança do usuário após o processo de descontaminação de respiradores PFF2. Como variáveis independentes qualitativas foram considerados os tipos de processo de descontaminação. As amostras foram analisadas em laboratório tecnológico de materiais e produtos para o controle da qualidade na cidade de São Paulo, certificado pela Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios de Ensaio (RBLE), com base na norma ABNT NBR 13698/2022, avaliando resistência à respiração com fluxo contínuo de inalação e exalação, penetração através do filtro e inflamabilidade. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Para analisar se o respirador permaneceu seguro para o uso após a descontaminação em relação ao grupo controle, foi empregado o teste t Student, para verificar a diferença da resistência à respiração (inalação e exalação) e à penetração do filtro da PFF2 entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste Anova. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p <0,05. Para o estudo de caso, foram aplicadas fontes institucionais, registros de tempo e recursos utilizados para a descontaminação de respirador PFF2. Baseado no modelo de IOWA, foi elaborado o fluxo do processo com a identificação das etapas para viabilizar a descontaminação dos respiradores. Posteriormente, foi elaborada uma planilha para coleta dos dados e comparação dos custos diretos no período pré e durante a pandemia. Quanto aos preceitos bioéticos, esta pesquisa foi orientada pela legislação, aprovada pelo comitê de ética da instituição, CAAE 702207717.4.0000.5327, parecer de aprovação n.2.183.123. Resultados: Como resultados da revisão sistemática, sete artigos foram incluídos na extração dos dados e avaliação crítica, e três na meta-análise. Quatro estudos avaliaram a integridade por inspeção visual e dois por microscopia eletrônica. Não se constatou associação entre o aumento do número de ciclos e a redução da filtração em até 10 ciclos. Nenhum estudo foi considerado de alta qualidade metodológica. Quanto aos resultados do quase-experimento, a resistência à respiração da PFF2 se manteve dentro dos limites preconizados pela norma para os diferentes fluxos de pressão (p<=0,001) na comparação entre as máscaras novas e usadas, independente do tempo de uso. Em relação à manutenção da filtração da PFF2, verifica-se que todos os grupos se mantiveram dentro do limite preconizado de penetração (<6%) utilizando cloreto de sódio em um fluxo contínuo de 95l/min. No entanto, constata-se diferença significativa (p=0,002) entre as máscaras descontaminadas e as novas, independentemente do tipo de tratamento no requisito de penetração. Ao avaliar o tempo de uso, as máscaras descontaminadas e utilizadas por 42h apresentaram, quando comparadas às máscaras novas, diferença significativa na penetração (p=0,012). Em relação ao estudo de caso, afirma-se que, no cenário analisado, o custo do processo de descontaminação de respiradores do tipo PFF2 de uso único durante a pandemia da COVID-19 não é justificável em períodos em que não há escassez de recursos. Conclusão: A partir da revisão sistemática, há evidências da manutenção da integridade e filtração após reúso de respiradores N95/PFF2 para prevenir a COVID-19. O quase-experimento ratificou alguns achados da revisão sistemática, mostrando que a descontaminação de máscara PFF2 é viável nos tipos de descontaminações propostos neste estudo, em situações de pandemia, quando avaliados os requisitos de resistência e manutenção da filtragem em acordo com a norma preconizada. Resíduos de suor e/ou maquiagem não se configuraram como fatores impeditivos para manutenção da filtragem dos respiradores PFF2, além de não terem influenciado no risco de maior ou menor inflamabilidade da máscara. Quanto ao custo do processo de descontaminação desses respiradores, a única justificativa viável para a prática da descontaminação seria a indisponibilidade e o desabastecimento deste EPI.

At the end of the first quarter of 2020, the World Health Organization recognized the contamination by the new SARS-Cov2 as a pandemic. Finding alternatives for the difficulties in providing PPE, including those that are difficult to manufacture and are considered disposable, such as N95 and/or PFF2 respirators, became one of the hardest and fundamental tasks to ensure assistance to patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Objective: To evaluate the safety in the use of PFF2 respirators decontaminated type, personal protective equipment (PPE) considered for one-time use by a health professional in pandemic situations. Method: Research was based on a multimethod approach. This study was developed in three methodological unfoldings: a systematic-metanalysis review, a study with a quasi-experimental design and a case-study. The systematic-metanalysis review report was developed based on the orientations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) on eight scientific basis, looking for publications between January of 2020 and August of 2022. The guiding question was: does the reuse and/or decontamination of N95 masks enable to maintain the integrity and efficiency of filtration for health professionals in the COVID-19 prevention? The metanalysis was carried out using meta-regression with inverse variance. The articles methodological evaluation was performed through the tool Joanna Briggs critical appraisal for not randomized experimental tests. The quasis-experiment and the case study were carried out at the Materials and Sterilization Center, in a public, federal and university hospital in the southern region of Brazil. It was established the sample size calculation minimum of six PFF2 respirators for each type of intervention and time of use for the development of the quasis-experiment. The calculation was based on the pilot study with new masks with simulated use, with power analysis of 90%, with two standard deviations and confidence level of 95%. The samples were collected non-randomly, with sequential recruitment in two units: Intensive Care Unit (non-COVID ICU), in which professionals used PFF2 respirators for 42 hours, and the ICU-COVID, in which PFF2 masks were used for 6 hours. The collection period was of 60 days between the months of April and June of 2021. As inclusion criteria, were used PFF2 respirators for professional use against biological agents provided by the institution, with bacteriological efficiency certification reports, and used by professionals of COVID and non-COVID ICUs, according to the protocol. Exclusion criteria were respirators with deformities or damaged, with apparent loss of integrity, with marks that were not due to use, valved respirators, as well as non-COVID ICU respirators discarded with time of use less than or greater than 42 hours (7 shifts of 6 hours) recommended. The groups were divided by time of use and type of intervention: Control Group, composed of new respirators, and nine additional experimental groups. The following quantitative dependent variables were considered: results of breath resistance tests, of filter penetration and of flammability related to user safety after the decontamination process of PFF2 respirators. As qualitative independent variables, the types of decontamination process were considered. The samples were analyzed in a materials and products technological laboratory for quality control in the city of São Paulo, certified by the Rede Brasileira de Laboratórios de Ensaio (RBLE), based on the ABNT NBR 13698/2022 norm, evaluating the resistance of breathing with a continuous flow of inhalation and exhalation, penetration through the filter and flammability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. To analyze if the respirator remained safe for use after decontamination compared to the control group T Student test was used to verify the difference of breathing resistance (inhalation and exhalation) and to the penetration of the PFF2 filter was used the ANOVA test. Values of p<0.05 were considered significant. For the case study, institutional sources, time registrations and resources used for the decontamination of PFF2 respirator were applied. Based on the IOWA model, the process flow was elaborated with the identification stages to enable respirators decontamination. Afterwards, a spreadsheet was made to collect data and to compare direct costs in the periods of before and during the pandemic. As for the bioethical precepts, this research was guided by the legislation, approved by the institution's ethics committee, CAAE 702207717.4.0000.5327, approval opinion n.2.183.123. Results: As systematic review results, seven articles were included in the data extraction and critical evaluation, and three articles in the metanalysis. Four studies evaluated the integrity by visual inspection and two studies by electronic microscopy. There was not observed any association between the increase in the number of cycles and the filtration reduction in up to ten cycles. Any study was considered of high methodological quality. As for the quasi-experiment results, the PFF2 breathing resistance remained within the limits recommended by the norm for the different pressure flows (p<=0.001) in the comparison between new and used masks, regardless of the time of use. Regarding the PFF2 filtration maintenance, it is verified that all groups remained within the recommended penetration limit (<6%) using sodium chloride in a continuous flow of 95l/min. However, there is a significant difference (p=0.002) between decontaminated and new masks, regardless of the type of treatment in the penetration requirement. When evaluating the time of use, the masks decontaminated and used for 42 hours presented, when compared to new masks, a significant difference in penetration (p=0.012). Regarding the case study, it is stated that, in the scenario analyzed, the costs of PFF2 respirators decontamination process of single use during the COVID-19 pandemic is not justifiable in periods where there is no resource shortage. Conclusion: From the systematic review, there is integrity and filtration maintenance evidence after the reuse of N95/PFF2 respirators to prevent COVID-19. The quasi-experiment ratified findings of systematic review, showing that PFF2 mask decontamination is practicable in the types of decontamination proposed in this study, in pandemic situations, when the resistance and filtering maintenance requirements were evaluated in accordance with the recommended norm. Sweat and/or makeup residues were not configured as deterrent factors for the filtering of PFF2 respirators maintenance, as well as not influencing the risk of greater or lesser flammability of the mask. In terms of decontamination process cost of single-use PFF2 respirators, the only viable justification for the practice of PFF2 masks decontamination would be the unavailability and shortage of this PPE.

Monitoreo serológico y psicológico en personal de salud durante el comienzo de la pandemia COVID-19 / Serological and psychological monitoring of healthcare workers during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: el personal de salud (PdS) es esencial en la lucha contra el COVID-19. Al inicio de la pandemia, el riesgo de adquirir la enfermedad en este grupo era desconocido. Buscamos estimar incidencia y prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2, y prevalencia de burnout en una cohorte de PdS durante la pandemia COVID-19, así como valorar la prevalencia de burnout y depresión en la cohorte. Materiales y métodos: cohorte prospectiva conformada por médicos que atendían pacientes COVID-19 desde marzo de 2020 hasta enero de 2021, en un hospital de alta complejidad de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se evaluó IgM e IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 quincenalmente durante 3 meses, así como la presencia de síntomas compatibles y factores asociados a la exposición. Se remitió a participantes con alteraciones de la esfera psíquica a contacto con el equipo de salud mental del hospital. Resultados: se incluyeron 52 participantes; de ellos, 31 eran mujeres; mediana de edad 32 años (rango 25-58). La mediana de horas semanales de trabajo autoinformadas fue 48 (IIC [intervalo intercuartil] 40-69,5). Inicialmente todos fueron PCR SARS-CoV-2 negativos en hisopado nasal; 11 (21,50% IC 95%; 9,62-32,53%) tuvieron COVID-19 sintomático con anticuerpos positivos. Los factores con mayor asociación a riesgo de COVID-19 fueron anosmia/disgeusia OR 403,33 (IC 95%; 47,60-3417,02), fiebre OR 172,53 (IC 95%; 28,82-1032,65), mialgias OR 41,97 (IC 95%; 8,08-217,84), conviviente con COVID-19 OR 28,17 (IC 95%; 5,67-179,97). Cerca del 40% presentaba alteraciones en las escalas de medición de burnout o depresión. Discusión: la incidencia hallada coincide con las cifras informadas acerca de personal de salud en la etapa inicial de la pandemia en la Argentina. Otro aspecto similar fue una mayoría de infecciones de curso leve, sin ningún paciente hospitalizado. No obstante, se halló una elevada incidencia de alteraciones de la esfera psíquica, tanto al comienzo como al final del seguimiento. Conclusiones: la incidencia de positivización de anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2 fue cercana al 20%. No evidenciamos infecciones presintomáticas o asintomáticas. En cambio, la prevalencia de burnout y depresión fue elevada. La salud mental es un componente del personal de salud que debe ser priorizado en situaciones futuras de impacto similar. (AU)

Introduction: healthcare personnel are essential in the response against COVID-19. At the beginning of the pandemic the risk of acquiring the disease in this group was unknown. We sought to estimate incidence and prevalence of anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, as well as burnout prevalence in a cohort of healthcare staff during the pandemic, as well as assessing the prevalence of burnout and depression in this group. Materials and methods: prospective cohort formed by physicians tending to COVID-19 patients from march 2020 to january 2021 in a high-complexity hospital in the city of Buenos Aires. We evaluated anti SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG each 15 days for 3 months as well as the presence of compatible symptoms and factors associated to exposition to the virus. Patients showing signs of burnout and/or depression were referred to proper care by the mental health team in the hospital. Results: we included 52 patients, 31 women, median age was 32 years (range 25 - 58). Median amount of self-reported hours worked each week was 48 (IQR 40 - 69.5). Initially all participants had a negative COVID-19 PCR nasopharyngeal swab; 11 (21.50% CI95% 9.62 - 32.53%) had symptomatic COVID-19 with positive antibodies. Factors showing stronger association with testing positive were anosmia/dysgeusia OR 403.33 (CI95% 47.60-3417.02), fever OR 172.53 (CI95% 28.82 - 1032.65), myalgia OR 41.97 (CI95% 8.08 - 217.84), cohabitation with confirmed COVID-19 case OR 28.17 (CI95% 5.67 - 179.97). Near 40% showed alterations in burnout or depression scales. Discussion: the incidence rate we found was like reported values in the initial stages of the pandemic in Argentina. Another similarity was that all cases were mild; no hospitalization was required for any participant. We found an elevated incidence of alterations in the psychic sphere, both at the beginning and end of the follow up period. Conclusions:the incidence of positive SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was around 20%. No pre or asymptomatic cases were identified. Burnout and depression incidence was high. Mental health is a component that should never be overlooked in similar situations to come. (AU)

Vacunación contra la COVID-19, comportamiento humano y política pública analizados desde la economía conductual / Vaccination Against COVID-19: Human Behavior and Public Policy Analyzed from Behavioral Economics

La importancia de la vacunación para afrontar la pandemia de la COVID-19 que ha causado millones de muertes y cientos de millones de contagios, es determinante en el enfrentamiento del virus causal, sin embargo, la decisión de muchas personas de no vacunarse ha dado al traste con la política pública en materia de salud. Con el objetivo de develar el conocimiento sobre economía conductual que permite inducir mediante el diseño de las intervenciones conductuales, una modificación favorable del comportamiento en quienes deciden no vacunarse, se realizó un análisis cualitativo, con los métodos teóricos histórico-lógico y, deductivo e hipotético, del contenido revisado en Google Académico y Scientific Electronic Library Online. Las evidencias demostraron la utilidad de la economía conductual para modificar comportamientos asociados a enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles y, una posible solución para incrementar la cantidad de personas que se vacunan. La percepción de riesgo e incertidumbre, la cantidad de información, la presión social y varios heurísticos y sesgos cognitivos, son identificados como factores que influyen en la decisión de cada persona. El diseño de las intervenciones conductuales, que se centra en el empleo de los nudges y la metodología simple, atractivo, social y a tiempo en la arquitectura de la decisión, es una oportunidad para aumentar la cantidad de personas dispuestas a vacunarse(AU)

Society is facing a global pandemic, causing millions of deaths and hundreds of millions of infections. The importance of vaccination to face COVID-19 is decisive in the fight against the virus. However, many people have decided not to get vaccinated, ruining public health policy. The objective of this article is to apply knowledge about behavioral economics in the explanation of the behavior of those who decide not to be vaccinated, as well as the use of decision architecture and nudges for the design of behavioral interventions. The methodology used was qualitative, supported by bibliographic search and content analysis, with theoretical methods such as historical-logical analysis and deductive and hypothetical analysis. Behavioral economics has been used to modify behaviors associated with chronic non communicable diseases, so it can provide a solution to increase the number of people who are inoculated against the virus. The perception of risk and uncertainty, the amount of information and social pressure are identified as factors that influence the decision, as well as various heuristics and cognitive biases. The design of behavioral interventions should employ nudges in the decision architecture, starting from the simple, attractive, social and timely methodology as an opportunity to increase the number of people who are vaccinated(AU)

Carga doméstica, cuidado de los dependientes y violencia en el hogar durante el confinamiento por la Covid-19

La pandemia por la Covid-19 llevó al Perú a enfrentar muchos retos en la salud pública; nos preguntamos sobre las relaciones en el hogar durante el período de cuarentena; más aún cuando el Perú tiene el desafío de alcanzar la igualdad de género y la disminución de la violencia. Objetivo: Describir la distribución de las tareas domésticas, el cuidado de dependientes y la violencia en el hogar en cuarentena, de acuerdo con el género. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, se aplicó un cuestionario virtual a una muestra intencional de 1 124 hombres y mujeres mayores de 18 años de todo el Perú entre los meses de mayo y julio 2020. Resultados: Si bien la mayoría de respondientes indicaron haber compartido las tareas domésticas durante la cuarentena; las mujeres lo asumieron con mayor frecuencia solas en comparación a los hombres, siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa; así mismo, se encontró que entre las mujeres, las más jóvenes asumían menos labores de la casa y cuidado de dependientes que las mayores, con diferencia significativa; y finalmente, los hombres y las mujeres, sin diferencia estadística, manifestaron percibir que durante la cuarentena la violencia en casa aumentó. Conclusiones: Durante el confinamiento hombres y mujeres en los hogares compartieron labores de la casa y cuidado de niños y dependientes, aunque la responsabilidad fue asumida por las mujeres en mayor porcentaje; y dentro de este grupo las mujeres de mayor edad. Finalmente, las situaciones de violencia en el hogar fueron percibidas en aumento.

SUMMARY The Covid-19 pandemic carried Peru to confront many challenges in the public health system; we wonder about relationships at home during the quarantine period; even more when Peru has the challenge to reach de gender equality and decrease violence. Objective. To describe the distribution of the housework, dependent care and violence in home during the quarantine, according to gender. Methods: This is a descriptive study where a virtual questionnaire was applied to an intentional sample of 1,124 males and females above 18 years of age from all over Peru between May and July 2020. Results: Although most of the respondents indicated that they had shared housework during the lockdown, females assumed more frequently these labors alone than males, difference that was statistically significant. Both, males and females accepted that home violence increased during the lockdown, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: During the lockdown both males and females shared homework, but females assumed more responsibilities than males, home violence was perceived increasing.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the oncology services demand in a middle-income setting with universal health insurance.

Aim: We analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on oncology service demand in a middle-income country with universal health coverage. Methods: We collected data from January 1st-2017 to December 31th-2021 at a reference center in Bogotá-Colombia regarding first-time consultations of cross-cutting services (clinical oncology, hematology, palliative care, radiation oncology); specialized multidisciplinary units (breast, prostate, lung, stomach); inpatient and outpatient systemic therapy; radiotherapy; oncology surgery; and bone marrow transplant. A descriptive time series analysis was performed, estimating monthly percent change and endemic channels. Results: Starting the confinement (April 2020), a general decrease in service demand was observed (R: -14.9% to -90.0%), with an additional but lower decrease in August 2020 coinciding with the first pandemic wave (R: -11.3% to -70.0%). Follow-up visits and ambulatory treatment showed no consistent reductions. New patients' consultations for cross-cutting services had a speedy recovery (1 month), but clinical oncology, specialized units, and in-hospital treatment resumed more slowly. Only breast and stomach cancer showed a sustained reduction in early-stage disease. Women and older patients had a more significant reductionin service demand. Conclusion: Despite no changes in service supply, the confinement induced a significant reduction in service demand. Variations by cancer type, service type, and population demographics deserve careful consideration for a suitable response to the emergency. The speedy recovery and the absence of a significant decrease during subsequent waves of the pandemic suggest patient resiliency and a lower impact than expected in middle-income settings in the presence of universal health insurance.

Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 sobre la demanda de servicios oncológicos. Metodos: Se recolectaron datos de enero 1/2017 hasta diciembre 31/2021 de consulta de primera vez en servicios transversales (oncología clinica, hematología, cuidados paliativos, oncología radioterápica) y servicios especializados multidisciplinarios (mama, próstata, pulmón, estómago), así como de suministro de tratamiento (terapia sistémica ambulatoria y hospitalaria, radioterapia, cirugía oncológica, trasplante de médula ósea), en un centro de referencia en Bogotá-Colombia. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de series de tiempo estimando el cambio porcentual mensual y los canales endémicos. Resultados: Al inicio del confinamiento obligatorio (abril/2020) hubo una disminución general en la demanda de servicios transversales (R: -14.9% a -90.0%), con nuevo descenso de menor grado en agosto/2020 durante la primera ola de infecciones (R: -11.3% a -70.0%). Las consultas de seguimiento y tratamientos ambulatorios no mostraron reducciones consistentes. Exceptuando oncología clínica, las consultas de primera vez para servicios transversales tuvieron rápida recuperación hasta cifras basales (1 mes), pero las unidades especializadas y los tratamientos intrahospitalarios tuvieron recuperación mas lenta. Únicamente los cánceres de mama y estómago mostraron una reduccion sostenida de estadios tempranos de la enfermedad. La reducción de la demanda fue mas marcada en mujeres y adultos mayores. Conclusión: A pesar de no tener cambios en la oferta, el confinamiento indujo una reducción significativa en la demanda de servicios oncológicos con variación diferencial por tipo de cáncer, servicio y características demográficas de la población. Esto merece consideración especial para generar respuestas adecuadas a las emergencias sanitarias. La rápida recuperación de la demanda y la ausencia de caídas en olas de infección subsiguientes sugieren resiliencia de los pacientes e impacto menor del esperado en países con cobertura de salud universal.

COVID-19 en los barrios populares de dos ciudades argentinas / COVID-19 in working-class neighborhoods of two Argentine cities

Resumen El artículo presenta un análisis sincrónico de los padecimientos que acompañaron la emergencia de la COVID-19, la gestión e impactos del confinamiento y un análisis de cómo los medios de comunicación narraron esos fenómenos en los barrios populares de las áreas metropolitanas de Buenos Aires y Gran Resistencia, entre marzo y noviembre 2020. Se aplicaron métodos cuantitativos a fuentes secundarias para describir la pobreza y las sindemias, y se realizó un relevamiento etnográfico y mediático semana a semana en 38 barrios con limitaciones en el abastecimiento de agua y hacinamiento crítico. Como resultado, la COVID-19 emerge en sindemia con dengue, sarampión y tuberculosis y las medidas de prevención incrementan la violencia institucional y de género, el efecto Werther y desatención en otros padecimientos. La etnografía revela sindemia con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y los efectos de la violencia estructural sobre la salud. El análisis de los medios muestra interés sobre los barrios asociado al temor de contagio, pero una vez disipado, desaparecen de la agenda mediática.

Abstract This paper presents a synchronic analysis of the diseases during the emergence of COVID-19, the management and impact of the lockdown, and how the media narrated these events in working-class neighborhoods of the metropolitan areas of Buenos Aires and Gran Resistencia from March to November 2020. We resorted to quantitative methods on secondary sources to describe poverty and syndemics and conducted week-by-week ethnographic and media research on 38 neighborhoods with water shortages and critical overcrowding. As a result, COVID-19 syndemically emerged with dengue, measles, and tuberculosis, and the preventive measures exacerbated institutional and gender violence, the Werther effect, and the neglect of other illnesses. Ethnography revealed syndemics with noncommunicable diseases and the influence of structural violence on health. The media analysis shows interest in the districts associated with the fear of contagion, but they disappear from the media agenda once dispelled.

[Security protocols adapted to COVID-19 in elective surgery thru 2021]. / Protocolos de seguridad adaptados a COVID-19 en cirugía electiva durante 2021.

Background: Medical personnel are among the populations with the most infections and morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. Objective: To evaluate patient and health personnel safety in anesthetic procedures of elective surgeries during COVID-19 pandemic in a 3rd level care Hospital in Puebla, Mexico. Material and methods: Descriptive, prospective, analytical study in a 3rd level care unit of the Mexican Social Security Institute in Puebla, Mexico. Elective surgeries from all shifts and any specialty, whose staff signed informed consent, were included. The modified surgical safety checklist for COVID 19, from the World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists, was applied. Results: 170 surgeries were evaluated, the predominant specialties were oncosurgery (39.41%), urology (25.29%) and general surgery (14.71%). The most used anesthetic technique was general anesthesia (47.05%); 10.12% accomplished safe intubation/extubation protocols, presence of essential personnel in 6.34%. The use of personal protective equipment decreased during the stages of the pandemic, the use of face masks by medical personnel/patients is the most frequent (100%). Conclusions: Security measures have decreased. Adequate security protocols must be continued to avoid new infections. Basic protection measures, the use of personal protective equipment and other protection strategies must persist.

Introducción: el personal médico ha sido de las poblaciones con mayor número de contagios y morbimortalidad durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en todo el mundo. Objetivo: evaluar la seguridad del paciente y del personal de salud en procedimientos anestésicos de cirugías electivas en tiempos de COVID-19 en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención en Puebla, México. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, analítico, en una unidad de tercer nivel de atención del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social en Puebla, México. Se incluyeron cirugías electivas de todos los turnos y de cualquier especialidad, cuyo personal firmó consentimiento informado. Se aplicó la lista de verificación de seguridad quirúrgica modificada para COVID-19 de la Federación Mundial de Sociedades de Anestesiólogos. Resultados: se evaluaron 170 cirugías, las especialidades predominantes fueron Oncocirugía (39.41%), Urología (25.29%) y Cirugía general (14.71%). La técnica anestésica más utilizada fue la anestesia general (47.05%); el 10.12% cumplió con los protocolos de intubación/extubación segura, mientras que la presencia de personal esencial se cumplió en el 6.34%. El uso de equipo de protección personal disminuyó durante las etapas de la pandemia, el uso de cubrebocas por personal médico/pacientes es el más frecuente (100%). Conclusiones: las medidas de seguridad han disminuido. Se debe continuar con los protocolos de seguridad adecuados para evitar contagios nuevos. Las medidas de protección básicas, el uso de equipo de protección personal y demás estrategias de protección deben persistir.

Competitividad de los gobiernos subnacionales y su relación con la mortalidad por COVID-19 en Perú / Competitiveness of subnational governments and their relationship with COVID-19 mortality in Peru

Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha puesto de manifiesto las grandes desigualdades en la población mundial. Objetivo: Describir la correlación entre la competitividad y la mortalidad por COVID-19 en el Perú, teniendo como elemento de estudio a los gobiernos subnacionales. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional basado en el análisis secundario de las muertes por COVID-19 en el 2020 y el índice de competitividad regional de los gobiernos subnacionales 2019. Se calcularon: tasas bruta y estandarizada, índice de efecto y de desigualdad de la pendiente, diferencia y razón de tasas brutas y estandarizadas, riesgo atribuible poblacional, gradiente social, así como brechas relativas y absolutas de mortalidad por COVID-19. Resultados: En el año 2020, la tasa estandarizada de mortalidad por COVID-19 (TEM-COVID-19) fue 267,61 muertes x 105 habitantes. El 21,53 por ciento de la varianza de la TEM-COVID-19 es explicada por el índice de competitividad regional del año 2019 (p= 0,019); el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente fue 29,68 y, por cada punto en el INCORE 2019, la TEM-COVID-19 aumentó 100,78 puntos (R2a= 0,181). En el quintil 1 de competitividad regional, esta fue 151,83, mientras que en el quintil 5 llegó a 449,15. La brecha de desigualdad absoluta entre ambos quintiles fue 297,32 y alcanzó 2,95 en la brecha de desigualdad relativa. La curva de concentración evidenció la desigualdad socio geográfica de las muertes por COVID-19 en el año 2020. Conclusiones: La mortalidad por COVID-19 se incrementó a medida que aumentaba la competitividad de los gobiernos subnacionales evidenciando la desigualdad socio-geográfica del impacto de la pandemia(AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed high disparities in the world population. Objective: To describe the correlation between competitiveness and mortality from COVID-19 in Peru, with subnational governments as an element of study. Material and Methods: Observational study based on the secondary analysis of deaths from COVID-19 that occurred in 2020 and the regional competitiveness index of subnational governments in 2019. The crude and standardized rates, the effect index, the difference and ratio of crude and standardized rates, the population attributable risk, the inequality gradient, and the relative and absolute gaps in mortality from COVID-19 were calculated. Results: In 2020, the standardized mortality rate for COVID-19 (COVID-19-SMR) was 267,61 deaths per 105 inhabitants. Additionally, 21,53 percent of the variance from the COVID-19-SMR is explained by the regional competitiveness index 2019 (p= 0,019); the slope inequality index was 29,68 and, for each point in the INCORE 2019, the COVID-19-SMR increased 100,78 points (R2a= 0,181). In quintile 1 of regional competitiveness, it was 151,83, while in quintile 5 it reached 449,15. The absolute inequality gap between both quintiles was 297,32 and it reached 2,95 in the relative inequality gap. The concentration curve evidenced the socio-geographic inequality of deaths from COVID-19 in 2020. Conclusions: Mortality increased as subnational governments became more competitive, evidencing the socio-geographical inequality of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic(AU)

Recursos y vulnerabilidades de comunidades migrantes en Chile para enfrentar la pandemia SARS-CoV-2

Objetivo Conocer, en contexto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, las vulnerabilidades psicosociales y socioeconómicas de la población migrante internacional en Chile y los recursos y capitales sociales reportados desde la propia comunidad. Métodos Estudio cualitativo descriptivo. Se realizaron 40 entrevistas semiestructuradas a migrantes (N=30) e informantes claves (N=10), ejecutadas virtualmente durante el 2020. El material fue analizado mediante análisis temático. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética Científico de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad del Desarrollo. Resultados Como principales vulnerabilidades enfrentadas por parte de personas migrantes en pandemia se identifican: hacinamiento, precariedad laboral y necesidades económicas, uso del transporte público, desinformación y creencias en torno al COVID-19, discriminación, falta de redes de apoyo, y estatus migratorio. Como recursos se reconocen: contar con redes de apoyo, posibilidad de teletrabajo o salir a trabajar, acceso a información y a la red asistencial y municipal, apoyo gubernamental y de la sociedad civil. Adicionalmente, se reportan experiencias de diagnóstico de COVID-19, identificando dificultades en acceso a PCR y adaptaciones familiares y laborales como cambios en los hábitos de vida dentro y fuera del hogar. Discusión El estudio entrega información relevante e inédita para la construcción de políticas en salud para migrantes internacionales con foco en crisis sanitarias. Se destaca la necesidad de fortalecer adecuaciones interculturales en las estrategias de prevención del contagio y de promoción de la salud y aumentar la disponibilidad de respuesta en el acceso a salud en el marco de la pandemia, mitigando así la vulnerabilidad social en migrantes y potenciando sus recursos de afrontamiento.

Objective To know, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the psychosocial and socioeconomic vulnerabilities experienced by the international migrant population in Chile, as well as the resources and social capital reported from the community itself and its support networks, and to analyze the reception and implementation of the measures recommended by the health authorities in the different stages of the pandemic in the country. Methods Descriptive qualitative study. The information was collected through 40 semi-structured individual interviews with migrants (N=30) and key informants (N=10), carried out through online communication platforms during 2020. A thematic analysis of the material was carried out. The project was approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad del Desarrollo. Results The main vulnerabilities experienced by migrants in the context of the pandemic include overcrowding, job insecurity and economic needs, use of public transport, misinformation and beliefs about COVID-19, experiences of discrimination and xenophobia, lack of support networks, and migratory status. The main resources are support networks, the possibility of working remotely or going out to work, access to information, access to the assistance and municipal network, and government support and civil society. In addition, experiences of diagnosis of COVID-19 are reported, identifying difficulties in accessing PCR testing, and family and work adaptations such as changes in lifestyle habits inside and outside the home. Discussion The study provides relevant and unpublished information for the construction of health policies for international migrants with a focus on sanitary crises. It highlights the need to strengthen cross-cultural strategies for the prevention of infection and health promotion, and to improve access to health in the context of the pandemic and beyond, thereby mitigating the social vulnerability experienced by migrants and enhancing their coping resources.

COVID-19 Infectious Disease Prevention and Mitigation Practices by Chiropractic Physicians and Licensed Massage Therapists in Mississippi: A Needs Assessment to Inform Health Education and Promotion.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess self-reported infection prevention processes and their effect on businesses of chiropractic doctors (DCs) and licensed massage therapists (LMTs) in Mississippi during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We developed a survey that was electronically delivered to all licensed DCs and LMTs in Mississippi between August and September 2020. Assessments were made using Qualtrics software, with data management and subsequent analysis including Pearson's χ2 test. Results: Responses were based on 32 of 323 DCs and 69 of 934 LMTs that were still seeing patients through the pandemic (n = 101, response rate 8%). The DC and LMT practitioners (94%) used treatment table and/or surface sanitizing (91.8%) and hand washing and/or sanitizing (89.8%) between all patients. Female practitioners reported practicing handwashing for at least 20 seconds, whereas male practitioners reported practicing handwashing for at least 15 seconds (P < .001). DCs were more likely to report using gloves for personal protective equipment, and LMTs were more likely to report using face masks (P < .001). Other COVID-19 procedures included limiting practice to acute care (82.5%), checking all patient temperatures (62.9%), sign-in and wait in the car (53.2% LMT vs 6.5% DC, P < .001), and prohibiting all nonpatient visitors (87.7% LMTs vs 9.4% DCs, P < .001). DCs (96.9%) and LMTs (89.9%) reported making referrals for COVID-19 testing or treatment when indicated. LMTs (82.3%) reported seeing fewer patients (P = .03), and older practitioners reported the most economic impact (P = .003) by the pandemic. Patient concerns and LMTs needing more time to perform infection control (P = .04) were reasons cited by practitioners for the reduced number of visits seen. Conclusion: Most respondents had moderate to high compliance with guidelines on recommended infection prevention processes during fall 2020 of the COVID-19 pandemic. This assessment of compliance may be used to help guide future health education and promotion research of disease prevention and mitigation as well as physical and economic burdens faced by DCs and LMTs in Mississippi during a pandemic.

Impacto socioeconômico da pandemia da COVID-19 entre cirurgiões plásticos do Brasil / Socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among plastic surgeons in Brazil

Introdução: Devido à crise sanitária mundial provocada pela disseminação da COVID-19, muitos serviços de saúde interromperam a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos não urgentes. No cenário da Cirurgia Plástica, no qual a maioria das cirurgias são eletivas, estimam-se consequências socioeconômicas a estes especialistas. O objetivo deste estudo é dimensionar este impacto. Métodos: Os efeitos da pandemia dentro da prática clínica dos cirurgiões plásticos brasileiros foi investigada por meio de um questionário on-line, endereçado aos associados da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica. Resultados: A pesquisa foi aplicada a 645 cirurgiões. A maioria dos entrevistados relatou restrições operacionais à realização de procedimentos e redução da renda, sobretudo nas regiões severamente afetadas pela pandemia. Cirurgiões plásticos com mais de 10 anos de formação foram os mais prejudicados. Elevada taxa de contaminação, sobrecarga mental, diminuição na prática de atividades físicas e uso de medicações psiquiátricas também foram relatados. Conclusão: A pandemia da COVID-19 trouxe mudanças no cenário pessoal e profissional do cirurgião plástico brasileiro. Devido à importante redução no volume de trabalho, houve impacto financeiro nos especialistas de todas as regiões do país, além de reflexos na saúde física e mental. Adaptações foram necessárias para manutenção dos atendimentos, além de exploração de novas áreas de atuação para suprir a baixa demanda de cirurgias estéticas durante a crise.

Introduction: Global sanitary crisis caused by the spread of COVID-19 induced many health services to stop performing non-urgent surgical procedures. In the scenario of plastic surgery, where most procedures are elective, socioeconomic consequences are estimated for these specialists. The objective of this study is to measure this impact. Methods: Effects of the pandemic within the clinical practice of Brazilian plastic surgeons were investigated through an online questionnaire addressed to members of the Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica. Results: A survey was applied to 645 surgeons. Most respondents reported operation restrictions on procedures and income reduction, especially in regions severely affected by the pandemic. Plastic surgeons with more than 10 years of experience were the most affected. High contamination rates, mental overload, decreased physical activity, and psychiatric medications have also been reported. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic brought changes to the personal and professional life of the Brazilian plastic surgeon. Due to the significant reduction in the workload, there were financial impacts on specialists from all country regions, besides physical and mental health issues. Adaptations were mandatory to maintain services and explore new areas of activity to supply the low demand for cosmetic surgery during the crisis.