Racial and ethnic disparities in premature births among pregnant women in the NISAMI cohort, Brazil / Disparidades étnicas e raciais nos partos prematuros entre gestantes da coorte NISAMI, Brasil

Abstract The incidence of premature birth has increased worldwide, unequally distributed by race/ethnicity. Racism generates economic inequalities, educational disparities, and differential access to health care, which increases the risk of preterm birth. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with preterm birth and racial and ethnic disparities in premature birth among pregnant women attending prenatal care at the Brazilian Unified Health System health units in the urban area of Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil. This study used data from 938 pregnant women aged between 18 to 45 years within the NISAMI prospective cohort. Premature birth prevalence was 11.8%, with a higher prevalence among black than non-black women (12.9% versus 6.0%, respectively). Maternal age between 18 and 24 years was the only factor associated with premature birth. A higher risk of premature birth was found among black women than non-black women (RR 3.22; 95%CI 1.42-7.32). These results reveal the existence of racial and social inequalities in the occurrence of premature birth.

Resumo A incidência de parto prematuro tem aumentado em todo o mundo, distribuída de forma desigual por raça/etnia. O racismo gera desigualdades econômicas, disparidades educacionais e acesso diferenciado à saúde, o que aumenta o risco de parto prematuro. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os fatores associados à prematuridade e disparidades raciais e étnicas no parto prematuro entre gestantes atendidas durante o pré-natal em unidades de saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde na zona urbana de Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brasil. Este estudo utilizou dados de 938 mulheres grávidas com idade entre 18 e 45 anos dentro da coorte prospectiva do NISAMI. A prevalência de prematuridade foi de 11,8%, sendo maior entre as negras do que entre as não negras (12,9% versus 6,0%, respectivamente). A idade materna entre 18 e 24 anos foi o único fator associado ao parto prematuro. Foi encontrado maior risco de prematuridade entre as mulheres negras do que entre as não negras (RR 3,22; IC95% 1,42-7,32). Esses resultados revelam a existência de desigualdades raciais e sociais na ocorrência do parto prematuro.

Social and Racial Disparities in Food Consumption Among Brazilian College Students: a Nationwide Study.

This study aims to assess the association between economic class, race/skin color, and food consumption among Brazilian college students. A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted with college students from all over Brazil. Demographic data, economic class, self-reported race/skin color, anthropometry, and food consumption markers from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System were collected. The final sample comprised 5843 participants with a mean age of 24.1 (SD: 6.3) years, 4292 (73.5%) were female, and 810 (13.9%) in the highest economic stratum. We observed a progressive decrease in the frequency of fresh fruits and vegetables consumption from higher to lower economic classes (p < 0.01 for both). Contrarily, there was a progressive increase in the frequency of consumption of beans from higher to lower economic classes (p < 0.01). The frequency consumption of vegetables was also associated with race/skin color (p < 0.01), being lower in brown (PR: 0.94; CI 95%: 0.90; 0.98), and black (PR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85; 0.98) individuals, compared to white individuals. Brown individuals showed higher frequency consumption of beans (PR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.05; 1.15) than whites. When compared to individuals of white race/skin color, brown (PR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01; 1.13) and black (PR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.07; 1.23) individuals showed higher frequency consumption of sweetened beverages. Economic class and race/skin color were independent factors associated with the food consumption of Brazilian college students.

Racial biases in healthcare: Examining the contributions of Point of Care tools and unintended practitioner bias to patient treatment and diagnosis.

Sophisticated algorithms are used daily to search through hundreds of medical journals in order to package updated medical insights into commercial databases. Healthcare practitioners can access these searchable databases-called Point of Care (PoC) tools-as downloadable apps on their smartphones or tablets to comprehensively and efficiently inform patient diagnosis and treatment. Because racist biases are unintentionally incorporated into the search reports that the companies generate and that practitioners regularly access, the aim of this article is to examine how healthcare practitioners' "pre-existing" racial stereotypes interact with pithy conclusions about race and ethnicity in PoC tools. I use qualitative research methods (content analysis, discourse analysis, open-ended semi-structured interviews, and role play) to frame the analysis within the Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP). This approach facilitates an understanding of how biological racism-the use of scientific evidence to support inherent differences between races-that is embedded in PoC algorithms informs a practitioner's assessment of a patient, and converges with persistent racial bias in medical training, medical research and healthcare. I contextualize the study with one semi-structured interview with an Editor of a leading PoC tool, MedScope (pseudonomized), and 10 semi-structured interviews with healthcare practitioners in S.E. Ontario, Canada. The article concludes that PoC tools and practitioners' personal biases contribute to racial prejudices in healthcare provision. This warrants further research on racial bias in medical literature and curriculum design in medical school.

Epistemic racism in the health professions: A qualitative study with Black women in Canada.

Systemic racism within health care is increasingly garnering critical attention, but to date attention to the racism experienced by health professionals themselves has been scant. In Canada, anti-Black racism may be embodied in structures, policies, institutional practices and interpersonal interactions. Epistemic racism is an aspect of systemic racism wherein the knowledge claims, ways of knowing and 'knowers' themselves are constructed as invalid, or less credible. This critical interpretive qualitative study examined the experiences of epistemic racism among 13 healthcare professionals across Canada who self-identified as Black women. It explores the ways knowledge claims and expert authority are discredited and undermined, despite the attainment of professional credentials. Three themes were identified: 1. Not being perceived or portrayed as credible health professionals; 2. Requiring invisible labour to counter professional credibility 'deficit'; and 3. Devaluing knowledge while imposing stereotypes. The Black women in our study faced routine epistemic racism. They were not afforded the position of legitimate knower, expert, authority, despite their professional credentials as physicians, nurses and occupational therapists. Their embodied cultural and community knowledges were disregarded in favour of stereotyped assumptions. Adopting the professional comportment of 'Whiteness' was one way these health care providers strived to be perceived as credible professionals. Their experiences are characteristic of 'misogynoir', a particular form of racism directed at Black women. Anti-Black epistemic racism constitutes one way Whiteness is perpetuated in health professions institutions.

A variável raça/cor em estudos epidemiológicos brasileiros sobre atividade física (2015-2019): formas de estratificação e principais resultados / La variable raza/color en estudios epidemiológicos brasileños sobre actividad física (2015-2019): formas de estratificación y principales resultados / The race/color variable in brazilian epidemiological studies of physical activity (2015-2019): forms of stratification and main results

Objetivou-se verificar como tem sido estratificada a variável raça/cor em estudos brasileiros que tiveram a atividade física (AF) como variável dependente e a associação entre a raça/cor com a atividade física no tempo livre (AFTL). Foram encontrados 20 estudos e nove formas de estratificação, sendo a mais comum: branco, pardo, preto. A ria "branco" esteve em todos os estudos. Doze trabalhos analisaram a relação da raça/cor com a AFTL e cinco destes observaram alguma associação, variando conforme faixa etária. Conclui-se que a raça/cor tem sido investigada de maneira diversa, que menos da metade dos estudos observaram alguma relação com a AFTL e que nos estudos que observaram associação, a direção foi diferente, dependendo da faixa etária (AU).

The objective was to verify how the race/color variable has been stratified in Brazilian studies that had physical activity (PA) as a dependent variable and the association between race/color with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). In the 20 studies found, nine forms of stratification were observed, the most used being: white, brown, black. The "white" category was included in all studies. Twelve studies analyzed the relationship of race/color with LTPA and five of these observed some association, varying according to age group. Conclude that race/color was investigated in different ways, that less than half of the studies observed some relationship with LTPA and that in studies that observed an association, the direction of this was different depending on the age group (AU).

El objetivo fue verificar cómo se estratificó la variable raza/color en estudios brasileños con la actividad física (AF) como variable dependiente y la asociación entre raza/color con la actividad física en el tiempo libre (AFTL). Fueron encontrados 20 estudios y observadas nueve formas de estratificación, siendo las más utilizadas: blanco, marrón, negro. La categoría "blanca" estaba en todos los estudios. Doce artículos analizaron la relación de raza/color con AFTL y cinco de ellos observaron alguna asociación, cambiando según la edad. Concluye que la raza/color fue investigado de diferentes formas, que menos de la mitad de los estudios observaron alguna relación con la AFTL y los estudios que observaron una asociación, la dirección de esta fue diferente según el grupo de edad (AU).

A variável raça/cor em estudos epidemiológicos brasileiros sobre atividade física (2015-2019): formas de estratificação e principais resultados / The race/color variable in brazilian epidemiological studies of physical activity (2015-2019): forms of stratification and main results / La variable raza/color en estudios epidemiológicos brasileños sobre actividad física (2015-2019): formas de estratificación y principales resultados

Objetivou-se verificar como tem sido estratificada a variável raça/cor em estudos brasileiros que tiveram a atividade física (AF) como variável dependente e a associação entre a raça/cor com a atividade física no tempo livre (AFTL). Foram encontrados 20 estudos e nove formas de estratificação, sendo a mais comum: branco, pardo, preto. A categoria "branco" esteve em todos os estudos. Doze trabalhos analisaram a relação da raça/cor com a AFTL e cinco destes observaram alguma associação, variando conforme faixa etária. Conclui-se que a raça/cor tem sido investigada de maneira diversa, que menos da metade dos estudos observaram alguma relação com a AFTL e que nos estudos que observaram associação, a direção foi diferente, dependendo da faixa etária.

The objective was to verify how the race/color variable has been stratified in Brazilian studies that had physical activity (PA) as a dependent variable and the association between race/color with leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). In the 20 studies found, nine forms of stratification were observed, the most used being: white, brown, black. The "white" category was included in all studies. Twelve studies analyzed the relationship of race/color with LTPA and five of these observed some association, varying according to age group. Conclude that race/color was investigated in different ways, that less than half of the studies observed some relationship with LTPA and that in studies that observed an association, the direction of this was different depending on the age group.

El objetivo fue verificar cómo se estratificó la variable raza/color en estudios brasileños con la actividad física (AF) como variable dependiente y la asociación entre raza/color con la actividad física en el tiempo libre (AFTL). Fueron encontrados 20 estudios y observadas nueve formas de estratificación, siendo las más utilizadas: blanco, marrón, negro. La categoría "blanca" estaba en todos los estudios. Doce artículos analizaron la relación de raza/color con AFTL y cinco de ellos observaron alguna asociación, cambiando según la edad. Concluye que la raza/color fue investigado de diferentes formas, que menos de la mitad de los estudios observaron alguna relación con la AFTL y los estudios que observaron una asociación, la dirección de esta fue diferente según el grupo de edad.

A question of justice: Critically researching suicide with Indigenous studies of affect, biosociality, and land-based relations.

This paper considers how Indigenous studies can inform the evolution of critical research on suicide. Aligned with critiques of mainstream suicidology, these methodological approaches provide a roadmap for structural analysis of complex systems and logics in which the phenomenon of suicide emerges. Moving beyond mere naming of social determinants of suicide and consistent with calls for a theory of justice within suicide research, Indigenous studies helps to advance conceptual knowledge of suicide in descriptive means and enhance ethical responses to suicide beyond psychocentric domains. Through centering Indigenous theories of affect, biosociality, and land-based relations, this article examines what new knowledge of suicide can emerge, as well as what ethical responses are possible to suicide and to a world where suicide exists. This new knowledge can inform practices for critical suicide studies which are invested in resisting structural violence, nourish agency, dignity and freedom for those living and dying in often-unlivable presents, and enhancing livability for individuals, communities, and the environment living under shadows of empire. Implications for theory, ethics, and suicide research and prevention practice are considered.

Iniquidades étnico-raciais na mortalidade infantil: implicações de mudanças do registro de cor/raça nos sistemas nacionais de informação em saúde no Brasil / Ethnic and racial iniquities in infant mortality: implications of changes in recording color/race in national health information systems in Brazil / Inequidades étnico-raciales en la mortalidad infantil: implicaciones de cambios del registro de color/raza en los sistemas nacionales de información en salud en Brasil

Trata-se de estudo descritivo que teve como objetivo discutir as repercussões da mudança na metodologia de coleta da variável cor/raça no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) sobre as taxas de mortalidade infantil (TMI) segundo cor/raça no Brasil. Foram analisadas as variações anuais nas frequências de nascidos vivos e óbitos infantis por cor/raça entre 2009 e 2017. As TMI por cor/raça foram estimadas segundo três estratégias: (1) método direto; (2) fixando-se, em todos os anos, as proporções de nascidos vivos por cor/raça observadas em 2009; e (3) fixando-se, em todos os anos, as proporções de óbitos por cor/raça observadas em 2009. As estratégias visaram explorar o efeito isolado das variações nas proporções de nascidos vivos ou de óbitos por cor/raça sobre as estimativas de TMI antes e após a mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC. De 2011 para 2012 (ano de mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC), verificou-se súbito incremento das Declarações de Nascidos Vivos (DNV) de cor/raça preta, parda e indígena, acompanhado de redução de DNV de cor/raça branca, sem variações correspondentes nos óbitos. O incremento do denominador da TMI das categorias de cor/raça socialmente mais vulnerabilizadas resultou na atenuação das TMI de pretos e indígenas, no incremento da TMI de brancos e, consequentemente, na redução artificial das iniquidades na mortalidade infantil por cor/raça. A mudança da variável cor/raça no SINASC interrompeu a série histórica de nascidos vivos por cor/raça, afetando os indicadores que potencialmente dependem desses dados para seu cálculo, como a TMI. Argumenta-se que as TMI por cor/raça antes e após a mudança no SINASC são indicadores distintos e não comparáveis.

This descriptive study aimed to discuss the repercussions of the change in the methodology for recording the color/race variable in the Brazilian Information System on Live Births (SINASC) on infant mortality rates (IMR) according to color/race in Brazil. Annual variations were analyzed in the rates of live births and infant deaths according to color/race from 2009 to 2017. The IMR according to color/race were estimated using three strategies: (1) direct method; (2) for every year, setting the same proportions of live births by color/race as observed in 2009; and (3) for every year, setting the same proportions of deaths by color/race as observed in 2009. The strategies aimed to explore the single effect of the variations in the proportions of live births or of deaths according to color/race on the estimated IMR before and after the change in the color/race variable in the SINASC database. Between 2011 and 2012 (the year of the change in the color/race variable in SINASC), there was a sudden increase in birthdates with black, brown, and indigenous color/race, along with a reduction in birthdates with white color/race, without no corresponding variations in deaths. The increase of more socially vulnerable color/race categories in the IMR denominator resulted in the attenuation of IMR for black and indigenous infants and in an increase in the IMR for white infants and consequently an artificial reduction in iniquities in infant mortality according to color/race. The change in the color/race variable in SINASC interrupted the historical series of live births by color/race, affecting indicators that potentially depend on these data for their calculation, in this case the IMR. The resulting argument is that infant mortality rates by color/race before versus after the change in the SINASC database are distinct and noncomparable indicators.

Estudio descriptivo que tuvo como objetivo discutir las repercusiones del cambio en la metodología de recogida de la variable color/raza en el Sistema de Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) sobre las tasas de mortalidad infantil (TMI), según color/raza en Brasil. Se analizaron las variaciones anuales en las frecuencias de nacidos vivos y óbitos infantiles por color/raza entre 2009 y 2017. Las TMI por color/raza se estimaron según tres estrategias: (1) método directo; (2) fijándose, en todos los años, las proporciones de nacidos vivos por color/raza observadas en 2009; y (3) fijándose, en todos los años, las proporciones de óbitos por color/raza observadas en 2009. Las estrategias tuvieron como objetivo explorar el efecto aislado de las variaciones en las proporciones de nacidos vivos o de óbitos por color/raza sobre las estimaciones de TMI antes y tras el cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC. De 2011 a 2012 (año de cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC), se verificó un súbito incremento de las Declaraciones de Nacidos Vivos (DNV) de color/raza negra, mestiza e indígena, acompañado de una reducción de DNV de color/raza blanca, sin variaciones correspondientes en los óbitos. El incremento del denominador de la TMI de las categorías de color/raza socialmente más vulnerabilizadas resultó en la atenuación de las TMI de negros e indígenas y en el incremento de la TMI de blancos y, consecuentemente, en la reducción artificial de las inequidades en la mortalidad infantil por color/raza. El cambio de la variable color/raza en el SINASC interrumpió la serie histórica de nacidos vivos por color/raza, afectando los indicadores que potencialmente dependen de esos datos para su cálculo, como la TMI. Se argumenta que las TMI por color/raza antes y después del cambio en el SINASC son indicadores distintos y no comparables.

Race in public health dentistry: a critical review of the literature

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To carry out a critical review of the literature on the use of race, color, and ethnicity in the field of public health dentistry. METHODS A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2019. Using a data extraction form, we collected information on (1) bibliographic characteristics of the selected papers; (2) race, color, and ethnicity of the study participants and their sociodemographic profiles; and (3) the extent to which the original publications followed the recommendations by Kaplan and Bennett (2003) on the use of race, color, or ethnicity in biomedical research. RESULTS Our initial search identified 2,032 articles, 53 of which were selected for full-text examination and assessment following pre-established eligibility criteria. Around 60% (n = 32) of the included studies did not justify the use of race, color, or ethnicity in their analyses, and 9% (n = 5) took these variables as indicators of the participants' genetic makeup. On the other hand, 68% (n = 36) of the reviewed papers considered race, color, and ethnicity as risk markers - not risk factors - for adverse oral health outcomes, whereas 80% (n = 42) adjusted racial/ethnic inequities for a range of socioeconomic and demographic factors in statistical models. Only one study (2%) explicitly took race, color, or ethnicity as a contextually dependent dimension of the participants' identities. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that research on oral health inequities is often based on reductionist and stigmatizing conceptions of race, color, or ethnicity. Such harmful misconceptions should be replaced with anti-racist narratives in order to effectively address racial oral health inequities.

Utilização de serviços de saúde por adolescentes rurais quilombolas e não quilombolas do semiárido baiano, Brasil / Health service utilization by Quilombola and non-Quilombola adolescents living in a rural area in the semi-arid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Este estudo descreve a utilização de serviços de saúde por adolescentes quilombolas e não quilombolas residentes em uma área rural do semiárido baiano. Métodos quantitativos e qualitativos foram utilizados para que se conseguisse uma maior aproximação com o objeto de análise. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 390 adolescentes. A utilização de serviços de saúde foi descrita por meio da distribuição de frequências e respectivos intervalos de confiança 95%. Formaram-se quatro grupos focais que foram transcritos e analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. A Unidade de Saúde da Família foi relatada como o serviço comumente procurado para atendimento de necessidades de saúde (70,0%). A procura por serviços de saúde nos últimos 15 dias foi de 15,1% e o principal motivo foi por doença (37,3%). O componente qualitativo revelou múltiplos contextos que influenciaram no acesso aos serviços, como elevado tempo de espera, falta de priorização nos atendimentos e barreiras geográficas. Os serviços de saúde devem estar mais próximos dos adolescentes com um cuidado em saúde que considere as particularidades desse grupo.

Abstract This article describes health service utilization by Quilombola and non-Quilombola adolescents living in a rural area in the semi-arid region of Bahia. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to gain a more in-depth understanding of the object of study. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted with 390 adolescents. Health service utilization was described using frequency distribution and 95% confidence intervals. Discussions were held with four focus groups, which were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis. The most commonly reported usual place of care was the local family care center (70,0%) and 15,1% of the adolescents had sought health care in the last 15 days. The main reason for seeking care was illness (37,3%). The findings of the qualitative component of the study reveal multiple factors influencing access to services, including long waiting times, lack of prioritization of adolescent care and geographical barriers. Health services should attempt to get closer adolescents and provide care tailored to the specific needs of this group.

Marginalization, Vulnerability and Economic Dynamics in COVID-19

Abstract COVID-19, caused by the coronavirus family SARS-CoV-2 and declared a pandemic in March 2020, continues to spread. Its enormous and unprecedented impact on our society has evidenced the huge social inequity of our modern society, in which the most vulnerable individuals have been pushed into even worse socioeconomic situations, struggling to survive. As the pandemic continues, we witness the huge suffering of the most marginalized populations around the globe, even in developed, high-income latitudes, such as North America and Europe. That is even worse in low-income regions, such as Brazil, where the public healthcare infrastructure had already been struggling before the pandemic. Cities with even more evident social inequity have been impacted the most, leaving the most socioeconomically disadvantaged ones, such as slum residents and black people, continuously inflating the statistics of COVID-19 sufferers. Poverty, marginalization, and inequity have been well-known risk factors for morbidity and mortality from other diseases. However, COVID-19 has deepened our society's wound. It is up to us to heal it up. If we really care for the others and want to survive as a species, we must fight social inequity.

A saúde dos povos do mar: faróis para a Estratégia Saúde da Família em comunidades pesqueiras do Nordeste brasileiro / Sea people's health: lighthouses for the Family Health Strategy in fishing communities in Northeast Brazil

Resumo Os povos do mar são culturalmente diferenciados por seu modo de vida imbricado com a pesca marítima e com toda sua produção social e simbólica. No nordeste brasileiro, essas populações vêm passando por transformações em suas condições de vida. A Estratégia saúde da Família (ESF) precisa fortalecer vínculos com as diferentes culturas para atender aos seus princípios basilares. Objetivamos refletir sobre os desafios da ESF no contexto dos povos do mar. Realizamos uma pesquisa etnográfica na comunidade de Redonda, Icapuí, Ceará, recorrendo às descrições densas construídas por meio das narrativas de pescadores artesanais e seus familiares. Analisamos a partir da abordagem teórica dos estudos em comunidades tradicionais. Os resultados são apresentados em cinco temas: 1) em comunidades constituídas por parentes, a família tem uma dimensão alargada; 2) as temporalidades da vida na pesca regem os atos comuns da díade terra-mar; 3) os deslocamentos entre ser "nativo" e ser "de fora" criam zonas fronteiriças que dialogam com os rituais de pertencimento; 4) a territorialização do mar e os saberes da experiência; 5) A ESF nas arenas das lutas por justiça ambiental. Reafirma-se aqui a produção da saúde enquanto produção da vida dos povos do mar.

Abstract Sea people are culturally differentiated by their way of life intertwined with sea fishing and their social and symbolic production. In northeastern Brazil, these people have been changing their living conditions. The Family Health Strategy (ESF) should strengthen links with different cultures to meet its basic principles. We aimed to reflect on the challenges of the ESF in the context of sea people. We conducted ethnographic research in the community of Redonda, Icapuí, State of Ceará, using dense descriptions constructed through the narratives of small-scale fishers and their families. We analyzed from the theoretical approach of studies in traditional communities. The results are shown in five themes: 1) The family has an extended dimension in communities established with relatives; 2) Fishing life temporalities govern the common acts of the land-sea dyad; 3) The shifts between being "native" and "outsider" create border areas that dialogue with the rituals of belonging; 4) Sea territorialization and the knowledge of experience; 5) The ESF in the arenas of struggles for environmental justice. Here, the production of health is reaffirmed as the production of sea people's life.

Social inequalities and their association with the leprosy burden in a Brazilian city of low endemicity: An ecological study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the association between social inequalities and the leprosy burden in a low endemicity scenario in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This ecological study was carried out in the city of Ribeirão Preto, state of São Paulo, Brazil, considering leprosy cases notified from 2006 to 2016. Regarding social inequalities, dimensions related to high household density, literacy, home occupation conditions, health conditions, household income, ethnicity and age were considered. The generalised additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) was used to verify the association between the social inequalities and leprosy burden. RESULTS: The increase in men and women with no education and people with an income of 1 to 2 minimum wages was associated with a relative increase in the number of leprosy cases (7.37%, 7.10% and 2.44%, respectively). Regarding the ethnicity variables, the increase in the proportion of men (black) and women (mixed race) with no schooling was associated with a relative increase in the number of cases of the disease (10.77% and 4.02%, respectively). Finally, for people of mixed race or ethnicity, the increase in the proportion of households with 1/2 to 1 minimum wage was related to a relative decrease in the total number of cases (-4.90%). CONCLUSION: The results show that the determinants associated with the increase in leprosy cases are similar to those in Brazilian hyperendemic regions, and that even in cities with low endemicity, social inequality is one of the main determinants of the disease.

Análise do perfil de doadores de sangue positivos para hemoglobina S em hemocentro do estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Profile assessment of blood donors with sickle cell trait in a public blood bank in Southern Brazil

Introdução: Portadores do traço falciforme podem doar sangue, porém requerem maior atenção ao direcionamento da sua transfusão. Considerando o perfil étnico- racial da região sul do Brasil, o presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil e a prevalência de Hemoglobina S em um hemocentro público de Porto Alegre. Métodos: Estudo transversal retrospectivo realizado através de uma pesquisa em banco de dados cadastrais e de resultados de testes imunológicos no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2019. Resultados: Foram obtidos um total de 8.2363 registros cadastrais e 6.7184 testes imunológicos. Dos testes, 467 foram positivos para Hemoglobina S de 134 doadores distintos. O percentual de Hb S positiva apresentou uma média de 0,7% anual entre todos os doadores. Entre doadores autodeclarados "Negros" a prevalência é de 0,92% e "Caucasianos" é de 0,13%. Conclusão: Os dados corroboram com a literatura, porém o espectro social que abrange as denominações "Caucasiano Brasileiro" e "Mestiço" permanecem em questionamento dentro da relevância do marcador étnico da Hemoglobina S no Rio Grande do Sul. (AU)

Introduction: People with sickle cell trait can donate blood, but special attention should be paid to the transfusion recipient. Considering the ethnic-racial profile of Southern Brazil, this article aimed to analyze the profile and prevalence of hemoglobin S in a public blood bank in Porto Alegre. Methods: A quantitative, retrospective, and cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the profile of blood donors positively screened for hemoglobin S from January 2015 to December 2019 in a public blood bank in Southern Brazil. Results: A total of 82,363 records and 67,184 immunohematological tests were obtained. Regarding the tests, 467 were positive for hemoglobin S among 134 different donors. The percentage of positive hemoglobin S has remained stable over the years, with an annual average of 0.7%. The prevalence of self-reported "black" and "Brazilian Caucasian" blood donors was 0.92% and 0.13%, respectively. Conclusions: The data are in accordance with the literature; however, the social spectrum that comprises the terms "Brazilian Caucasian" and "mixed-race" remains in question regarding the relevance of the ethnic marker of hemoglobin S in Southern Brazil. (AU)

Desigualdades raciais no estadiamento clínico avançado em mulheres com câncer de mama atendidas em um hospital de referência no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Racial inequalities in advanced clinical staging in women with breast cancer treated at a referral hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre raça/cor da pele e estadiamento clínico em mulheres com câncer de mama em um hospital de referência para tratamento oncológico do Sistema Único de Saúde. Trata-se de estudo seccional com 863 mulheres de 18 anos de idade ou mais, com câncer de mama incidente e estadiamento clínico até IIIC, matriculadas em um hospital de referência no Rio de Janeiro e entrevistadas entre novembro de 2016 e outubro de 2018. Foram coletadas variáveis sociodemográficas, de hábitos de vida e clínicas. Utilizou-se o escore de propensão com a técnica de ponderação para balancear os grupos de comparação quanto aos potenciais confundidores. A associação entre raça/cor da pele e estadiamento clínico foi analisada por meio das equações de estimação generalizada após balanceamento. O nível de significância de 5% foi adotado em todas as análises. Observou-se que 35,9% das mulheres se declararam brancas; 21,3%, pretas; e 42,8%, pardas. Mulheres de cor da pele preta apresentaram 63% mais chance de ter estadiamento II e III quando comparadas com as brancas (OR=1,63; IC95% 1,01-2,65). Conclui-se que mulheres pretas são diagnosticadas com tumores mais avançados quando comparadas com mulheres brancas.

Abstract This study sought to analyze the association between race/skin color and clinical staging in women with breast cancer at a referral hospital for cancer treatment of the Brazilian National Health System. This is a cross-sectional study of 863 women aged 18 or more, with incident breast cancer and clinical staging up to IIIC enrolled at a cancer referral hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and interviewed between November 2016 and October 2018. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and clinical variables were evaluated. We used the propensity score with the weighting technique to balance comparison groups for potential confounders. The association between race/skin color and clinical staging was analyzed using generalized estimation equations after balancing. A significance level of 5% was adopted in all analyzes. We observed that 35.9% of women declared themselves white; 21.3%, black; and 42.8%, brown. Black women were 63% more likely to have stage II and III when compared to white women (OR=1.63; 95% CI 1.01-2.65). In conclusion, black women are diagnosed with more advanced tumors when compared to white women.

The Amish health culture and culturally sensitive health services: An exhaustive narrative review.

As the Amish population is growing, researcher and practitioner interest in the Amish health culture is also growing. This is largely due to demand from practitioners for population-specific cultural guidance. Once a small area of study, health-themed publications in Amish studies (n = 246) now account for approximately one-fourth of all peer-reviewed publications, and a sizeable percentage address the health culture, i.e. Amish beliefs, practices, attitudes, decision-making processes, financing, and values. In this article, we provide a first-ever exhaustive narrative review of the Amish health culture literature (addressing Amish health conditions elsewhere). Specifically, we address Amish use of modern medicine, complementary & alternative medicine, cultural norms for birthing and intercourse, support and care for the sick and aged, health knowledge, payment for services, barriers to service access, service provider effectiveness, health programming, and ethical conflicts. Our goal is to organize the literature, synthesize findings, identify orienting perspectives, and clarify research questions and directions. Following our synthesis, we reflect on the current state of Amish health culture research, drawing particular attention to strengths and limitations of the oft-used cultural competency paradigm, and recommending more rigorous social scientific theorization of the Amish health culture.

Ethnicity and Health: Experience with an Urban Mapuche Health Program from the Perspective of Key Actors.

This article explores the relationships and tensions between ethnicity and health, describing the perspectives of various social actors on a Mapuche clinic in the context of a national health program. A qualitative methodology was used to carry out this case study of the Mapuche clinic "La Ruka," located in an urban area of the Metropolitan Region of Chile. The study analyzes the narratives of traditional health practitioners (including a machi, lawentuchefe, lonko, and intercultural facilitator), consumers, conventional healthcare professionals, and local health authorities and community leaders who share a physical, political, and symbolic space around the Mapuche health experience. The systemization of experiences method was applied to the data, acquired through nonparticipant observation, individual interviews, and focus groups. The results suggest that this healthcare experience is highly valued by its protagonists. However, there is a tension surrounding cultural diversity programs that recognize non-Western approaches to healing, such as indigenous practices. This study examines the health-related, cultural, and political tensions involved in projecting indigenous traditions into a homogenizing space such as healthcare in a multicultural neoliberalism system.

Extrações dentárias autorrelatadas e fatores associados em comunidades quilombolas do Semiárido baiano, em 2016 / Extracciones dentales auto-relatadas y factores asociados en comunidades quilombolas del Semi-árido bahiano, Brasil, en 2016 / Self-reported tooth extractions and associated factors in quilombola communities in the semi-arid region of Bahia state, Brazil, 2016

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de extrações dentárias autorrelatadas e analisar os fatores associados em comunidades quilombolas de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil. Métodos: estudo transversal, com 864 quilombolas; a associação entre autorrelato de extrações dentárias (sem experiência de extração; ≤5 dentes extraídos; >5 dentes extraídos) e possíveis fatores associados foi estimada por meio da regressão logística multinomial, considerando-se 95% de intervalo de confiança (IC95%). Resultados: extrações dentárias foram autorrelatadas por 82,0% dos quilombolas, sendo 49,8% com ≤5 e 32,2% com >5 dentes extraídos; ser do sexo masculino (OR ajustada = 1,7 - IC95% 1,1;2,7), encontrar-se empregado sem carteira assinada (OR ajustada = 2,7 - IC95% 1,3;5,7), ter idade ≥60 anos (OR ajustada = 5,2 - IC95% 1,9;14,1) e ter tido cárie dentária (OR ajustada = 4,1 - IC95% 2,5;6,7) associaram-se a maiores chances de ter extraído dentes. Conclusão: extrações dentárias estão associadas a condições de vulnerabilidade social vivenciadas pelos quilombolas do Semiárido baiano.

Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de extracciones dentales auto-relatadas y analizar los factores asociados en las comunidades quilombolas de Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brasil. Métodos: estudio transversal, con 864 quilombolas; la asociación entre auto-relato de extracciones dentales (sin experiencia de extracción, ≤5 dientes extraídos y >5 dientes extraídos) y los posibles factores asociados fue estimada a través de la regresión logística multinomial considerando el 95% de intervalo de confianza (IC95%). Resultados: extracciones dentales fueron auto-relatadas por el 82,0%, siendo 49,8% con ≤5 y 32,2% con >5 dientes extraídos; sexo masculino (Odds Ratio ajustado = 1,7 - IC95%1,1;2,7), trabajadores sin estar en planilla (OR ajustado = 2,7 - IC95%1,3;5,7), con edad ≥60 (OR ajustado = 5,2 - IC95%1,9;14,1) y que mencionaron haber tenido caries dentales (OR ajustado = 4,1 - IC95%2,5;6,7), se asociaron a más probabilidades de haber extraído los dientes. Conclusión: extracciones dentales parecen estar asociadas a condiciones de vulnerabilidades sociales vividas por los quilombolas del Semiárido bahiano.

Objective: to estimate the prevalence of self-reported tooth extractions and analyze associated factors in quilombola communities in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study, with 864 quilombolas; association between self-reported tooth extractions (no experience of extraction; ≤5 extracted teeth; >5 extracted teeth), and possible associated factors was estimated using multinomial logistic regression, with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: tooth extractions were self-reported by 82.0% of quilombolas, 49.8% of whom had ≤5 teeth extracted and 32.2% of whom had >5 teeth extracted; greater likelihood of tooth extraction was associated with being male (adjusted OR = 1.7 - 95%CI1.1;2.7), working as an unregistered worker (adjusted OR = 2.7 - 95%CI1.3;5.7), being ≥60 years old (adjusted OR = 5.2 - 95%CI1.9;14.1) and reporting having dental caries (adjusted OR = 4.1 - 95%CI2.5;6.7). Conclusion: tooth extractions are associated with social vulnerability conditions experienced by the quilombolas of the semi-arid region of Bahia state.

Classificação de cor/raça de filhos em domicílios indígenas no Brasil / Classification of color/race in children from indigenous households in Brazil / Clasificación de color/raza de hijos en domicilios indígenas en Brasil

Resumo: As investigações sobre os sistemas de classificação racial no Brasil evidenciam as influências de aspectos socioeconômicos na expressão das categorias de cor/raça, com destaque para brancos e negros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar arranjos específicos formados entre pais, mães e filhos em que, pelo menos, um deles era indígena. Com base na amostra do Censo Demográfico de 2010, foram selecionados domicílios com pelo menos três moradores (pai, mãe e filhos), sendo, pelo menos, um indígena. Os filhos foram caracterizados segundo cor/raça (branca, parda e indígena), sexo, idade, renda domiciliar per capita, escolaridade das mães e número de moradores nos domicílios urbanos e rurais. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e regressão logística multinomial. Estimou-se um total de 290.247 filhos (77,1% indígenas, 13,8% pardos e 9,1% brancos), dos quais 74,3% residiam em domicílios rurais e 41,3% na Região Norte; filhos brancos e pardos estavam localizados majoritariamente em áreas urbanas. As chances de os filhos de pais ou mães indígenas terem sido classificados como brancos foram mais expressivas nas regiões Sudeste e Sul. Os filhos apresentaram maiores chances de serem classificados como brancos e pardos com o aumento do rendimento mensal e da escolaridade materna. Os achados demonstram como a posição socioeconômica está associada de forma significativa com os processos de classificação de cor/raça no Brasil, também nos segmentos indígenas da população.

Abstract: Studies on racial classification systems in Brazil reveal the influence of socioeconomic factors in the expression of color/race categories, especially for whites and blacks. The aim of this study was to analyze specific family arrangements between fathers, mothers, and children, at least one of whom was indigenous. Based on the sample from the 2010 Population Census, we selected households with at least three residents (father, mother, and children), at least one of whom was indigenous. Children were characterized according to color/race (white, brown, and indigenous), sex, age, per capita household income, maternal schooling, and number of urban and rural household residents. Descriptive and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed. We estimated a total of 290.247 children (of whom 77.1% were classified as indigenous, 13.8% brown, and 9.1% white), 74.3% living in rural households and 41.3% in the North region of Brazil; children classified as white and brown were located mostly in urban areas. The odds of children of indigenous fathers or mothers being classified as white were higher in the Southeast and South. The odds of children being classified as white or brown increased proportionally with monthly income and maternal schooling. The findings show that socioeconomic status is significantly associated with color/race classification in Brazil, including in indigenous households.

Resumen: Las investigaciones sobre los sistemas de clasificación racial en Brasil evidencian las influencias de aspectos socioeconómicos en la expresión de las categorías de color/raza, destacando blancos y negros. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar núcleos específicos familiares formados por padres, madres e hijos donde, por lo menos, uno de ellos era indígena. A partir de la muestra del Censo Demográfico 2010, se seleccionaron domicilios con por lo menos tres residentes (padre, madre e hijos), siendo, por lo menos, uno indígena. Todos ellos fueron caracterizados según color/raza (blanca, mestiza e indígena), sexo, edad, renta domiciliaria per cápita, escolaridad de las madres y número de residentes en los domicilios urbanos y rurales. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y una regresión logística multinomial. Se estimó un total de 290.247 hijos (77,1% indígenas, 13,8% mestizos y 9,1% blancos), de los cuales un 74,3% residían en domicilios rurales y 41,3% en la región norte; los hijos blancos y mestizos estaban localizados mayoritariamente en áreas urbanas. Las oportunidades de que los hijos de padres o madres indígenas hayan sido clasificados como blancos fueron más expresivas en las regiones del sudeste y sur. Los hijos presentaron mayores oportunidades de ser clasificados como blancos y mestizos con el aumento de la renta mensual, así como de la escolaridad materna. Los hallazgos demuestran como la posición socioeconómica se asocia de forma significativa con los procesos de clasificación de color/raza en Brasil, también en los segmentos indígenas de la población.

A formação de profissionais de saúde no cuidado às comunidades quilombolas: um relato de experiência / The training of health care professionals in the care of the quilombolas communities: a report of experience / La formación de profesionales de salud en el cuidado con las comunidades quilombolas: un relato de experiencia

Objetivos: Relatar a experiência de docentes e discentes de cursos da área da saúde durante as atividades da disciplina optativa "A saúde nos quilombos". Métodos: Trata-se de um relato de experiência, a partir da vivência dos docentes da disciplina, durante a realização das atividades de ensino e extensão realizadas em uma comunidade remanescente de quilombo (CRQ) do estado do Tocantins. Resultados: Foram levantadas quatro dimensões: o desconhecimento dos acadêmicos sobre as condições de vida e saúde das populações remanescentes de quilombos; a escassez de material de estudo sobre o tema; as questões étnico-raciais como determinantes de saúde e o interesse dos acadêmicos em construir práticas na comunidade. Conclusão: Este relato demonstra a importância da inserção de conteúdos e atividades de extensão voltadas à saúde de CRQs, para docentes e discentes da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT).

Objectives: To report the experience of teachers and students of courses in the health area during the activities of the optional subject "Health in Quilombos". Methods: This is an experience report, based on the experience of the teachers of the subject, during the teaching and extension activities carried out in a remaining quilombo community (RQC) in the state of Tocantins. Results: Four dimensions were raised: the lack of knowledge about the living and health conditions of the remaining quilombos' populations; The scarcity of study material on the subject; Ethnic-racial issues as determinants of health and the interest of academics in building practices in the community. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of the insertion of content and extension activities directed to the health of CRQs, for teachers and students of Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT).

Objetivos: Informar la experiencia de docentes y discentes de cursos del área de la salud durante las actividades de la disciplina optativa "La salud en los quilombos". Métodos: Se trata de un relato de experiencia, a partir de la vivencia de los docentes de la disciplina, durante la realización de las actividades de enseñanza y extensión realizadas en una comunidad remanente de quilombo (CRQ) del estado de Tocantins. Resultados: Se abordarona cuatro dimensiones: el desconocimiento de los académicos sobre las condiciones de vida y salud de las poblaciones remanentes de quilombos; La escasez de material de estudio sobre el tema; Las cuestiones étnico-raciales como determinantes de salud y el interés de los académicos en construir prácticas en la comunidad. Conclusión: Este relato demuestra la importancia de la inserción de contenidos y actividades de extensión dirigidas a la salud de CRQ, para docentes y discentes de la Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT).