The interdependence of happiness and filial piety within the family: a study in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Filial piety is one of the most important values in Vietnam, as it is in a number of East Asian countries. It is an expression of children's respect, gratitude, and care for their parents. While filial piety may bring joy to parents and is a personal duty for offspring, it can also be a pressure for children. Hence, in recent years, some studies have considered filial piety as two dimensions instead of one dimension.Participants And Procedure This study focused on clarifying the relationship between filial piety and perceived family happiness with 385 adult offspring who lived in Vietnam at the time of the study. The Dual Filial Piety Scale (DFPS) and the Interdependent Happiness Scale (IHS) were used. Results: The results showed that participants regularly engaged in aspects of filial piety and there was no contradiction between authoritarian filial piety (AFP) and reciprocal filial piety (RFP). Filial piety can predict family happiness at a fairly high level. CONCLUSIONS: These results, besides showing the importance and value to the family, also give a multi-dimensional and comprehensive view of filial piety. At the social level, upholding the value of filial piety is the basis for building family happiness as well as making an important contribution to the implementation of social security in the family.

The cost of "snubbing": the effect of parental phubbing on filial piety behavior in children and adolescents.

Background: Although numerous studies have used Chinese samples to examine the consequences of parental phubbing, these studies focused on children's mental health and peer interaction. No research to date has directly explored the association between parental phubbing and child-parent interaction. Since parental phubbing is a way how parents interact with their children (parent-child), it might be associated with the way how children interact with their parents (child-parent), such as filial piety behavior, which prescribes how children behave toward their parents and remains one of the goals of parents in educating their children in modern Chinese society. Based on social exchange theory and social gender theory, this study investigated the impact of parental phubbing on filial piety behavior and tested its mediation of perceived parental rejection, its moderation of gender among children and adolescents. Methods: This study was conducted using a questionnaire method. A total of 753 students from Grade 4 to 9 (Mage = 12.28 years, SD = 1.81 years) was surveyed using the Parental Phubbing Scale, Perceived Parental Rejection Questionnaire, and the revised Dual Filial Piety Scale. Results: First, parental phubbing was negatively correlated with reciprocal filial piety (RFP) behavior, but not correlated with authoritarian filial piety (AFP) behavior. Second, perceived parental rejection played a mediating role between parental phubbing and RFP behavior. Third, this direct effect was moderated by gender, in that it was stronger for boys than for girls. Conclusion: These findings suggest that there are intergenerational costs of phubbing, such as reducing children and adolescents' RFP behavior. The present study is the first to combine parent-child interaction in the digital media era (parental phubbing) with traditional Chinese child-parent interaction (RFP behavior), which expands the research topic on the influence of parental phubbing on children and adolescents' psychological development.

Filial piety and older adult caregiving among Chinese and Chinese-American families in the United States: a concept analysis.

BACKGROUND: The culturally sensitive nursing practice has not embedded filial piety as a cultural value and stance pertaining to caregiving among aging Chinese and Chinese-American (CCA) families in the United States, yet it is critical for healthy aging among CCAs. PURPOSE: To understand filial piety when caring for aging CCAs and conceptualize an operational definition and framework. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. Analysis of the concept of filial piety among CCAs used Walker and Avant's methods. Twenty-six studies were selected in the final full-text analysis. FINDINGS: Synthesis of evidence identified four antecedents: (a) filial obligation as a 'cultural gene', (b) sense of altruism, (c) familial solidarity, and (d) societal expectation of 'birth right'. Attributes included familial material and emotional support, obedience, pious reverence, and societal norms. Consequences were related to caregiver burden, psychological and physical well-being, quality of life, and health equity. CONCLUSION: Filial piety is an intrinsic desire to support aging parents and an extrinsic desire to adhere to Chinese societal moral tenets. The proposed operational framework "Caregiving for aging CCAs in the United States" merits further study.

The role of family support in the self-rated health of older adults in eastern Nepal: findings from a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Nepal's low fertility rate and increasing life expectancy have resulted in a burgeoning older population. For millennia, filial piety shaped family cohesion and helped Nepali older adults achieve positive outcomes, but recently, it has been eroding. Furthermore, there are not enough institutional support options or alternatives to family-based care to deal with the biosocial needs of older adults. This study explored the association between family support and self-rated health among Nepali older adults. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional survey in eastern Nepal's two districts, Sunsari and Morang, interviewed 847 older adults (≥ 60 years). The final analytical sample was 844. Participants were asked whether they received assistance with various aspects of daily life and activities of daily living from their families. Multivariable logistic regression examined the association between family support and self-rated health. RESULTS: Participants who received support with various aspects of daily life had 43% higher odds of good health, but after adjusting for control variables, the result only approached statistical significance (p = 0.087). Those who received family assistance with activities of daily living had nearly four times higher odds (OR: 3.93; 95% CI: 2.58 - 5.98) of reporting good health than participants who lacked this support. CONCLUSIONS: Given the important role of family support in Nepali older adults' health, government programs and policies should create a conducive environment to foster family-based care until more comprehensive policies for older adults' care can be put into effect. The results of this study can also help shape the global aging environment by highlighting the need for family support in older care, particularly in low-income nations with declining traditional care systems and weak social security policies.

(Un)Health from parental intervention: Does the marriage formation pathway influence married people's health?

The relationship between marriage and its health consequences has been well documented. Yet, little is known about whether health disparities still exist among married people due to different marriage formation pathways. Using data from a special module of the Chinese General Social Survey, this study examines the health effects of parental intervention in children's marriage formation. Results show that parental intervention in marriage formation is negatively associated with married people's self-rated health, but the association disappears after the selection effect is controlled for. These results suggest that the selection effect largely explains the association between parent-intervened marriage and its negative health outcomes among married people. That is to say, people with poorer health are more likely to rely on their parents for marriage formation. The findings are found in both husbands and wives and hold robust in multiple robustness tests. This study extends marriage-health research from the comparison between married and single people to the comparison within the married group.

Filial piety and public attitudes towards same-sex sexual behaviour in China-evidence from the Chinese general social survey.

Using data from the 2017 Chinese General Social Survey, this study is one of the first to directly compare the effect of reciprocal versus authoritarian filial piety on the Chinese public attitudes towards same-sex sexual behaviour using a nationally representative sample. Consistent with previous research, the findings from this study reveal that endorsing reciprocal and authoritarian filial piety exert qualitatively different influences on public attitudes towards same-sex sexual behaviour. While reciprocal filial piety was not linked to disapproval of same-sex sexual behaviour in the current study, authoritarian filial piety was found to significantly predict a disproving attitude. This effect remained statistically significant even after controlling for other demographic and social-psychological variables commonly identified to predict homophobia. Findings from this study further our knowledge of the critical yet nuanced role of filial piety in shaping public attitudes towards same-sex sexual behaviour in China. In terms of implications for policy and practice, organised efforts should aim to steer public interpretations of filial piety away from its authoritarian dimension through education, advocacy and activism.

Mediating Effect of Filial Piety Between the Elderly's Family Resource Contribution and Their Family Power: Evidence from China.

With the development of rationalism, although the concept of filial piety is still an important factor affecting family relations, its rules have changed. Based on the resource theory and by measuring family power via the role played in family decision-making (FDM), this study explored the mediating role of filial piety norms between elderly's family resource contributions and family power in intergenerational cohabitation families in Mengzhou city, China. Using a stratified sampling method, 1,200 elderly people were recruited for data collection. Multiple linear regression analysis was used for testing. The results show that (1) the elderly still have some FDM in Chinese intergenerational cohabitation families, and the family power of elderly men is still higher than that of elderly women, which indicate that the influence of traditional patriarchal norms still exists in the family. (2) Filial piety culture mediates between the elderly's relative economic income (relative to their adult children) and their family power and also mediates the relationship of the elderly's relative educational level (relative to their adult children) and their family power. It shows that the resources of the elderly relative to their children affect the filial piety of their adult children and then affect the FDM of the elderly. The study is theoretically and practically meaningful.

Adolescents' Filial Piety Attitudes in Relation to Their Perceived Parenting Styles: An Urban-Rural Comparative Longitudinal Study in China.

The Dual Filial Piety Model (i.e., the model of reciprocal and authoritarian filial piety) offers a universally applicable framework for understanding essential aspects of intergenerational relations across diverse cultural contexts. The current research aimed to examine two important issues concerning this model that have lacked investigation: the roles of parental socialization (i.e., authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles) and social ecologies (i.e., urban vs. rural settings that differ in levels of economic development and modernization) in the development of reciprocal and authoritarian filial piety attitudes. To this end, a two-wave short-term longitudinal survey study was conducted among 850 early adolescents residing in urban (N = 314, 49.4% females, mean age = 13.31 years) and rural China (N = 536, 45.3% females, mean age = 13.72 years), who completed questionnaires twice, 6 months apart, in the spring semester of grade 7 and the fall semester of grade 8. Multigroup path analyses revealed bidirectional associations over time between perceived parenting styles and adolescents' filial piety attitudes, with both similarities and differences in these associations between urban and rural China. In both settings, perceived authoritative parenting predicted increased reciprocal filial piety 6 months later, whereas perceived authoritarian parenting predicted reduced reciprocal filial piety among urban (but not rural) adolescents over time. Moreover, in both settings, reciprocal filial piety predicted higher levels of perceived authoritative parenting and lower levels of perceived authoritarian parenting 6 months later, with the latter effect being stronger among urban (vs. rural) adolescents. Adolescents' perceived parenting styles did not predict their authoritarian filial piety over time; however, authoritarian filial piety predicted higher levels of perceived authoritative parenting (but not perceived authoritarian parenting) 6 months later in both settings. The findings highlight the roles of transactional socialization processes between parents and youth as well as social ecologies in the development of filial piety, thus advancing the understanding of how the universal human motivations underlying filial piety may function developmentally across different socioeconomic and sociocultural settings.

Determinants of Patterns of Need for Home and Community-Based Care Services Among Community-Dwelling Older People in Urban China: The Role of Living Arrangement and Filial Piety.

This study aims to identify older people's home- and community-based care (HCBC) service need patterns and explore the role of living arrangement and filial piety in affecting such patterns. A total of 556 older people were selected in Beijing, China. Latent class analysis and multinomial logistic regression were adopted to identify the service need patterns and the influencing factors. A three-class model of service need patterns was explored (high-needs group, moderate-needs group, and low-needs group). Living arrangement was related to HCBC service need patterns. Compared with the high-needs group, those living with at least two family members were more likely to express low needs or moderate needs. Living arrangement was a moderator for the effect of filial piety on HCBC needs. Greater recognition of the effects of living arrangement and filial piety should enrich the Andersen model and provide a robust stimulus for long-term care policy development and for service delivery and social work.

Will Confucian Values Help or Hinder the Crisis of Elder Care in Modern Singapore?

The unique mix of modern Western and traditional Confucian values in Singapore presents young people with contradictory views on duties to aging parents. It remains to be seen whether the changing demands of modern life will result in new generations giving up Confucian family ethics or whether the Confucian dynamic will find a way to adapt to the new pressures. It is the opinion of this author that the Confucian family structure has mixed potential for the growing crisis of elder care. Alone, both Confucian traditions and typical Western institutional approaches toward elder care fall short of what is necessary for intergenerational social justice, yet a hybrid of the two has great potential for the growing aging crisis. To demonstrate this, I first give a brief account of the history of filial piety in Confucianism as well as the social environment from which it originated. Then I turn my attention to the present issues of an aging population and elder care that face much of the developed world in the twenty-first century. Finally, I show how adherence to Confucian filial traditions can both help to address many of these issues and how it can potentially leave unjust gaps in elder care. Ultimately, I conclude that the crisis of elder care may be best dealt with through a hybrid of Confucian values and Western approaches.

Measuring Perceived Receipt of Filial Piety among Chinese Middle-Aged and Older Adults.

Filial piety plays an important role in the parent-child relationship in Chinese culture. To date, the majority of studies have focused on filial piety attitudes and expectations from the perspectives of the adult child. With only a few studies examining filial piety from the parent's perspectives, there is a paucity of studies that examines the dimensionality of filial piety receipt. The objective of this study was to validate the Perceived Receipt of Filial Piety Scale (PRFPS), a 10-item questionnaire designed to measure how often Chinese parents perceive their child(ren) engage in filial pious behaviours. A total of 222 middle-aged and older adult Chinese parents (Mage = 67.91, SD = 13.20) completed the PRFPS, MultidimensionalScale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the Quality of Life Scale (QOLS). A single-factor structure emerged from the developed PRFPS, which demonstrated excellent internal consistency (α = .95). The scale was also significantly associated with the MSPSS (r = .50) and QOLS (r = .42), supporting convergent and criterion validity. In conclusion, the PRFPS is found to be a reliable and valid measure of perceived filial piety receipt among Chinese parents. Theoretical implications and suggestions for further scale development and research is discussed.

Family and Marital Conflict Among Chinese Older Adults in the United States: The Influence of Personal Coping Resources.

BACKGROUND: Conflict in the family is a major risk factor for the well-being of older immigrants, whose lives are centered around their families. This study examined the potential linkage between personal coping resources and family and marital conflict among U.S. Chinese older adults. METHODS: Data were derived from the PINE study, a population-based study of Chinese elders in Chicago (N = 3,157). Logistic regressions were carried out to predict the likelihood of having conflict with family members and with the spouse, respectively, using indicators of personal coping resources (ie, socioeconomic status, physical health, acculturation level, perceived children's filial piety, number of friends, and sense of mastery). RESULTS: The results showed that older adults with higher education (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.06; OR = 1.09, CI = 1.06-1.11, respectively), lower perception of children being filial (OR = 0.95, CI = 0.93-0.97; OR = 0.96, CI = 0.94-0.98], respectively), and lower sense of mastery (OR = 0.95, CI = 0.94-0.96; OR = 0.98, CI = 0.97-0.99, respectively) were more likely to report both family and marital conflict. Older adults who had more friends were less likely to report marital conflict (OR = 0.61, CI = 0.43-0.86). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, older immigrants with greater coping resources seemed to have less family and marital conflict. Particularly important are their own sense of control and available support from children and friends in the new society. Higher education could be a risk factor for these conflicts. Future studies are needed to distinguish everyday life conflict from acculturation-related conflict in this population.

Caregiving burden and gain among adult-child caregivers caring for parents with dementia in China: the partial mediating role of reciprocal filial piety.

BACKGROUND: The majority of the family caregivers are adult children in China. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of reciprocal filial piety (RFP) between the care recipient's behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and the caregiver's burden or gain among adult-child caregivers caring for parents with dementia in China. METHODS: Using Kramer's caregiver adaptation model as the research framework, a cross-sectional survey collected data from 401 adult-child caregivers caring for parents with dementia from hospitals in China. RESULTS: Results of the regression analysis revealed that after adjusting for covariates, the regression coefficient between care recipient's BPSD and caregiver burden reduced from c = 1.01 to c' = 0.91 when controlling for RFP. Using the bootstrap approach, the estimated indirect effect through RFP between care recipient's BPSD and caregiver burden was 0.11 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.20). The mediation proportion was 11%. The absolute value of the regression coefficient between care recipient's BPSD and caregiver gain reduced from c = -0.75 to c' = -0.63 when controlling for RFP. The bootstrapped estimate of the indirect effect through RFP between care recipient's BPSD and caregiver gain was -0.12 (95% CI: -0.18, -0.07). The mediation proportion was 12%. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the effect of care recipient's BPSD on caregiver's burden/gain may be related to the level of RFP among adult-child caregivers in China.

The burden of filial piety: A qualitative study on caregiving motivations amongst family caregivers of patients with cancer in Singapore.

OBJECTIVE: This study explores (1) the motivations and challenges facing family caregiving for cancer in Singapore and (2) suggests a possible framework to guide culturally sensitive future work on caregivers. DESIGN: Twenty caregivers of patients being treated for cancer at a public hospital in Singapore were interviewed. A semi-structured interview format and inductive thematic analysis were used to analyse the data. Caregivers were asked about their motivations for caregiving and the challenges they faced. RESULTS: Caregivers' motivations grouped into three categories: personal value and fulfilment, giving care because of societal expectations such as filial piety, and practical need. Challenges were grouped into interpersonal challenges, disclosure and finding balance. Caregivers with different primary motivations varied in their responses to these challenges. More autonomous caregivers cited learning points and reprioritised more effectively than less autonomous caregivers, who reported more internal conflict and less control over their situation. CONCLUSIONS: In Singapore and Asia, sociocultural values of family caregiving are not uniformly experienced as positive, and may be burdensome for caregivers who give care primarily for extrinsic motivations. As family caregiving needs increase, targeted psychosocial support for caregivers with less autonomous behavioural orientations may pre-empt caregiver burnout and burden.

"I should be doing more for my parent:" Chinese adult children's worry about performance in providing care for their oldest-old parents.

BACKGROUND: In China, as is the case in most of the world, family is the largest source of support for frail older adults. Confucian filial piety expectations hold children-in particular sons-responsible for the care of aging parents in China. During the course of caregiving, in addition to positive feelings, the caregiver may feel overwhelmed, entrapped, and worried about their performance, which can have negative health consequences. The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine one dimension of caregiver burden "worry about performance" (WaP) and investigate whether variables inspired by Pearlin's Stress Process Model help to explain the variation of WaP, so that at-risk caregivers can be identified and supported. METHODS: Multiple regression was used to analyze CLHLS data from 895 Chinese adult children providing care for their oldest old parent in eight coastal provinces in China. WaP was measured by two items from the Zarit Burden Inventory. Independent variables representing concepts from Pearlin's Stress Process Model and control variables were included in the models. RESULTS: Compared to a model of control variables only, using independent variables inspired by Pearlin's Stress Process Model increased the ability to explain the variation in WaP by three fold to 14%. The following variables increased WaP: parent's IADL level, the amount of time spent caregiving, being a daughter, reporting an emotionally close relationship with the parent, sharing a residence with the parent. CONCLUSION: Despite not being able to fully operationalize Pearlin's Model with this dataset, analyzing variables that represent concepts from the model was useful in increasing the ability to explain the variation in WaP. Results suggest that caregiver support directed at daughters may be particularly beneficial.

Bystander attitudes toward parents? The perceived meaning of filial piety among Koreans in Australia, New Zealand and Korea.

AIM: The objective of this paper was to explore how present-day filial piety is understood among Koreans in geographically different settings. METHODS: Data were collected from qualitative interviews with 61 Korean participants in Australia, New Zealand and Korea and then thematically analysed and evaluated. RESULTS: The findings from this study show that filial piety for Koreans consists of family care and support, along with respect for parents. The norm of filial piety is regarded as an important aspect of intergenerational family relationships in current Korean culture, while its practice is perceived as increasingly eroded within a context of major socio-cultural and economic changes, including migration. CONCLUSION: The results show that the tension between the social and economic aspects of filial piety often creates a 'bystander' attitude toward parents and provides fertile ground for the seeds of family conflict.

Bequest Motives of older people in Rural China: From the Perspective of Intergenerational Support.

China, a society long characterized by traditional Confucianism and the practice of filial piety, is undergoing dramatic socioeconomic development and erosion of traditions. In this rapidly changing context, the motives behind rural parental bequests have not been well studied. This paper draws on a survey conducted in rural Anhui province of China and uses hierarchical linear models (HLM) to examine whether three kinds of support from children are associated with older parents' bequest motives. We find that while instrumental support accords with an exchange model of motivation, financial transfer is consistent with an altruistic motivation for parental bequest plans. Offspring gender is strongly associated with parental planning of bequests, when only sons are considered; family division is a strong correlate of parents' bequest plan and reflects exchange motivation. These findings have important implications for research on traditional culture and an evolving social security system.

Deciding to institutionalize: caregiving crisis, intergenerational communication, and uncertainty management for elders and their children in Shanghai.

This phenomenological study integrated crisis theory, social identity theory, and uncertainty management theory to conceptualize the decision-making process around institutionalization among nursing home residents and their children in Shanghai. I conducted face-to-face, semistructured interviews with 12 dyads of matched elders and their children (N = 24). The findings suggest that caregiving crises triggered intergenerational communication about caregiving alternatives and new arrangements, although each generation had different stances and motivations. Children finalized the decision by helping their parents to manage the uncertainties pertaining to institutionalization. This study sheds light on caregiving decision-making dynamics for the increasing aging population across cultures.

The expectation and perceived receipt of filial piety among Chinese older adults in the Greater Chicago area.

OBJECTIVE: Filial piety is a key Chinese cultural value that determines children's caregiving obligation to older adults. This study aims to evaluate the expectations and perceived receipt of filial piety from the perspectives of Chinese older adults. METHOD: Data were drawn from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE) study, a population-based study of U.S. Chinese older adults aged 60 and above in the Greater Chicago area. Filial care was examined in six domains, including care, respect, greeting, happiness, obedience, and financial support. Socio-demographics correlate with expectations and receipt of filial piety were also reported. RESULTS: Participants reported high level of overall expectations and receipts of filial piety, and highest expectation and perceived receipt were placed on the domain of respect. DISCUSSION: This study provides insights on the extent to which U.S. Chinese older adults expect and perceive receipt of filial care. Our findings have implications for the provision of culturally appropriate health care services.