Perception of patient habitus and the influence on exposure factor selection and resultant imparted dose.

INTRODUCTION: Exposure factor selection influences ionising radiation dose and image quality in projection radiography. Radiographers have a duty to comply with legislation, ensuring doses (resulting from exposure factor selection) are kept ALARP. Hence, this paper aims to explore variation in patient habitus perceptions among final-year student radiographers and any influence on imparted dose due to exposure factor selection. METHODS: Institutional ethics was granted. Student radiographers engaged in a 2-stage primary research study. Students were asked to select exposure factors (kVp and mAs values) and the most appropriate BMI category for several models undergoing a routine anteroposterior abdomen projection. Monte-Carlo simulation software was utilised to establish the absorbed and effective dose for these exposures. SPSS software was used to conduct statistical analysis of this data. RESULTS: A response rate of 19% (n = 14) was recorded. The findings identified variation in habitus perception with greater variation among female models. (p = 0.002). There was significant variation in exposure factor selection and ionising radiation dose, particularly between the male and female models. There was a significant difference between the healthy, overweight, and obese female models for absorbed (p = 0.032) and effective dose (p = 0.032) but not for the male models. CONCLUSION: There was a distinct difficulty recognising overweight and obese models and inconsistency regarding the selection of exposure factors. It was concluded that male models were more likely to receive a greater dose than females due to higher proposed exposure factors. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: This study adds to the existing evidence base, providing insight into the perceptions of radiography students and the effect on exposure factor selection. This study will likely stand as a baseline for further investigation into competency levels among qualified radiographers to improve radiation protection.

Dispositions that matter: Investigating criminalized women's resettlement through their (trans)carceral habitus.

Whether prisoner resettlement is framed in terms of public health, safety, economic prudence, recidivism, social justice, or humanitarianism, it is difficult to overstate its importance. This article investigates women's experiences exiting prison in Canada to deepen understandings of post-carceral trajectories and their implications. It combines feminist work on transcarceration and Bourdieusian theory with qualitative research undertaken in Canada to propose the (trans)carceral habitus as a theoretical innovation. This research illuminates the continuity of criminalized women's marginalization before and beyond their imprisonment, the embodied nature of these experiences, and the adaptive dispositions that they have demonstrated and depended on throughout their lives. In doing so, this article extends criminological work on carceral habitus which has rarely considered the experiences of women. Implications for resettlement are discussed by tracing the impact of criminalized women's (trans)carceral habitus (i.e. distrust, skepticism, vigilance about their environments and relationships) on their willingness to access support and services offered by resettlement organizations.

One Social Media, Distinct Habitus: Generation Z's Social Media Uses and Gratifications and the Moderation Effect of Economic Capital.

This study aims at contributing to literature by investigating characteristics of Generation Z's social media uses and gratifications and the moderation effect of economic capital. Specifically, we employed online survey as the main research method to examine the connections between the young generation cohort's online motivations, social media practices, and economic capital. A total of 221 Chinese Generation Z social media users were recruited in the survey. Results indicated that (1) Generation Zs have different social media engagements depending on whether they were connected for daily routine alternatives or socialization; (2) the young cohorts from upper-mid-income families demonstrated a more instrumental-rational habitus to use social media more frequently as a communicative tool than those from low-income families; and (3) motivations and family income interacted to influence Generation Z's social media practices (e.g., social capital accumulating and exchanging and self-expression). Findings here provide empirical reference to deepened understandings of the interactions between social media and digital generations, and their connections with digital social inequalities.

[Solidarity orientations and social positions. Class habitual attitudes towards the welfare state and refugees in AustriaOrientations solidaires et positions sociales. Attitudes habituelles de classe envers l'État-providence et les réfugiés en Autriche]. / Solidaritätsorientierungen und soziale Positionen. Klassenhabituelle Haltungen zu Sozialstaat und Geflüchteten in Österreich.

The article examines the importance of social class in shaping solidarity orientations in Austria, especially with regard to welfare state arrangements and solidarity with refugees. It builds on 48 interviews conducted between 2016 and 2019. Distinguishing multiple dimensions of solidarity, the paper builds a typology of seven solidarity configurations, which are then systematically related to the class position of interviewees articulating them. In that context, not only objective class positions, but also latent mechanisms of habitus formation are taken into account. In so doing, the paper indicates how solidarity configurations of both privileged and non-privileged interviewees are shaped, but not determined by class. This casts new light on meaningful differences in the scope, conditions and underlying normative principles of distinct solidarity configurations. Class is key to understanding how attitudes towards the community of welfare solidarity are tied to specific preferences as to who should be included in and excluded from that community.

Sur la base de données qualitatives, l'article examine l'importance de la situation de classe pour les orientations solidaires dans la société autrichienne, notamment en ce qui concerne les dispositions de l'État-providence et la solidarité avec les réfugiés. Le matériel empirique a été recueilli dans une étude menée en Autriche entre 2016 et 2019 et comprend un total de 48 entretiens. Les énoncés sont d'abord systématisés à l'aide d'une heuristique de cinq dimensions de solidarité en une typologie de sept configurations de solidarité, puis différenciés selon la pertinence de la situation de classe respective des répondants. En recourant à Bourdieu, il est fait référence non seulement à la situation de classe objective, mais aussi aux mécanismes d'action latents d'origine de classe au sens d'un habitus de classe. On peut ainsi montrer comment les configurations de solidarité respectives des enquêtés non privilégiés et privilégiés sont influencées, bien que non déterminées, par l'appartenance à des classes sociales. Le résultat montre des différences révélatrices notamment en ce qui concerne la portée, les conditions et les principes de justice de l'orientation solidaire respective. Il devient clair que l'accent mis sur la classe rend plausible la compréhension des inclusions et des exclusions à l'égard de la communauté de solidarité sociale et étatique.

Determinantes Sociales de la Salud", "Habitus" y "Embodiment" detrás de un IMC elevado. Un análisis social del actual escenario epidemiológico / Social Determinants of Health", "Habitus" and "Embodiment" behind a high BMI. A social analysis of the current epidemiological scenario

El índice de masa corporal (IMC) elevado marcaría hoy una nueva etapa dentro de la transición epidemiológica, siendo posible develar el origen social del nuevo perfil de morbimortalidad. Esta revisión busca integrar diferentes conceptos teóricos para explicar los mecanismos a través de los cuales lo social se incorpora en el individuo, delimitando su comportamiento en salud y con ello, su estado nutricional. Las estructuras que representan los determinantes sociales de la salud operarían de manera sistemáticamente distinta sobre las personas, generando posiciones más o menos ventajosas dentro del campo de juego sanitario. Este patrón traduce una realidad que se encarna (embodiment) de manera inconsciente y duradera a través de un habitus, favoreciendo prácticas sociales diferenciadas que terminan por construir clases de cuerpos como expresión biológica de la desigualdad. La toma de decisiones estratégicas en salud dependerá de capacidades y libertades individuales primeramente restringidas por aquellos contextos sociales, entendiéndose estos como las causas estructurales de la salud poblacional(AU)

A high body mass index (BMI) would characterize a new stage in the epidemiological transition, making it possible to reveal the social origin of the new morbidity and mortality burden. This review seeks to integrate different theoretical concepts to explain the mechanisms through which the social is incorporated into the individual, delimiting their health behavior and with it, their nutritional status. The structures that represent the social determinants of health would operate systematically differently on different social groups, generating positions that are more or less advantageous in the playing field of health. This pattern translates a reality embodied unconsciously and long-lasting through a habitus, favoring differing social practices that result in the construction of bodily classes as a biological expression of social inequality. Strategic decision-making in health will depend on individual capacities and freedoms, which are firstly restricted by those social contexts, being those understood as the structural causes of population health(AU)

Social class inequalities in attitudes towards mathematics and achievement in mathematics cross generations: a quantitative Bourdieusian analysis.

Drawing on Bourdieu's theory of social and cultural reproduction, this article utilizes the conceptual tools of habitus and cultural capital to examine intergenerational inequalities in attitudes towards mathematics and mathematics learning in three secondary schools in England. Data from 1079 students aged 14-16 included mathematics achievement, survey measures of attitudes towards mathematics, perceived parental attitudes towards mathematics, newly developed scales for cultural capital and habitus, and social class. There was a very strong relationship between student's attitudes towards mathematics and students' perceptions of their parents' attitudes towards mathematics. Middle-class students reported more positive attitudes towards mathematics, more positive perceived parental attitudes towards mathematics, and had higher mathematics achievement than working-class students. Cultural capital had a significant positive effect on students' attitudes towards mathematics but a minor effect on their achievement in mathematics. However, cultural capital's effect on students' attitudes and achievement in mathematics faded when habitus was included in the model. We suggest that habitus may play a more central role than cultural capital in the reproduction of mathematics inequalities. School quality had a modest but significant impact on mathematics outcomes in this study, so we argue that challenges to mathematics inequalities will require changes both within and outside of mathematics classrooms. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10649-021-10078-5.

"Dirty like a Tenant": Migration and Embodied Dispositions in Malawi.

Much has been written about how structural (e.g. colonialism) and social (e.g. gender) determinants shape embodied health outcomes. However, little attention has been paid to the ways that marginalized populations become complicit in their own oppression. Ethnographic data collected over two years at a rural public hospital in Malawi show that the tobacco political economy produces significant intra-rural inequalities that result in the exclusion of migrant farm workers, called "tenants," from HIV care. Using an analytical framework informed by Bourdieu's concepts of social field and habitus, I illustrate how social inequalities persist unchallenged, even by the most disadvantaged people.

Steps toward a theory of place effects on drug use: Risk, marginality, and opportunity in small and remote California towns.

The risk environment concept provides a framework for documenting ecological influences on drug use, and a platform to engage with social theory to identify mechanisms behind place-based health disparities. Health scientists conceptualize these mechanisms in terms of social determinants of health, social scientists in terms of syndemics and structural violence. I supplement these perspectives with Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of social space, practice, and habitus to offer a broader analysis of how place shapes drug-related health risks, particularly outside of the large cities where most research is conducted. This approach encompasses inequality, conflict, and social change at multiple levels of social organization, from macrodistributions of power to trajectories of individual drug use. I offer three pointers for scholarship on drug use in nonurban places, which I illustrate with findings from an ethnographic study of opioid use and opioid-related services in California. First, replace the folk notion of "rural" with geographic categories grounded in relevant social structures and institutions, such as social networks or illicit drug markets. Second, examine how variation in the structure of social and physical space affects processes of marginalization and criminalization. Third, avoid negative definitions of nonurban places, and instead explore their distinctive institutions and opportunity structures. Following this approach, I define acquainted marginality and small-town habitus to explain how dense networks and geographic isolation shape local government and survival strategies among people who use drugs. I find that in small and remote towns, personal and professional relationships overlap in ways that augment surveillance and stigma, but can also facilitate leniency and progressive policy change. I conclude by using these findings to outline a theory of place effects on drug use and addiction to encourage future research in these directions.

Meat, Masculinity, and Health for the "Typical Aussie Bloke": A Social Constructivist Analysis of Class, Gender, and Consumption.

Food choice is complex and influenced by a range of social, environmental, structural, and individual factors. Poor diet is one of the major contributors to the burden of disease, in particular for men who habitually have lower intakes of fruits and vegetables and higher intakes of meat. Food choice has been linked to the expression of masculine identities. This research used a Bourdieusian framework to explore the influential drivers of young Australian men's eating habits based on occupational groupings. Twenty men aged 19-30 years participated in in-depth semistructured interviews. Analysis used a grounded theory, social constructivist approach and identified five themes: performative masculinities and meat; meat cuts across social class; the influence of masculine autonomy on dietary choice; women protecting Australian men's health; and the role of environmental and structural barriers. These results indicated that habitus remains a useful conceptual framework to explain the results, and cultural capital is reinforced as a phenomenon. Occupation and gender appear to no longer be primary drivers of food choice in this group of men. Rather there is a shift toward an understanding of multiple masculinities and the development of microcultures with interactions between structure and agency. Meat still features in the food world of Australian men, but there are shifts to deprioritize its importance. There needs to be a more nuanced understanding of the importance of autonomy and control as well as the role of women in relation to men's dietary intakes and how this can be harnessed for positive dietary change.

Exploring educational and social inequality through the polyphonic voices of the poor: A habitus listening guide for the analysis of family-schooling relations.

The aim of this methodological article is to contribute a new form of qualitative data analysis that is relevant for the comparative study of family cultures and schooling. We describe the development of our Habitus Listening Guide linking Bourdieu's theory of social reproduction to critical narrative theory. The interpretative tool outlines (a) social-structural (b) horizontal intergenerational (c) vertical gender and (d) mythic-ritual listenings which can be used to explore the engagement of youth and their families with schooling. Such listenings reveal the dispositional positioning of schooling in family values and the complex structural and human relational effects of schooling on family members' livelihood and wellbeing. It offers the possibility of comparing families in terms of their gendered and generational relations and the ways in which religious and mythic-ritual discourses legitimate their aspirations in the context of changing communities. The Guide offers a way of accessing and comparing subjective micro level experiences of social inequality and the contribution that schooling plays, or is expected to play, in relation to individual and/or family social mobility.

Rapid kVp switching dual-energy CT in the assessment of urolithiasis in patients with large body habitus: preliminary observations on image quality and stone characterization.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the image quality (IQ) considerations of rapid kVp switching dual-energy CT (rsDECT) in the assessment of urolithiasis in patients with large body habitus and to evaluate whether it allows stone characterization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this IRB-approved, HIPAA compliant retrospective study, 93 consecutive patients (M/F = 72/21, mean age 56.9 years, range 23-83 years) with large body habitus (> 90 kg/198 lbs) who underwent dual-energy (DE) stone protocol CT on a rapid kVp switching DECT scanner between January 2013 and December 2016 were included. Scan acquisition protocol included an initial unenhanced single-energy CT (SECT) scan of KUB followed by targeted DECT in the region of stones. Two readers evaluated both CT data sets (axial 5 mm 120 kVp/140 kVp QC/70 keV monoenergetic, material density water/iodine images and coronal/sagittal 3 mm images) for the assessment of image quality (Scores: 1-4) and characterization of stone composition (reference standard: crystallography). RESULTS: One hundred and five CT examinations were performed in 93 patients (mean body weight 105.12 ± 13.53 kg, range 91-154 kg), and a total of 321 urinary tract calculi (mean size-4.8 ± 3.2 mm, range 1.2-22 mm) were detected. Both SECT and targeted monoenergetic images were of acceptable image quality (mean IQ: 3.77 and 3.83, kappa 0.79 and 0.87 respectively). Material density water and iodine images had lower IQ scores (mean IQ: 2.97 and 3.09 respectively) with image quality deterioration due to severe photon starvation/streak artifacts in 20% (21/105) and 17% (18/105) scans, respectively. Characterization of stone composition into uric acid/non-uric acid stones was achieved in 93.14% (299/321) of calculi (mean size: 4.99 ± 3.3 mm, range 1.2-22 mm), while 7% (22/321) stones could not be characterized (mean size 3.03 ± 1.16 mm, range 1.6-6.4 mm) (p < 0.001). Most common reason for non-characterization was image quality deterioration of the material density iodine images due to severe photon starvation artifacts. On multivariate regression, stone size and patient weight were predictors of stone composition determination on DECT (p < 0.05). The transverse diameter had a weak negative correlation with stone composition determination, but it was not statistically significant. Stone characterization into uric acid vs. non-uric acid stones was accurate in 95% (n = 38/40) of stones in comparison with crystallography. CONCLUSION: In patients with large body habitus, rsDECT allowed characterization of most calculi (93%) despite image quality deterioration due to photon starvation/streak artifacts in up to 20% of material density images. Stone size and patient weight were predictors of stone composition determination on DECT, and small calculi in very large patients may not be characterized.

The superiority of economics and the economics of externalism - a sketch.

The article takes as its starting point the relationship of academic economists and the wider society. First, various bodies of literature that deal empirically with this matter are discussed: epistemologically, they range from a bold structuralism via a form of symbolic interactionism to a form of radical constructivism. A Bourdieusian approach is recommended to complement these perspectives with a comprehensive perspective that is sensible to the cultural differences between social groups. Starting from the established notions of field, capital and habitus, the article then attempts to go the initial steps towards formulating a theory of the specificity of academic economics, taking Germany as its example. For that it uses and compares in-depth interviews of recognized and non-recognized German economics students. It shows the thorough interweaving of specific normative and positive dispositions into a conviction of objectivity and disinterestedness. This exploratory empirical induction furthers follow-up questions, the empirical answering of which may help to gain a more complete understanding of the actions and thoughts of economists in their specific contexts.

Práticas corporais: o corpo-cidadão como expressão da promoção da saúde / Body practices: the citizen body as an expression of health promotion

O presente trabalho discute a prática corporal no contexto da promoção da saúde, por sua possibilidade em contribuir com a saúde ao aliar o corpo e a cultura. Parte-se do entendimento que as práticas corporais são abalizadas pelos determinantes sociais da saúde, contudo, o seu estímulo parece estar estritamente ligado ao discurso preventivo de doenças. O trabalho foi conduzido à luz da sociologia crítica de Bourdieu. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar as práticas corporais e os seus determinantes sociais no campo da promoção da saúde. O estudo teve como cenário dois Centros Culturais do município de Belo Horizonte e as práticas corporais analisadas foram a capoeira regional e a dança. Participaram do estudo nove capoeiristas e nove dançarinos (as) /bailarinos (as). O trabalho de campo utilizou a técnica de mapa corporal narrado realizado junto aos participantes em, no mínimo, três encontros. Os roteiros semiestruturados partiram do contorno do corpo e desenredavam-se sobre as condições de saúde e vida dos participantes. Os produtos (imagens, narrativas e discursos) foram analisados sob a perspectiva sociológica. Foram atendidas as diretrizes e normas regulamentadoras das pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos (resolução 466/12). As categorias empíricas foram construídas em torno dos conceitos bourdieusianos de habitus, hexis corporal, dominação e capital social. Os resultados evidenciaram que as concepções de saúde presentes no interior das práticas corporais corroboram com a perspectiva biomédica e transitam entre os hábitos alimentares, a ingesta hídrica e as atividades físicas. Em contrapartida, as práticas promovem o despertar do corpo indicando novos caminhos para a hexis corporal dos agentes. A análise dos dados indicou que os corpos femininos possuem uma estética própria determinada socialmente pela dominação masculina. Evidenciou-se a manifestação das dificuldades cotidianas relacionadas às múltiplas jornadas das mulheres: doméstica, profissional. Emergiu entre os agentes o discurso sobre o racismo brasileiro, revelando a dupla determinação sobre o corpo negro, que além do preconceito distingue-se por sua classe social. Nesse sentido, as práticas corporais proporcionam o resgate da cultura afro-brasileira. Os Centros Culturais se mostraram espaços capazes de ampliar o capital cultural dos agentes. Nestes lugares, atua o corpo-cidadão. Conclui-se que a análise de práticas corporais no contexto da promoção da saúde exige um olhar atento aos determinantes sociais da saúde. A teoria de Bourdieu subsidiou a construção de um modelo analítico capaz de desvelar o corpo e as relações estruturais de gênero e raça. Os achados revelaram a singularidade dos corpos, mas também evidenciaram como as interpretações históricas compõem o habitus. O compartilhamento de saberes culturais entre os grupos promove a aceitação da historicidade negra na formação das corporalidades. Mesmo em cenários desfavoráveis, as práticas corporais (re) significam nos espaços da cidade intensificando as experiências do corpo.(AU)

The present work discusses body practice in the health promotion context, for its possibility to contribute to health uniting body and culture. There is an understanding that body practices are socially determined, however they are strictly stimulated by the disease preventive discourse. The work was conducted in the light of Bourdieu critical sociology. The aim of this study was to analyze the social determinants of body practices in the field of health promotion. The study took place at two cultural centers in the city of Belo Horizonte and the body practices analyzed were regional capoeira and dance. Nine capoeira players and nine dancers have participated in the study. The fieldwork used the body-map storytelling technique conducted with the participants through at least three meetings. The semi structured interview guides started with the body contour and unravel the participants social and life conditions. The products (images, narratives and discourses) were analyzed from a sociological perspective. Guidelines and standards regulating research involving human beings were addressed (466/12 resolution). The empirical categories were built under the bourdieusian concepts habitus, bodily hexis, domination and social capital. The results showed that health notions present in the body practices corroborate with the biomedical perspective and transits between eating habits, water consumption and physical activities. In contrast, the practices promote the awakening of the body indicating new ways for the bodily hexis of the agents. Data analysis indicated that the feminine bodies possess an aesthetic socially determined by masculine domination. It was evident the manifestation of the daily difficulties related to the multiple journeys of women: domestic and professional. It also emerge from the agents the Brazilian racism discourse, revealing the double determination on the black body, which in addition to prejudice is distinguished by its social class. In this sense, the body practices rescue the Afro-Brazilian culture. The Cultural Centers showed themselves spaces capable of enlarge the social capital of the agents. In these places acts the "citizen-body". It is conclude that the analysis of body practices in the health promotion context requires an attentive look at the social determinants of health. Bourdieu's theory contributed with the construction of an analytical model capable of unveiling the body and the structural relations of gender and race. The findings reveal the body singularities, but also evidence how the historical interpretations compose the habitus. The sharing of cultural knowledge between the groups promotes the acceptance of black historicity in the training of corporealities. Even in unfavorable scenarios, body practices (re) signify in the spaces of the city intensifying the experiences of the body.(AU)

The Social Basis of Vaccine Questioning and Refusal: A Qualitative Study Employing Bourdieu's Concepts of 'Capitals' and 'Habitus'.

This article is an in-depth analysis of the social nature of vaccine decision-making. It employs the sociological theory of Bourdieu and Ingram to consider how parents experience non-vaccination as a valued form of capital in specific communities, and how this can affect their decision-making. Drawing on research conducted in two Australian cities, our qualitative analysis of new interview data shows that parents experience disjuncture and tugs towards 'appropriate' forms of vaccination behavior in their social networks, as these link to broader behaviors around food, school choices and birth practices. We show how differences emerge between the two cities based on study designs, such that we are able to see some parents at the center of groups valorizing their decisions, whilst others feel marginalized within their communities for their decisions to vaccinate. We draw on the work of philosopher Mark Navin to consider how all parents join epistemic communities that reward compliance and conformity with the status quo and consider what this means for interventions that seek to influence the flow of pro-vaccine information through vaccine-critical social groups.

How will e-cigarettes affect health inequalities? Applying Bourdieu to smoking and cessation.

This paper uses the work of Bourdieu to theorise smoking and cessation through a class lens, showing that the struggle for distinction created the social gradient in smoking, with smoking stigma operating as a proxy for class stigma. This led to increased policy focus on the health of bystanders and children and later also to concerns about electronic cigarettes. Bourdieu's concept of habitus is deployed to argue that the e-cigarette helps middle-class smokers resolve smoking as a symptom of cleft habitus associated with social mobility or particular subcultures. E-cigarette use is also compatible with family responsibility and sociable hedonism; aspects of working-class habitus which map to the 'practical family quitter' and the 'recreational user' respectively. The effectiveness of class stigma in changing health behaviours is contested, as is the usefulness of youth as a category of analysis and hence the relevance of concerns about young people's e-cigarette use outside a class framework of smoking and cessation. With regard to health inequalities, whilst middle-class smokers have in class disgust a stronger incentive to quit than working-class smokers, there is potential for tobacco control to tap into a working-class ethos of family care and responsibility.

Confined to a tokenistic status: Social scientists in leadership roles in a national health research funding agency.

The idea of interdisciplinarity has been taken up by academic and governmental organisations around the world and enacted through science policies, funding programs and higher education institutions. In Canada, interdisciplinarity led to a major transformation in health research funding. In 2000, the federal government closed the Medical Research Council (MRC) and created the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). From the outset, CIHR's vision and goals were innovative, as it sought to include the social sciences within its purview alongside more traditional health research sectors. The extent to which it has been successful in this endeavour, however, remains unknown. The aim of our study was to examine how CIHR's intentions to foster inclusiveness and cooperation across disciplines were implemented in the agency's own organisational structure. We focused on social scientists' representation on committees and among decision-makers between 2000 and 2015, one of the key mandates of CIHR being to include the social sciences within its remit and support research in this area. We examined the composition of the Governing Council, the Institute Scientific Directors, the Chairs of the College of Reviewers, and two International Review Panels invited by CIHR. We targeted these committees and decision-makers since they hold the power to influence the field of Canadian health research through the decisions they make. Our findings show that, while CIHR was created with the mandate to support the entire spectrum of health-related research-including the social sciences-this call for inclusiveness has not yet been materialized in the agency's organisational structure. Social scientists, as well as researchers from neighbouring disciplines such as social epidemiology, health promotion and the humanities, are still confined to low levels of representation within CIHR's highest echelons. This imbalance limits social scientists' input into health research in Canada and undermines CIHR's interdisciplinary ambition.

Segmentación y exclusión en Chile: el caso de los jóvenes primera generación en educación superior / Segmentation and exclusion in Chile: the case of first generation young people in higher education / Segmentation and exclusion in Chile: the case of first generation young people in higher

Haciendo uso de bases de datos históricas del Proceso de Admisión a la Educación Superior en Chile, mediante un análisis estadístico inferencial y comparativo, este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar a estudiantes “Primera Generación” y sus elecciones profesionales, contrastándolo con el estudiante “Continuista”. Los principales hallazgos informan sobre la existencia de atributos y comportamientos diferenciales del estudiante “Primera Generación” respecto del alumno “Continuista”, dando cuenta de la persistencia de procesos de exclusión y segregación que se manifiestan en una elección profesional fuertemente condicionada por el habitus que reproduce desigualdades y limita las aspiraciones a un conjunto restringido de opciones. Este escenario pone en cuestión el real ejercicio de la opción vocacional así como la mayor democratización e inclusión de un sistema de educación superior masificado y diversificado.

Using historical databases that contain statistics on higher educationadmissions in Chile, this article uses an inferential and comparative statistical analysis to analyze“first generation” university students” and their career choices, contrasting with “continuousgeneration” students, whose parents and/or grandparents also went to university. The main findingsof this report the existence of differential attributes and behaviors of “first generation” studentscompared to the “continuous generation” students, demonstrating the persistence of exclusion andsegregation processes that manifest themselves in professional choices that are highly conditioned by the habitus that reproduces inequalities and limits aspirations to a restricted set of options. Thisscenario calls into question the actual exercise of making vocational choices and the increaseddemocratization and inclusion of a mass and diversified higher education system.

Usando bases de dados históricos de admissão ao ensino superior noChile por meio de uma análise estatística inferencial e comparativa, este artigo tem por objetivoanalisar os alunos de primeira geração e suas escolhas de carreira, contrastando com os alunosveteranos.As principais conclusões do relatório informam a existência de atributos e comportamentosdiferentes do estudante “Primeira Geração” em relação ao aluno veterano, percebendo a persistênciade processos de exclusão e segregação que se manifestam em uma escolha de profissionais altamentecondicionada pelo habitus que reproduz as desigualdades e aspirações limitadas a um conjuntorestrito de opções. Este cenário põe em questão o real exercício da escolha profissional assim comoda maior democratização e inclusão de um sistema de ensino superior massificado e diversificado.

Habitus of social security in the lifestyles of rural families: the case of the São Miguel do Anta and Piranga municipalities in Zona da Mata Mineira, Brazil / O “habitus previdenciário” na vida das famílias rurais: o caso dos municípios de São Miguel do Anta e Piranga na Zona da Mata Mineira

ABSTRACT: The universalization of the right to social security for rural producers and rural workers is a recent victory for Brazilian society. The implementation of this benefit began in the early 1990s. This article aimed to analyze the effects of rural social security on the lifestyle of families with retirees. The research was conducted in two small municipalities with agricultural economies from Zona da Mata Mineira region. The research used cross-sectional data collection procedures by applying a survey with open and closed-ended questions about consumption and living. The research sample was representative of the study population, comprising 117 rural elderly people, 64 from Piranga City and 53 from São Miguel do Anta City. Data obtained were categorized, analyzed and tested using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The survey results highlighted routine behavior and a predisposition to act based on a long term planning system, supported by the certainty of receiving the pension. Planned and long-term investments became a reality, including home improvement projects and acquisition of durable goods. Concerns about immediate family maintenance gave way to a perspective based on future planning.

RESUMO: A universalização do direito à previdência social rural para os produtores e trabalhadores rurais é uma conquista recente da sociedade brasileira. A implementação deste benefício se deu no início da década de noventa. O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar os efeitos da previdência social rural no modo de vida das famílias com aposentados. A investigação foi realizada em dois pequenos municípios de economia agrícola da região da Zona da Mata Mineira. A pesquisa utilizou procedimentos cross-sectionais de coleta de dados, através da aplicação de um survey com perguntas abertas e fechadas voltadas para aspectos relativos ao consumo e à moradia. A amostra da pesquisa foi representativa da população estudada, tendo sido constituída por 117 idosos rurais: 64 do município de Piranga e 53 de São Miguel do Anta. Os dados foram categorizados, analisados e testados por meio do software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciaram uma rotina e uma predisposição para agir marcada pelo planejamento em relação ao tempo futuro, a qual se apoiava na segurança do recebimento mensal da aposentadoria. Investimentos planejados à longo prazo mostraram-se presentes nos projetos de reforma da casa e na compra de bens duráveis. A preocupação com as questões imediatas de sustento da família cedeu espaço para a perspectiva de planejamento futuro.

Old habits die hard: a case study on how new ways of teaching colonoscopy affect the habitus of experienced clinicians.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to explore the habitual constraints and opportunities that affect how experienced clinicians learn new skills and, in particular, how new ways of teaching can influence these. METHODS:   We conducted a case study based on a specialized training program for colonoscopy services in Denmark. Data was obtained from a short-term ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews during this program. Participants were 12 experienced colonoscopists and three expert colonoscopy trainers from Denmark and UK. The analysis of data involved categorization, inductive coding, and theoretical reading inspired by sociological theory. RESULTS: The experienced clinicians' responsiveness to training was shaped by an underlying logic of colonoscopy practice that was characterized by tacit skills, routine work, lower status, skepticism and self-protectiveness. In order to overcome these habitual constraints, the trainers applied a pedagogical approach based on four methods: 1) intellectualization: 'academization' of skills and competencies, 2) sensing and scaffolding: hands-on experiences and learning by doing, 3) asymmetry: accentuating the authority and respect of the trainer, and 4) relation-building: building relationship and engagement between trainer and clinician. This multi-dimensional approach to teaching enabled the trainers to affect the clinicians' logic of practice and to create buy-in (so-called illusio). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical skills include socially constructed behaviors and unconscious competences which affect experienced clinicians' responsiveness to continuing medical education. This study suggests four educational strategies that may help trainers to establish new logics of practice in experienced clinicians and to improve the clinicians' conscious competence.

The use of Pierre Bourdieu's distinction concepts in scientific articles studying food and eating: A narrative review.

This article reviews and discusses scientific papers on eating practices that have used Pierre Bourdieu's concepts presented in Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. It aims to synthesize and analyze theoretical and empirical studies on the theme in order to present Bourdieu's contributions to the field, advances in his theories, and directions for future research. Exclusion criteria were: not written in Portuguese, English, Spanish, or French; not published in a peer-reviewed journal; not analyzing food or eating; and not using Bourdieu's concepts as presented in Distinction as the main theoretical framework. In this narrative review, we found 38 articles, which were categorized main themes: food choice and provisioning, taste, social class, food symbolism, the body, and the scientific field of food and eating. The taste of luxury and the taste of necessity were broadly applied on the works found in this review and were observed among the lower and upper classes, manifesting differently in each class. These studies show that while Bourdieu's theories are still highly relevant to understanding contemporary social groups, they may be improved when combined with other frameworks and theorists. We highlight as directions for future research manners in which gender and the environment interact with the habitus and food choices. Finally, this review points to new areas of investigation that may help improve the use of Bourdieu's concepts in exploring health inequalities, such as differences in eating practices and habitus within populations with low socioeconomic status.