Power imbalances and equity in the day-to-day functioning of a north plus multi-south higher education institutions partnership: a case study.

BACKGROUND: Partnerships between Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the global north and south have commonly been used as a vehicle to drive global health research and initiatives. Among these initiatives, include health system strengthening, research capacity building, and human resource training in developing countries. However, the partnership functioning of many global north-south partnerships still carry legacies of colonialism through unrecognized behavior patterns, attitudes, and belief systems in how they function. Even with research literature calling for a shift from equality to equity in the functioning of these partnerships, many still struggle with issues of complex and unspoken power dynamics. To understand the successes and challenges of north-south partnerships, this paper explored partnership development and functioning of a northern and multi-southern HEIs partnership focused on nutrition education and research. METHODS: A qualitative research approach was used; data were collected through in-depth interviews (IDIs) with questions developed from the Bergen Model of Collective Functioning (BMCF). Thirteen IDIs were conducted with partners from all institutions including stakeholders. FINDINGS: The partnership was built on the foundation of experiences and lessons of a previous partnership. Partners used these experiences and lessons to devise strategies to improve partnership inputs, communication, leadership, roles and structures, and maintenance and communication tasks. However, these strategies had an impact on partnership functioning giving rise to issues of inequitable power dynamics. The northern partner had two roles: one as an equal partner and another as distributor of project funds; this caused a conflict in roles for this partner. The partners distinguished themselves according to partner resources - two partners were named implementing partners and two named supportive partners. Roles and partner resources were the greatest contributors to power imbalances and caused delays in project activities. CONCLUSION: Using the BMCF to examine partnership dynamics illuminated that power imbalances caused a hierarchical stance in the partnership with northern partners having overall control and power of decision-making in the partnership. This could impact the effectiveness and sustainability of project in the southern institutions going forward.

Sustainable universities: The LGBTQIAP+ inclusive model.

The construction of a model with strategies target at the LGBTQIAP+ was performed aiming at integration of gender and sexuality conceptions in universities to promote sustainable development. We used a multicriteria analysis to identify indicators and create an evaluation model (decision tool) for sustainable universities. The decision tree includes validation through literature review of 127 publications, secondary data, LGBTQIAP+ pro-inclusion practices of international universities, and the analysis of experts around sustainable development in universities through questionnaires. The result was the development of a validated model of social and sustainable inclusion to be applied by universities in: education, research, and management.

Lessons to Build an Educational Model for Higher Education Institutions Defined as Anchor Institutions to Tackle Public Health Crises: A Pilot Study on COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Faculty and Students in Hebert L. College in the Bronx, NY.

Coronavirus disease 2019 exacerbated health inequities in Bronx Communities. This study explored vaccine hesitancy among a random sample of faculty and students from Hebert Lehman College. Findings suggest faculty are largely vaccinated (87%), while 59% of students are unvaccinated. Significant gaps in information were found related to safety and complications. This suggests universities need to adopt an educational model with a multipronged social support strategy to gain students' trust and a greater sense of belonging.

COVID-19 exacerbó las desigualdades de salud en el Bronx. Herbert Lehman College, es uno de los campos del sistema de la ciudad de New York ubicado en el Bronx, con más del 60% de los estudiantes residiendo en el Bronx. En este estudio, se recolectó una muestra aleatoria de estudiantes y profesores de Lehman para entender la predisposición y resistencia a recibir la vacuna contra el COVID-19. Los resultados sugieren que la mayoría de los profesores reportan están vacunados, mientras que solo el 59% de los estudiantes reportan estar vacunados. Se encontraron lagunas significativas de información relacionadas con seguridad y complicaciones. Este estudio sugiere que las universidades necesitan adoptar un modelo educacional con estrategias de apoyo social múltiple para obtener confianza estudiantil y un mayor sentido de pertenencia.

Adaptação acadêmica em universitários / Academic adaptation in university students / Adaptación académica en estudiantes universitários

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar o impacto das variáveis habilidades sociais, resolução de problemas sociais, automonitoria, autoeficácia e coping na adaptação acadêmica em estudantes de instituições de ensino superior públicas e privadas. Participaram 637 estudantes de ambos os sexos, sendo 36,5% (115) homens de instituições públicas e 22,3% (72) de instituições privadas, com idade variando entre 18 e 38 anos (M=24,7; DP=6,3), de diferentes graduações. Foram utilizados o Inventário de Resolução de Problemas Sociais, o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais, a Escala de Automonitoria, a Escala de Autoeficácia Acadêmica de Estudantes do Ensino Superior, o Inventário de Estratégias de Coping e o Questionário de Vivências Acadêmicas-reduzido. A autoeficácia na gestão acadêmica (40,9%) e a autoafirmação na expressão de afeto positivo (13,7%) apresentaram maior impacto para os estudantes de instituições públicas e privadas, podendo contribuir com possíveis intervenções no processo de adaptação ao ensino superior. Pesquisas prospectivas podem investigar questões relacionadas a dados sociodemográficos.(AU)

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the variables Social Skills, Resolution of Social Problems, Self-monitoring, Self-efficacy and Coping on Academic Adaptation in students from public and private higher education institutions. 637 students of both sexes participated, being 36.5% (115) men from public institutions and 22.3% (72) from private institutions, aged between 18 to 38 years (M = 24.7; SD = 6.3), of different grades. The Social Problem Solving Inventory, the Social Skills Inventory, the Self-Monitring Scale, the Higher Education Students' Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, the Coping Strategies Inventory and the Academic Experiences-Reduced Questionnaire were used. Self-efficacy in Academic Management (40.9%) and Self-affirmation in the Expression of Positive Affection (13.7%) had a greater impact on students from public and private institutions, which may contribute to possible interventions in the process of adapting to Higher Education. Prospective research can investigate issues related to sociodemographic data.(AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar el impacto de las variables Habilidades sociales, Resolución de problemas sociales, Autocontrol, Autoeficacia y Afrontamiento en la adaptación académica en estudiantes de instituciones de educación superior públicas y privadas. Participaron 637 estudiantes de ambos sexos, siendo 36,5% (115) hombres de instituciones públicas y 22,3% (72) de instituciones privadas, con edades entre 18 y 38 años (M = 24,7; SD = 6,3), de diferentes grados. Se utilizaron el Inventario de Resolución de Problemas Sociales, el Inventario de Habilidades Sociales, la Escala de Autocontrol, la Escala de Autoeficacia Académica de los Estudiantes de Educación Superior, el Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento y el Cuestionario de Experiencias Académicas Reducidas. La Autoeficacia en la Gestión Académica (40,9%) y la Autoafirmación en la Expresión de Afecto Positivo (13,7%) tuvieron un mayor impacto en los estudiantes de instituciones públicas y privadas, lo que puede contribuir a posibles intervenciones en el proceso de adaptación a la Educación Superior. La investigación prospectiva puede investigar cuestiones relacionadas con los datos sociodemográficos.(AU)

Análise da estrutura disponibilizada ao ensino de avaliação psicológica / Analysis of the structure provided for teaching psychological assessment / Análisis de la estructura proporcionada para la enseñanza de la evaluación psicológica

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as condições estruturais disponibilizadas para o ensino das disciplinas de Avaliação Psicológica nos cursos de Psicologia das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) do Ceará. Obteve-se autorização de oito instituições para realizar a pesquisa e, tendo como base um roteiro de observação, foram analisados aspectos de material e equipamento, infraestrutura e Serviço de Psicologia. Os principais resultados indicaram que as instituições possuíam uma variedade mínima de 20 testes psicológicos, os alunos assinavam um termo para alugar os testes e as IES desenvolviam atividades para a comunidade. Entretanto, também foi observado a inexistência da testagem informatizada, poucas instituições contavam com testotecas e os funcionários responsáveis pelo serviço e material da avaliação psicológica, em sua maioria, não eram formados em Psicologia. Pode-se concluir que o panorama das instituições cearenses observadas é promissor, mas deve-se continuar em busca de melhorias

The aim of the present study was to analyze the structural conditions made available for the teaching of Psychological Assessment disciplines in the Psychology courses of Higher Education Institutions in Ceará. Authorization was obtained from eight institutions to carry out the research and, based on an observation script, were analyzed aspects of material and equipment, infrastructure and Psychology Service. The main results indicated that the institutions had a minimum range of 20 psychological tests, students signed a term to rent the tests and the institutions developed activities for the community. However, it was also observed that there was no computerized testing, few institutions had "testotecas" and the employees responsible for the service and psychological assessment material were mostly not graduate in Psychology. It can be concluded that the scenario of the institutions in Ceará observed is promising, but one must continue to seek improvements

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las condiciones estructurales disponibles para la enseñanza de asignaturas de Evaluación Psicológica en los cursos de Psicología de las Instituciones de Educación Superior en Ceará. Se obtuvo autorización de ocho instituciones para llevar a cabo la investigación y, en base a un guion de observación, se analizaron aspectos de material y equipo, infraestructura y Servicio de Psicologia. Los principales resultados indicaron que las instituciones tenían un rango mínimo de 20 tests psicológicos, los estudiantes firmaron un plazo para alquilar el tests y las IES desarrollaron actividades para la comunidad. Sin embargo, también se observó que no había tests computarizados, pocas instituciones tenían "testotecas" y los empleados responsables del servicio y el material de evaluación psicológica en su mayoría no estaban graduado en psicología. Se puede concluir que el escenario de las instituciones observadas en Ceará es prometedor, pero hay que seguir buscando mejoras

Validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade de instrumento de avaliação do ambiente alimentar universitário / Content validity and reliability of a university food environment assessment instrument

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a validade de conteúdo e a confiabilidade de um instrumento de auditoria para avaliação do ambiente alimentar universitário. Foi desenvolvido checklist para a avaliação de estabelecimentos que comercializavam alimentos e bebidas neste ambiente. A validação de conteúdo abarcou o desenvolvimento do instrumento, a análise por especialistas e a realização do pré-teste. A confiabilidade foi avaliada em uma amostra de conveniência (n=64) de estabelecimentos distribuídos em sete campi de três universidades públicas e foi realizada pelos testes interobservador (TIO) e teste-reteste (TR). Variáveis categóricas e de contagem foram analisadas pelo cálculo da concordância percentual (CP) e dos índices kappa (k) e kappa ajustado pela prevalência e pelo viés (ka) e variáveis contínuas, pelo Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (CCI). O checklist foi composto por 204 itens distribuídos em sete domínios. O desempenho do instrumento foi considerado excelente ou muito bom para 91,3% (CP) dos itens quando avaliados. No TIO 68,3% (k) e 96,5% (ka) tiveram concordância excelente, muito boa ou boa, enquanto no TR 65% tiveram concordância excelente para o k e 96,5% para o ka. O instrumento apresentou validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade satisfatórias.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the content validity and reliability of an instrument for evaluating the university food environment. A checklist was developed to assess establishments that sell food and beverages in the university environment. The content validation encompassed the development of the instrument, expert evaluation and pretest performance. Reliability was evaluated using a convenience sample (n=64) of establishments distributed across seven campuses of three public universities and was carried out using interobserver (IO) and test-retest (TR) evaluations. Categorical and count variables were analyzed by calculating the percentage agreement (PA), kappa coefficient (k) and prevalence-adjusted, bias-adjusted kappa (ka), and continuous variables were analyzed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The checklist consisted of 204 items distributed in seven domains. The instrument's performance was considered excellent or very good for 91.3% (PA) of the items when evaluated. For IO, 68.3% (k) and 96.5% (ka) had excellent, very good or good agreement, while for TR, 65% (k) and 96.5% (ka) had excellent agreement. The instrument showed satisfactory content validity and reliability for characterizing the food environment at Brazilian universities.

Qualitative impact assessment of COVID-19 on the pedagogical, technological and social experiences of higher education students in Taiwan.

COVID-19 has imposed a rippling effect on educational institutions globally, substantially impacting nearly 1.6 billion learners in more than 190 countries. Recognizing Taiwan as an atypicality during this crisis for suffering from a relatively moderate mortality/morbidity compared with the rest of the world, the present paper qualitatively explores the pedagogical, technological and social impact of COVID-19 on higher education students in Taiwan. Employing the focus group discussion methodology, we recruited a cohort of 23 students, comprising of 15 local and 8 international students. Findings show diverse pedagogical experiences in students' instructional modalities. Trending by either discipline of study, students from Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics disciplines expressed a greater preference for face-to-face instruction compared to their humanities counterparts. Distance learners reported a decrease in study efficacy and a lack of sense of belongingness to their university. All students demonstrated a high sense of perceived safety and reported minimal changes in their socializing norms during the pandemic. In terms of career planning, local students expressed minimal concerns about potential changes in their careers, versus international students who expressed high degrees of uncertainty, fear and pessimism in the same regard.

Financeirização e oligopolização das instituições privadas de ensino no Brasil: o caso das escolas médicas / Financialization and oligopolization of private teaching institutions in Brazil: the case of medical schools / Financiarización y oligopolización de las instituciones privadas de enseñanza en Brasil: el caso de las escuelas médicas

O contexto do artigo é a tendência global de aumento da participação do setor privado na formação de profissionais de saúde fortemente influenciada por políticas públicas. No Brasil, os cursos médicos privados se desenvolveram e expandiram com financiamentos governamentais e, recentemente, com o apoio do Programa Mais Médicos. O objetivo foi descrever e analisar os movimentos de reconfiguração empresarial do setor educacional com tendências de oligopolização e financeirização relacionadas à expansão recente do Ensino Médico no Brasil. Realizou-se abordagem qualiquantitativa, exploratória e descritiva associada a várias estratégias metodológicas, a fim de superar as limitações de acesso às informações, com coleta de dados em bases secundárias de acesso público. O setor privado é responsável pela oferta de 60% dos cursos e de 69% das vagas de medicina, das quais cerca de 31% são ofertadas por dez grupos educacionais. Nos grupos estudados destacam-se: dinamicidade do mercado educacional; mecanismos de financeirização e concentração; formação de oligopólio na oferta de Ensino Superior, em particular da formação médica. Tendência de concentração da oferta em instituições de Ensino Superior privadas desde os anos 2000. Similaridade dos maiores grupos nas estratégias de gestão, ampliação da participação no mercado, conformação do quadro de sócios, diversificação dos negócios e captação de investidores e capital financeiro. Programas governamentais, como o Programa Mais Médicos, contribuíram para a expansão e tendência de concentração do setor educacional privado com repasses de recursos públicos ou antecipação dos recursos. Tendência à oligopolização e à financeirização.

There is a global trend towards the private sector's growing participation in training healthcare professionals, influenced by public policies. In Brazil, private medical schools have developed and expanded with government financing, more recently with support from the More Doctors Program. The study aimed to describe and analyze movements in the corporate reconfiguration of the educational sector, with trends towards oligopolization and financialization related to the recent expansion of medical education in Brazil. An exploratory qualitative and quantitative approach was used, associated with various methodological strategies, to overcome the limitations in access to information, with data collection from open-access secondary databases. The private sector now accounts for 60% of the course supply and 69% of enrollment in medicine, 31% of which is supplied by ten educational groups. The groups studied here highlight the dynamic educational market, mechanisms of financialization and concentration, and formation of an oligopoly in the supply of higher education, particularly in medical training. There has been a trend towards concentration of the supply of institutions of higher learning since 2000. The largest groups employ similar management strategies, expansion of their market share, shareholder format, business diversification, and uptake of investors and financial capital. Government programs like the More Doctors Program helped expand and concentrate the private educational sector with government transfers or advance financing. The trend has been towards oligopolization and financialization.

Tendencia global de aumento de la participación del sector privado en la formación de profesionales de salud, fuertemente influenciada por políticas públicas. En Brasil, los cursos médicos privados se desarrollaron y expandieron con la financiación gubernamental y, recientemente, con el apoyo del Programa Más Médicos. El objetivo fue describir y analizar los movimientos de reconfiguración empresarial del sector educacional con tendencias de oligopolización y financiarización, relacionados con la expansión reciente de la enseñanza médica en Brasil. Abordaje cualicuantitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, asociado a varias estrategias metodológicas, con el fin de superar las limitaciones de acceso a la información, con recogida de datos en bases secundarias de acceso público. El sector privado es responsable de la oferta de un 60% de los cursos y de un 69% de las plazas de medicina, de las cuales cerca de un 31% se ofertan por parte de diez grupos educacionales. En los grupos estudiados se destacan: dinamicidad del mercado educacional; mecanismos de financiarización y concentración; formación de oligopolio en la oferta de enseñanza superior, en particular de la formación médica. Tendencia de concentración de la oferta en instituciones de educación superior privados desde el año 2000. Similitud de los mayores grupos en las estrategias de gestión, ampliación de la participación en el mercado, conformación del esquema de socios, diversificación de los negocios, así como la captación de inversores y capital financiero. Programas gubernamentales, como el Programa Más Médicos, contribuyeron a la expansión y tendencia de concentración del sector educacional privado con la transferencia de recursos públicos o anticipación de los mismos. Tendencia a la oligopolización y la financiarización.

Quotas and Gender Competence: Independent or Complementary Approaches to Gender Equality?

Austrian gender equality policy in higher education is characterized by the successful implementation of a comprehensive set of gender equality policies and persistent gender imbalances. After the introduction of a legal quota for university bodies, for instance, female representation in decision-making bodies increased significantly within a short period of time. However, this did not lead to a cultural change or the abolishment of barriers to women's careers. Research has attributed this paradoxical situation to a lack of reflexivity because the current gender equality policies do not force institutions or individuals to challenge traditional practices, which are perceived to be merit-based and therefore gender neutral. To overcome this paradox, the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science, and Research launched a policy process aimed at strengthening gender competence in all higher education processes-management, administration, teaching, and research. This paper provides a critical discussion of the Austrian quota regulation and its implementation. It also introduces the concept of gender competence and outlines the underlying assumptions as to why the new policy is expected to contribute to change. Following a critical reflection on these assumptions, the paper also discusses how existing steering instruments have to be adapted to support individual and institutional reflexivity.

Academic entrepreneurial engagement for frugal innovation in higher education institutions: a systematic literature review.

Higher education institutions (HEI) are faced with increasing challenges related to shrinking resources, high operation costs, the COVID-19 pandemic, decreasing student enrolment rates, and pressure to contribute to regional development and economic growth. To overcome such challenges, academics must move beyond their traditional functions of research and teaching and engage in entrepreneurial activities. Through engagement in entrepreneurial activities, academics can contribute to frugal innovation (FI) in private HEI (PHEI). The literature in this context emphasizes that academic entrepreneurial engagement (AEE) will lead to innovation, the identification of opportunities for new business ventures, financial rewards for institutions and academics, an impact on the economy, and the enhancement of social welfare. This study presents a systematic review of the literature and adopts the Transfield five-phase strategy to review the literature on AEE from the past two decades (2000-2020). A total of 1,067 papers on FI are obtained, only five of which focus on AEE. Moreover, papers related to AEE for FI are few. The study presents the research gaps, challenges, and potential factors for further research in this context. We conclude that FI for AEE in PHEI can be a game-changer for future sustainability. Moreover, we believe that the outcome of this review warrants further research.

Vacinação contra influenza no enfrentamento da COVID-19: integração ensino-serviço para formação em enfermagem e saúde / Vaccination against influenza in the face of COVID-19: teaching-service integration for training in nursing and health / Vacunación contra influenza en el enfrentamiento de la COVID-19: integración enseñanza-servicio para formación en enfermería y salud

Objetivo: descrever a experiência de integração ensino-serviço durante a primeira etapa da 22ª Campanha Nacional de Vacinação contra a Influenza na emergência da COVID-19. Método: relato de experiência sobre a parceria de um curso de enfermagem de uma das instituições de ensino superior de Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil, com serviços da Atenção Primária à Saúde na referida campanha, no período de março a abril de 2020. Resultados: essa parceria mobilizou diversos voluntários para implementar 35 postos volantes de vacinação, incluindo um drive-thru. Nessa primeira etapa, foram aplicadas 91.697 doses do imunobiológico em idosos, de um total de 98.189, que correspondeu a 83,3%, valor muito próximo da cobertura vacinal de 90% esperada para esse grupo populacional. Com a parceria, o número total de doses aplicadas em idosos ao final da 22a campanha, na cidade, superou em 42,6% a média dos últimos cinco anos. Conclusão e implicações para a prática: atribui-se esse percentual ao trabalho coletivo e multiprofissional e ao compromisso social das instituições envolvidas com a proteção da saúde, a preservação da vida e o fortalecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Objective: to describe the experience of teaching-service integration during the first stage of the 22nd Brazilian National Influenza Vaccination Campaign in the emergence of COVID-19. Method: this is an experience report on the partnership of a nursing course from one of the higher education institutions in Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil, with Primary Health Care services in that campaign, from March to April 2020. Results: this partnership mobilized several volunteers to implement 35 vaccination stations, including a drive-thru. In this first stage, 91,697 doses of the immunobiological agent were applied to older adults, from a total of 98,189, which corresponded to 83.3%, a value very close to the 90% vaccination coverage expected for this population group. With the partnership, the total number of doses applied to older adults at the end of the 22nd campaign in the city exceeded the average of the last five years by 42.6%. Conclusion and implications for practice: this percentage is attributed to the collective and multiprofessional work and the social commitment of the institutions involved with protection of health, preservation of life and strengthening of the Unified Health System.

Objetivo: describir la experiencia de integración enseñanza-servicio durante la primera etapa de la 22ª Campaña Nacional de Vacunación contra el Influenza en la emergencia de la covid-19. Método: un relato de experiencia de la asociación de un curso de enfermería de una institución de enseñanza superior de Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil con servicios de la atención primaria a la salud en la referida campaña, en el período de marzo a abril de 2020. Resultados: esta asociación movilizó a varios voluntarios para implementar 35 estaciones de vacunación, incluyendo un drive-thru. En esa primera etapa, fueron aplicadas 91.697 dosis del inmunobiológico en ancianos, de un total de 98.189, que correspondió a 83,3%, valor muy próximo de la cobertura vacunal de 90% esperada para ese grupo poblacional. Con la asociación, el número total de dosis aplicadas en ancianos al final de la 22a campaña en la ciudad superó en 42,6% el promedio de los últimos cinco años. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: este porcentaje se atribuye al trabajo colectivo e interprofesional y al compromiso social de las instituciones involucradas con la protección de la salud, la preservación de la vida y el fortalecimiento del Sistema Único de Salud.

[Mapping the implementation characteristics of new Medicine programs in Brazilian federal universitiesMapeo de las características de implementación de los nuevos programas de medicina en universidades federales brasileñas]. / Mapeamento das características da implantação de novos cursos de Medicina em universidades federais brasileiras.

OBJECTIVE: To map the implementation characteristics of Medicine programs established in Brazilian federal universities from 2013 onwards. METHODS: A qualitative and quantitative exploratory study was performed. Newly created Medicine programs were identified in federal universities, with analysis of pedagogical frameworks and interviews with students, faculty, and health care professionals from associated health care services. Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods. RESULTS: Thirty new Medicine programs were identified, of which 24 were visited. All the new programs were located outside large urban centers and capitals, across the five Brazilian macro-regions, and adopted various formative configurations in an attempt to overcome fragmentation of content with active methodologies and formative evaluations. The healthcare network is used for training as a means to meet the challenge of academic-health service-community integration, with the aim of providing critical education focused on public health. The establishment of the Medicine programs facilitated to a limited extent the retention of faculty in remote areas and promoted the access of local students and the creation of residency programs, which are powerful strategies to enhance the retention of medical professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Variations were observed among the programs in the manner of implementation and adherence to the National Curriculum Guidelines for Medicine, published in 2014. The construction of medical training models that appropriately address local specificities and the requirements of the Unified Health System in its formative role for health care may contribute to reduce health inequalities.

OBJETIVO: Mapear las características de implementación de los programas de Medicina establecidos en las universidades federales brasileñas a partir de 2013. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio cualitativo y cuantitativo. Se identificaron los programas de medicina recién creados en las universidades federales, se anlizaron los marcos pedagógicos y se entrevistaron estudiantes, profesores y profesionales de la salud de los servicios de salud asociados. Los datos fueron analizados usando métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 30 nuevos programas de medicina, de los cuales se visitaron 24. Todos los nuevos programas se ubicaron fuera de los grandes centros urbanos y capitales en las cinco macrorregiones brasileñas y adoptaron diversas configuraciones formativas en un intento de superar la fragmentación de contenido con metodologías activas y evaluaciones formativas. La red de salud se empleó para la formación como un medio para facilitar la integración entre los ámbitos académico, de servicios de salud y la comunidad, con el objetivo de proporcionar una educación crítica centrada en la salud pública. El establecimiento de los programas de medicina facilitó en cierta medida la retención del profesorado en zonas remotas y promovió el acceso de los estudiantes locales y la creación de programas de residencia, que son estrategias importantes para mejorar la retención de los profesionales médicos. CONCLUSIONES: Se observaron variaciones entre los programas en cuanto a la manera de aplicar y cumplir las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales de Medicina, publicadas en 2014. La construcción de modelos de formación médica que aborden adecuadamente las especificidades locales y los requisitos del Sistema Único de Salud en su función formativa para la atención de la salud puede contribuir a reducir las desigualdades en materia de salud.

Retos a la gestión de la calidad en las instituciones de educación superior en Ecuador / Challenges in quality management in higher education of Ecuador

Introducción: En la actualidad, la calidad en las instituciones de educación superior constituye un reto a nivel mundial y, específicamente, en Ecuador. En este sentido, existen dos formas de lograr la calidad deseada, que se complementan entre sí: por una parte, su aseguramiento externo, basado en los modelos de evaluación y acreditación, y por otra, su gestión al interior de las instituciones educativas. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre los retos de la gestión de la calidad en las instituciones de educación superior en Ecuador, en estrecha relación con el modelo de acreditación vigente. Desarrollo: La gestión interna de la calidad educativa es fundamental para el logro de estándares superiores, acordes con las necesidades de los estudiantes y la sociedad, a partir de la excelencia y pertinencia curriculares, que resultan coherentes con el modelo educativo y los ámbitos académicos de cada una de las instituciones de educación superior. Los retos para la gestión de la calidad están vinculados con las tres funciones sustantivas de la universidad ecuatoriana: docencia, investigación y vinculación con la sociedad; así como con las condiciones institucionales, que posibilitan su ejecución. Conclusiones: El progreso continuo del desempeño de las instituciones educativas se logra a partir de la ejecución de proyectos de mejora concretos, el trabajo en equipos, el liderazgo, el compromiso y la participación de todos(AU)

Introduction: Nowadays, quality in higher education institutions is a worldwide challenge, specifically in Ecuador. In this respect, there are two ways to achieve the desired quality, which complement each other: on the one hand, external quality assurance, based on evaluation and accreditation models; on the other hand, internal quality management in educational institutions. Objective: To reflect about the challenges of quality management in higher education institutions in Ecuador, in close relation to the current accreditation model, which establishes the quality requirements in higher education in the country. Development: The internal management of educational quality is paramount for the achievement of higher standards, in accordance with the needs of students and the society, based on curricular excellence and relevance, which are consistent with the educational model, and the academic fields of all higher education institutions. The challenges in quality management are associated with to the three substantive functions of the Ecuadorian university: teaching, research, and relationship with society, as well as with the institutional conditions, which enable its execution. Conclusions: Continuous improvement in the performance of educational institutions is achieved through the execution of concrete improvement projects, teamwork, leadership, commitment, the involvement of every person(AU)

Abordagens teórico-práticas e metodológicas na formação em enfermagem para a saúde mental / Abordajes teórico-prácticos y metodológicos enl aformación de enfermería para la salud mental / Theoretical-practical and methodological approaches in Nursing education for mental health care

Objetivo: identificar as atividades curriculares teórico-práticas e metodológicas na formação do enfermeiro relacionadas à educação em saúde mental. Método: estudo documental, descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa. Foi desenvolvido em dois Cursos de Graduação em Enfermagem de um município do interior do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sendo um deles de caráter público e outro, privado. Foram analisados os planos de ensino de disciplinas, segundo análise documental. Os dados foram coletados no segundo semestre de 2018. Resultados: as atividades curriculares teórico-práticas e metodológicas relacionadas à educação em saúde mental estão inseridas de modo articulado a outros saberes, mostrando que a dimensão teórica vem acompanhando as transformações nesse campo de saberes e práticas. Conclusão: as disciplinas contemplam abordagens coerentes com as situações sociais, econômicas e culturais, porém observam-se poucas informações sobre a dimensão metodológica, relacionada aos cenários de práticas para a educação em saúde mental.

Objective: to identify theoretical-practical and methodological curricular activities in the training of nurses related to mental health education. Method: it is a documentary, descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative approach. It was developed in two Undergraduate Nursing Courses in a city in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, one of which is public and the other, private. Some discipline teaching plans were analyzed, according to documentary analysis. The data were collected in the second semester of 2018. Results: the theoretical-practical and methodological curricular activities related to mental health education are inserted in an articulated way with other knowledge fields. This injunction shows that the theoretical dimension has been accompanying the transformations in this field of knowledge and practice. Conclusion: the disciplines include approaches that are coherent with social, economic and cultural situations, but there is little information about the methodological dimension related to the scenarios of practice for mental health education.

Objetivo: identificar las actividades curriculares teórico-prácticas y metodológicas en la formación del enfermero relacionadas con la educación en salud mental. Método: estudio documental, descriptivo y exploratorio, de enfoque cualitativo. Fue desarrollado en dos Cursos de Graduación en Enfermería de un municipio del interior del Estado del Rio Grande do Sul, siendo uno de ellos de carácter público y otro, privado. Se analizaron los planes de enseñanza de disciplinas, segundo análisis documental. Los datos fueron recogidos en el segundo semestre de 2018. Resultados: las actividades curriculares teórico-prácticas y metodológicas relacionadas al a educación en salud mental están insertadas de modo articulado a otros saberes, mostrando que la dimensión teórica viene acompañando las transformaciones en ese campo de saberes y prácticas. Conclusión: las disciplinas contemplan enfoques coherentes con las situaciones sociales, económicas y culturales, pero se observan pocas informaciones sobre la dimensión metodológica, relacionada con los escenarios de prácticas para la educación en salud mental.

Integração ensino-serviço: experiência potencializada pelo Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde - Eixo Educação Permanente / Teaching-service integration: experiences of the Health Work Education Program designed around the core theme Continuing Education / Integración enseñanza-servicio: experiencia potenciada por el Programa de Educación por medio del Trabajo para la Salud - Eje Educación Permanente

O objetivo deste estudo é relatar as experiências do Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde) em uma maternidade pública de João Pessoa, Paraíba (PB), Brasil, pontuando as ações desenvolvidas na integração ensino-serviço. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, acerca da vivência do grupo PET-Saúde no desenvolvimento de oficinas problematizadoras com os trabalhadores, voltadas à temática da educação permanente. Temas como humanização do cuidado, integração ensino-serviço e necessidade de espaços formativos para os profissionais foram discutidos. Como desdobramento, o PET sugeriu a pactuação de uma nova dinâmica para funcionamento do Centro de Estudos da instituição e criação de um informativo para potencializar a comunicação institucional. Nota-se que a inserção do PET-Saúde no serviço possibilitou a construção de novos processos formativos, orientados na perspectiva da educação permanente.(AU)

This article documents the experiences of the Health Work Education Program ( PET-Saúde ) in a public maternity facility in João Pessoa, Brazil, highlighting teaching-service integration actions. A descriptive study was conducted to investigate the experiences of the PET-Saúde group during the development of staff workshops designed to problematize continuing education. Themes like the humanization of care, teaching-service integration, and the need for formative spaces for professionals were discussed. As a result of this process, the PET suggested the agreement of a new dynamic for the day-to-day functioning of the facility's study center and creation of a bulletin to increase the effectiveness of institutional communication. The PET-Saúde enabled the facility to build new formative processes shaped by a continuing education perspective.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es relatar las experiencias del Programa de Educación por el Trabajo para la Salud (PET-Salud) en una maternidad pública de la ciudad de João Pessoa, Estado de Paraíba/PB, Brasil, puntuando las acciones desarrolladas en la integración enseñanza-servicio. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, del tipo de relato de experiencia, sobre la vivencia del grupo PET-Salud en el desarrollo de talleres de problematización con los trabajadores, enfocados en la temática de la educación permanente. Se discutieron temas como humanización del cuidado, integración enseñanza-servicio y necesidad de espacios formativos para los profesionales. Como desdoblamiento, el PET sugirió el pacto de una nueva dinámica para funcionamiento del Centro de Estudios de la institución y creación de un informativo para potenciar la comunicación institucional. Se observa que la inserción del PET-Salud en el servicio posibilitó la construcción de nuevos procesos formativos, orientados hacia la perspectiva de la educación permanente.(AU)

Guía metodológica para la autoevaluación de la calidad institucional en una Facultad de Enfermería / Methodological Guidelines for Institutional Quality Self-Assessment in a Nursing School

Introducción: Las instituciones de educación superior que forman recursos humanos para la salud, se esfuerzan por perfeccionar los perfiles de egreso en armonía con las necesidades de la población. Mientras, se incrementan los cuestionamientos a la calidad académica, como producto de las relaciones de poder entre el mercado y el estado. La Facultad de Enfermería es el único centro estatal responsable de la formación de grado y posgrado. Disponer de una tecnología para la autoevaluación de la calidad institucional, podría impactar en la mejora de las funciones universitarias y en la misión social. Objetivos: Diseñar una guía metodológica para implementar el proceso de autoevaluación de la calidad institucional y validar la misma, para desarrollar un proceso sistemático y confiable. Métodos: Consistió en un proyecto de desarrollo tecnológico. El diseño preliminar fue ajustado en función de la consulta a expertos y las mediciones de los coeficientes de Alfa de Cronbach y correlación de Pearson. Se implementó una prueba de autoevaluación mediante la técnica de informantes clave. Resultados: La opinión de los expertos fue favorable para la totalidad de los contenidos. Las pruebas estadísticas demostraron un alto índice de consistencia interna y confiabilidad. El diseño obtenido, integró las pautas universitarias establecidas y las particularidades del servicio. Las recomendaciones se orientaron a mejorar la información disponible y formalizar una metodología participativa. Conclusiones: El diseño de la guía fue validado y permitió un autoconocimiento de la calidad institucional con mayor rigurosidad científica. Se identificaron limitaciones en la fase de intercambio entre los evaluadores(AU)

Introduction: Higher education institutions that train human resources in health strive to improve graduation profiles in harmony with the population needs. Meanwhile, the questioning increases for academic quality, as a product of power relations between the market and the state. The School of Nursing is the only state-run center responsible for undergraduate and postgraduate training. Having a technology for the self-evaluation of institutional quality could have an impact on the improvement of the functions and social mission of the university. Objectives: To design methodological guidelines for implementing the process of self-assessment of institutional quality and to validate it, in order to develop a systematic and reliable process. Methods: This consisted in a technological development project. The preliminary design was adjusted based on expert consultation and measurements of the Cronbach's Alpha coefficients and Pearson's correlation. A self-assessment test was implemented using the key informant technique. Results: The opinion of the experts was favorable for all the contents. The statistical tests showed a high index of internal consistency and reliability. The design obtained integrated the established university guidelines and the service particularities. The recommendations were aimed at improving the available information and at formalizing a participatory methodology. Conclusions: The design of the guidelines was validated and allowed a self-knowledge about institutional quality with greater scientific rigor. Limitations were identified in the exchange phase between the evaluators(AU)

Environmental impact assessment in higher education institutions in East Africa: the case of Rwanda.

Due to the pressure on limited resources produced by a growing population and due to a decade of war, Rwanda is facing a major problem in environmental protection. Because of such problems, it seems only reasonable that environment-related courses should play an important role in the curricula of institutions of higher learning. The main aim of this research is to present a comprehensive picture of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) integration in graduate and undergraduate programs in Rwandese higher education institutions and to make recommendations for its improvement. During this study, two surveys were conducted: the first survey targeted Environmental Impact Assessment lecturers and the second survey was for Environmental Impact Assessment practitioners (including EIA certified experts and competent authorities). The study found that Environmental Impact Assessment is not well established in these institutions and it is not taught in some programs; civil engineering, for example, has no Environmental Impact Assessment courses. Recommendations to improve EIA education are proposed, such as requiring that a common core course in Environmental Impact Assessment be made available in Rwandese higher learning institutions.

Innovation, development, and financing of institutions of Higher Education in health / Innovación, desarrollo y financiación de las instituciones de Enseñanza Superior en salud / Inovação, desenvolvimento e financiamento das instituições de Ensino Superior em saúde

Abstract: The article analyzes the configuration and trends in institutions of Higher Education and their relationship as components of the Health Economic-Industrial Complex (HEIC). The expansion of higher education is part of the transition from elite to mass systems, with tensions between quantitative and qualitative aspects. Such changes reflect different cultures and are related to international phenomena such as globalization, economic transformations, the development of new information and communication technologies, and the emergence of an international knowledge network. The scale and content of these changes vary according to the expansion and institutional reconfiguration of educational systems, as well as the link between state and society. Market expansion for private higher education stirs competition, shapes business clusters, modifies training processes, and raises new public policy challenges.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la configuración y las tendencias de las instituciones de Enseñanza Superior de salud, en su relación como componentes del Complejo Económico Industrial de la Salud (CEIS). La expansión de la enseñanza superior es parte de la transición de sistemas de élite hacia sistemas de masa, con tensiones entre aspectos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Estos cambios reflejan diferentes culturas y se relacionan con fenómenos de alcance mundial como: la globalización, transformaciones económicas, desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías de comunicación e información, y emergencia de una red internacional de conocimiento. La escala y el contenido de esos cambios varían con la ampliación de los sistemas de enseñanza y en la reconfiguración institucional, así como en la articulación entre Estado y sociedad. La ampliación del mercado privado en la enseñanza estimula la competitividad, conformando conglomerados empresariales, alterando procesos de formación y forjando nuevos desafíos para las políticas públicas.

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a configuração e as tendências das instituições de Ensino Superior de saúde no seu relacionamento enquanto componentes do Complexo Econômico Industrial da Saúde (CEIS). A expansão do Ensino Superior é parte da transição de sistemas de elite para sistemas de massa, com tensionamentos entre aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos. Essas mudanças refletem diferentes culturas e se relacionam com fenômenos de escopo mundial como globalização, transformações econômicas, desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias de comunicação e informação, e emergência de uma rede internacional de conhecimento. A escala e o conteúdo dessas mudanças variam com a ampliação dos sistemas de ensino e na reconfiguração institucional, bem como na articulação entre Estado e sociedade. A ampliação do mercado privado no ensino acirra a competitividade, conformando conglomerados empresariais, alterando processos de formação e forjando novos desafios para as políticas públicas.

A propósito de la educación médica: propuesta para estandarización de un sistema de créditos para programas de especializaciones médicas / The Purpose of Medical Education: Proposal to Standardize a System of Credits for Medical Specializations Programs

Este artículo busca conceptualizar el sistema de créditos académicos y proponer una sistematización de su abordaje en los programas de especializaciones médicas. El sistema de créditos es una forma de reconocer y estandarizar el tiempo total que un estudiante debe dedicar a su formación. De esta forma, un crédito equivale a un determinado número de horas de actividades formativas presenciales e independientes. Un programa educativo se expresaría en la cantidad de créditos necesaria para realizar todo el proceso formativo, para lograr las competencias esperadas. Se realiza entonces una revisión del concepto de competencia en el campo educativo. Se identifica la introducción del término y su relación con la necesidad de medir desempeños en los futuros profesionales según las necesidades del mercado laboral. Después de una discusión crítica sobre las competencias, se definen los diferentes tipos de competencias del campo educativo. Posteriormente, se presenta el marco normativo colombiano sobre las competencias; en especial, el Decreto 1295 de 2010, que define un crédito académico como 48 horas en un periodo académico, de las cuales 16 horas son presenciales y 32 horas son de estudio independiente. Posteriormente, se realiza un recorrido por los principales hitos de la historia de la educación médica. Se revisa la estructura de créditos y horas presenciales e independientes de los posgrados de psiquiatría del país, mostrando la heterogeneidad en su abordaje. Se presenta la propuesta, definiendo los tipos de actividades presenciales y la forma de cálculo de las horas de estudio independiente según el tipo de actividad presencial.

This article analyzes the concept of an academic credit system and proposes a way to systematize medical specialization programs. The credit system is a way to recognize and standardize the total time that a student must devote to their training. Thus, a credit equalto a certain number of hours of classroom training and independent activities is proposed. An educational program is expressed in the number of credits needed for the whole training process to achieve the competencies expected. A review of the concept of competition in education is also performed. The introduction of the term and its relation to the need to measure performance in future professionals according to labor market needs is identified. A critical discussion about skills defining the different types of skills in the educational feld is later discussed. Subsequently, the Colombian regulatory framework is presented concerning the powers, in particular, Decree 1295 of 2010, which defines one academic credit equal to 48 hours in a semester, of which 16 hours are classroom and 32 hours are independent study. A tor of the major milestones in the history of medical education is later made. The structure of credits and contact hours, independent of postgraduate psychiatry in the country is reviewed showing the heterogeneity in their approach. The proposal is presented, defining the types of classroom activities and how to calculate the hours of independent study by type of classroom activity.

Evaluación integral de residentes de psiquiatría: un complemento del proceso de admisión al programa / Comprehensive Assessment of Psychiatric Residents: An Addition to the Program Admission Process

La formación de especialistas médicos es un proceso largo y complejo, cuyo objetivo primordial es garantizarle a la sociedad que sean profesionales idóneos para atender las necesidades de salud de la población. El primer paso para garantizar este objetivo es el proceso de admisión. En psiquiatría, como en otras especialidades, este proceso, el seguimiento a los residentes y los criterios utilizados para cada uno, son diferentes en cada país. En Colombia la admisión es un proceso heterogéneo, no estandarizado, que varía de manera significativa de una universidad a otra, incluso entre las mismas instituciones pertenecientes al sector público y entre aquellas de carácter privado. En la Universidad Nacional de Colombia el proceso de admisión está centralizado en la Oficina de Admisiones e incluye un examen escrito, en el que se debe obtener la puntuación estipulada como punto de corte o más, la calificación de la hoja de vida y una entrevista. El Comité Docente del Departamento de Psiquiatría consideraba que el procedimiento de admisión en general era bueno, pero, al igual que todo proceso de selección, imperfecto. Con base en esta consideración, la experiencia de algunos docentes y apoyados en la normatividad vigente que exigía una "evaluación integral" para los estudiantes de maestría y doctorado, se decidió, a partir de 1996, establecer esta modalidad de evaluación para los admitidos a la especialización en Psiquiatría, con el objeto de servir como complemento al proceso de admisión. El artículo describe la experiencia del proceso y sus resultados, fortalezas y debilidades.

The training of medical specialists is a long and complex process. Its purpose is to guarantee the society that they are the right professionals to meet the health needs of the population. The first step to ensure this objective is the admission process. In psychiatry this process, monitoring resident students and the criteria for each one are different in each country. Admission in Colombia is a heterogeneous process, not standardized, which varies greatly from one university to another, even between private and public universities. At the National University of Colombia, the admissions process is hand-led by the Admissions Office and includes: a written test for which you must obtain a minimum score, a resume rating and an interview. The Teaching Committee and the Department of Psychiatry considered the admission procedure in general to be good, but in need of refinement. Due to the experience of some teachers and given the current rules, a "comprehensive assessment" for master and doctoral students was required and in 1996 it was decided that this method of assessment for admission to a specialization in Psychiatry would serve to complement the admission process. The article describes the experience of the process and its outcomes, strengths and weaknesses.