The Morality of Kidney Sales: When Caring for the Seller's Dignity Has Moral Costs.

Kidney markets are prohibited in principle because they are assumed to undermine the seller's dignity. Considering the trade-off between saving more lives by introducing regulated kidney markets and preserving the seller's dignity, we argue that it is advisable to demand that citizens restrain their own moral judgements and not interfere with the judgements of those who are willing to sell a kidney. We also argue that it is advisable not only to limit the political implications of the moral argument of dignity concerns toward a market-based solution but also to re-evaluate the dignity argument itself. First, if the dignity argument is to be given normative force, it must also consider the dignity violation of the potential transplant recipient. Second, there seems to be no compelling notion of dignity that demonstrates why it is morally permissible to donate but not to sell a kidney.

Addressing exploitation and inequities in open science: A relational perspective.

There are concerns that participation in open science will lead to various forms of exploitation - of researchers and scholars in low-income countries and under-resourced institutions. This article defends a contrary thesis and demonstrates the exact ways the underexplored notions of communal relationships, human dignity and social justice - and the normative principles to which they give rise - grounded in African philosophy can usefully address critical concerns regarding exploitation in the sharing of research resources to facilitate open partnership/collaboration and reuse. Further research is required to study the specific roles different institutions can play in facilitating open practice and contribute towards establishing effective structures that can enhance equity and balance unfavourable power asymmetries.

Transcendent pluralism: A middle-range theory of nonviolent social transformation through human and ecological dignity: Analysis and evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Issues such as group bias, poverty, disempowerment, and violence contribute to poor health outcomes among at-risk populations. In all countries, there exist disparities among health status with worse health outcomes in individuals categorized as having less access to resources. Systemic forces perpetuate health inequities among at-risk populations furthering the divide between those in resource-rich environments and those afflicted by a lack of resources. The social devaluing of individuals and their environment contributes to this ongoing global suffering. METHOD: In this article, I critically appraised the theory of transcendent pluralism: a middle-range theory of nonviolent social transformation through human and ecological dignity based on the criteria outlined by Fawcett. CONCLUSION: The concepts identified in this theory offer nursing the tools to facilitate social change. Despite the theory lacking significant real-world nursing practice application, it has the potential to bridge nursing's ability to influence social change through research and practice.

Trato digno en la atención de salud a la comunidad LGBTIQA+ / Dignity in treatment in health care to the LGBTIQA+ community

El trato digno, igualitario e inclusivo se ha constituido en un fenómeno de estudio en el contexto de la atención sanitaria, pero su abordaje es aún limitado frente al desconocimiento respecto al tema por parte del equipo de salud hacia las personas de la comunidad de la diversidad sexual, hoy conocida con la sigla que les representa como LGBTIQA+, quienes están inmersos fundamentalmente, en una sociedad heteronormada, donde la formación profesional con enfoque de género y diversidad sexual es aún limitada. El objetivo de la argumentación del escrito es presentar algunas referencias conceptuales, derechos legales, consecuencias para la salud que fundamentan una propuesta para el cambio de las instituciones de salud y de las enfermeras y enfermeros que iluminen el derecho de las personas de esta comunidad a recibir un trato digno.

Dignified, equal and inclusive treatment has become a study phenomenon in the context of health care, but its approach is still limited due to the lack of knowledge on the subject by the health team towards people from the diversity sexual, today known by the acronym that represents them as LGBTIQA+, who are fundamentally immersed in a heteronormative society, where professional training with a gender and sexual diversity approach is still limited. The objective of the argumentation of the writing is to present some conceptual references, legal rights, health consequences that support a proposal for the change of the health institutions and of the nurses that illuminate the right of people in this community to receive a decent deal.

Among equity and dignity: an argument-based review of European ethical guidelines under COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Under COVID-19 pandemic, many organizations developed guidelines to deal with the ethical aspects of resources allocation. This study describes the results of an argument-based review of ethical guidelines developed at the European level. It aims to increase knowledge and awareness about the moral relevance of the outbreak, especially as regards the balance of equity and dignity in clinical practice and patient's care. METHOD: According to the argument-based review framework, we started our research from the following two questions: what are the ethical principles adopted by the ethical guidelines produced at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak related to resource allocation? And what are the practical consequences in terms of 'priority' of access, access criteria, management of the decision-making process and patient care? RESULTS: Twenty-two ethical guidelines met our inclusion criteria and the results of our analysis are organized into 4 ethical concepts and related arguments: the equity principle and emerging ethical theories; triage criteria; respecting patient's dignity, and decision making and quality of care. CONCLUSION: Further studies can investigate the practical consequences of the application of the guidelines described, in terms of quality of care and health care professionals' moral distress.

Stigmatization of Not-Knowing as a Public Health Tool.

Predictive interventions and practices are becoming a defining feature of medicine. The author points out that according to the inner logic and external supporters (i.e., state, industry, and media) of modern medicine, participating in healthcare increasingly means participating in knowing, sharing, and using of predictive information. At the same time, the author addresses the issue that predictive information may also have problematic side effects like overdiagnosis, health-related anxiety, and worry as well as impacts on personal life plans. The question is raised: Should we resort to stigmatization if doing so would increase participation in predictive interventions, and thereby save healthcare costs and reduce morbidity and premature death? The paper concludes that even if such a strategy cannot be ruled out in some forms and contexts, we ought to be very cautious about the dangers of shame and stigmatization.

Prize, not price: reframing rewards for kidney donors.

Worldwide 1.2 million people are dying from kidney failure each year, and in the USA alone, approximately 100 000 people are currently on the waiting list for a kidney transplant. One possible solution to the kidney shortage is for governments to pay donors for one of their healthy kidneys and distribute these kidneys according to need. There are, however, compelling objections to this government-monopsony model. To avoid these objections, I propose a small adjustment to the model. I suggest we reward kidney sellers with both money and a ceremony that celebrates their noble act. They should, in other words, receive a prize rather than a price.

La constitucionalización del derecho a la seguridad social: una lectura desde la teoría aristotélica de las causas / The constitutionalization of the right to social security: a reading from the Aristotelian theory of causes / A constitucionalização do direito à seguridade social: uma leitura a partir da teoria aristotélica das causas

Resumen Este artículo de investigación tiene como propósito analizar la constitucionalización del derecho a la seguridad social desde la teoría aristotélica de las causas. El derecho a la seguridad social ha sido un derecho que ha sido reconocido en el plano legal como un derecho meramente prestacional, y solo a partir de múltiples avances jurisprudenciales obtuvo reconocimiento iusfundamental. Este artículo desarrolla en primer lugar, las causas del ser como herramientas que permiten comprender cómo el derecho a la seguridad social es un derecho estrechamente ligado a la dignidad de la persona y, en segundo lugar, la necesidad de que el juez en su actividad juridicial utilice la interpretación como instrumento que permita abrir el ámbito iusfundamental de la constitucionalización de este derecho. Así, a partir del método de análisis de datos y fuentes documentales como la Metafísica de Aristóteles, El problema del ser en Aristóteles y, Sentencias de la Corte Constitucional como la T-016 de 2007, la T-881 de 2002 y la T-007 de 2019, entre otras, fue posible concluir que el derecho a la seguridad social es un derecho de raigambre fundamental y debe ser considerado como finalidad última para el ser humano alcanzar su proyecto de vida y el de su familia. En este sentido, uno de los resultados más significativos de esta investigación fue reconocer el criterio de la metagarantía como telhos de la constitucionalización del derecho a la seguridad social para justificar la necesidad de generar desarrollos teóricos constitucionales que enriquezcan la naturaleza jurídica que reviste este derecho.

Abstract The purpose of this research article is to analyze the constitutionalization of the right to social security from the Aristotelian theory of causes. The right to social security has been a right that has been recognized at the legal level as a purely benefit right, and only from multiple jurisprudential advances did it obtain iusfundamental recognition. This article develops, firstly, the causes of being as tools that allow us to understand how the right to social security is a right closely linked to the dignity of the person and, secondly, the need for the judge in his legal activity use interpretation as an instrument that allows opening the fundamental legal sphere of the constitutionalization of this right. Thus, from the method of data analysis and documentary sources such as Aristotle's Metaphysics, The problem of being in Aristotle and, Constitutional Court Rulings such as T-016 of 2007, T-881 of 2002 and T- 007 of 2019, among others, it was possible to conclude that the right to social security is a fundamental right and should be considered as the ultimate goal for the human being to achieve his life project and that of his family. In this sense, one of the most significant results of this research was to recognize the criterion of the meta-guarantee as part of the constitutionalization of the right to social security to justify the need to generate theoretical constitutional developments that enrich the legal nature of this right.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo de pesquisa é analisar a constitucionalização do direito à seguridade social a partir da teoria aristotélica das causas. O direito à seguridade social tem sido um direito reconhecido na esfera jurídica como mero direito de benefício, e somente a partir de múltiplos avanços jurisprudenciais obteve reconhecimento iusfundamental. Este artigo desenvolve, em primeiro lugar, as causas do ser como ferramentas que permitem compreender como o direito à segurança social é um direito intimamente ligado à dignidade da pessoa e, em segundo lugar, a necessidade do juiz na sua atividade jurídica utilizar a interpretação como instrumento que permite abrir o âmbito jurídico fundamental da constitucionalização desse direito. Assim, a partir do método de análise de dados e fontes documentais como a Metafísica de Aristóteles, O problema de estar em Aristóteles e, Acórdãos do Tribunal Constitucional como T-016 de 2007, T-881 de 2002 e T-007 de 2019, entre outros, foi possível concluir que o direito à seguridade social é um direito fundamental e deve ser considerado como a meta última para que o ser humano realize seu projeto de vida e o de sua família. Nesse sentido, um dos resultados mais significativos desta pesquisa foi o reconhecimento do critério da meta-garantia como parte da constitucionalização do direito à seguridade social para justificar a necessidade de gerar desdobramentos teóricos constitucionais que enriquecem a natureza jurídica desta. direita.

Direitos humanos e princípios comuns entre inteligência artificial e direito à saúde / Human rights and common principles between artificial intelligence and the right to health / Derechos humanos y principios comunes entre la inteligencia artificial y el derecho a la salud

Objetivo: encontrar possíveis convergências e desdobramentos entre os princípios do direito à saúde, da Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos e da Recomendação do Conselho sobre Inteligência Artificial da Organização para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento Econômico. Metodologia: pesquisa bibliográfica em textos acadêmicos sobre a principiologia em direito à saúde e pesquisa documental em instrumentos jurídicos internacionais do soft law ­Declaração Universal sobre Bioética e Direitos Humanos e a Recomendação sobre Inteligência Artificial do Conselho da Organização para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento Econômico.Resultados: os princípiosconvergem para eixos que permitem dividi-los em três grandes categorias: mais tradicionais (biológicas, biotecnológicas e biomédicas); amplas e inclusivas (sanitária, social, cultural, econômica, laboral, ambiental, moral e ética); e organizativas-jurídicas (responsabilidade individual, social, coletiva e política).Conclusão: os princípios devem embasar e equilibrar as políticas sociais em interligação ativa com o sistema de proteção jurídico-social de uma sociedade democrática. A convergência entre os princípios centra-se na dignidade humana, guiando para que as decisões tomadas sobre os sistemas de inteligência artificial em saúde e sua implementação sejam feitas de forma segura, imparcial e justa para toda a sociedade.

Objective:to find possible convergences and developments between the principles of the right to health, the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights and the Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Methods:bibliographic research in academic texts on the principle of right to health and documentary research in legal instruments of soft law: the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights and the Council Recommendation onArtificial Intelligence of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Results:the principles converge to axes that allow dividing them into three major categories: more traditional (biological, biotechnological and biomedical); broad and inclusive (health, social, cultural, economic, labor, environmental, moral and ethical); and organizational-legal (individual, social, collective and political responsibility). Conclusion:the principles must underpin and balance social policies in active interconnection with the legal and social protection system of a democratic society. The convergence between the principles focuses on human dignity, guiding so that decisions made about artificial intelligence systems in health and their implementation are made in a safe, impartial and fair manner for the whole of society.

Objetivo:encontrar posibles convergencias y desarrollos entre los principios del derecho a la salud, la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos y la Recomendación del Consejo sobre Inteligencia Artificial de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos. Metodología:investigación bibliográfica en textos académicos sobre el principio del derecho a la salud e investigación documental en instrumentos jurídicos de soft law: la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos y la Recomendación del Consejo sobre Inteligencia Artificial de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos. Resultados:los principios convergen en ejes que permiten dividirlos en tres grandes categorías: más tradicionales (biológicos, biotecnológicos y biomédicos); amplio e inclusivo (sanitario, social, cultural, económico, laboral, medioambiental, moral y ético); y organizacional-legal (responsabilidad individual, social, colectiva y política). Conclusión:los principios deben apuntalar y equilibrar las políticas sociales en interconexión activa con el sistema legal y de protección social de una sociedad democrática. La convergencia entre los principios se centra en la dignidad humana, orientando para que las decisiones que se tomen sobre los sistemas de inteligencia artificial en salud y su implementación se tomen de manera segura, imparcial y justa para toda la sociedad.

Does human genome editing reinforce or violate human dignity?

Germline genome editing is often disapproved of at the international policy level because of its possible threats to human dignity. However, from a critical perspective the relationship between this emerging technology and human dignity is relatively understudied. We explore the main principles that are referred to when 'human dignity' is invoked in this context; namely, the link with eugenics, the idea of a common genetic heritage, the principle of equal birth and broader equality and justice concerns. Yet the concept is also used in favour of germline genome editing as it might improve the overall well-being of future generations. We conclude that dignity concerns do not justify a complete ban on safe heritable genome editing but should inform the implementation of side constraints to ensure that the value judgements about human traits that are inherent in this practice do not result in a diminished basic respect for those people affected by them.

Rewriting the human genome, rewriting human rights law? Human rights, human dignity, and human germline modification in the CRISPR era.

In most legal orders, human germline modification is either prohibited or severely restricted. A recurring thought in these legal frameworks is that heritable genome editing would result in practices that are at odds with principles of human rights, such as dignity, justice, and equality. However, now that CRISPR is bringing heritable genome editing within human reach, the question has risen as to whether these human rights bans still make sense. The call is growing louder to lift the ban on heritable genome editing for therapeutic purposes as soon as the technology is safe for introduction in the clinic. This article critically examines these recent proposals from a human rights perspective. First, it examines the question as to how realistic the proposed distinction between the therapeutic and the nontherapeutic uses of human germline modification is in the CRISPR era. Second, it argues that these proposals rely on a one-dimensional understanding of the meaning of human rights for this issue. Finally, it suggests that this one-dimensional understanding paves the way for a regime of self-regulation by the scientific community that leaves little room for public debate on the question as to whether or how human germline modification fits in the long-term aspirations of society.

Humanización de los servicios de salud en Iberoamérica: una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Humanizing Health Care Services in Ibero-America: A Systematic Review of Literature / Humanização dos serviços de saúde na Ibero-América: uma revisão sistemática da literatura

Resumen La humanización es un imperativo ético que contribuye a salvaguardar la dignidad humana en armonía con los principios bioéticos y la reglamentación deontológica que regulan las prácticas en un contexto de salud. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer los avances sobre el abordaje de la humanización en salud en Iberoamérica en los últimos diez años, a través de una revisión sistemática. Frente a los hallazgos, se evidencia que los avances apuntan a la comprensión del fenómeno a partir de las aproximaciones teóricas, el creciente interés por el tema en los últimos años y la generación de políticas, programas y estrategias que deben fortalecerse desde una mirada integral del ser humano.

Abstract Humanization is an ethical imperative that contributes to safeguarding human dignity in harmony with bioethical principles and deontological regulations that govern health care practices. The present study aims to explore the advances in the humanization of Ibero-American health care in the last ten years through a systematic review. Results show that such advances point to understanding the phenomenon based on theoretical approaches, a growing interest in the subject in recent years, and the creation of policies, programs and strategies that should be strengthened from a comprehensive view of the human being.

Resumo A humanização é um imperativo ético que contribui para salvaguardar a dignidade humana em harmonia com os princípios bioéticos e com a regulamentação deontológica que determinam as práticas em um contexto de saúde. Este estudo tem o objetivo de conhecer os avanços sobre a abordagem da humanização em saúde na Ibero-América nos últimos dez anos, por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Diante dos resultados, torna-se evidente que os avanços apontam à compreensão do fenômeno a partir das aproximações teóricas, do crescente interesse pelo tema nos últimos anos e da criação de políticas, programas e estratégias que devem ser fortalecidos sob um olhar integral do ser humano.

Values and value conflicts in implementation and use of preconception expanded carrier screening - an expert interview study.

BACKGROUND: Endeavors have been made to found and incorporate ethical values in most aspects of healthcare, including health technology assessment. Health technologies and their assessment are value-laden and could trigger problems with dissemination if they contradict societal norms. Per WHO definition, preconception expanded carrier screening is a new health technology that warrants assessment. It is a genetic test offered to couples who have no known risk of recessive genetic diseases and are interested pregnancy. A test may screen for carrier status of several autosomal recessive diseases and X-linked at one go. The technique has been piloted in the Netherlands and is discussed in other countries. The aim of the study was to examine values and value conflicts that healthcare experts recounted in relation to the discussion of implementation and use of preconception ECS in Sweden. METHODS: We interviewed ten experts, who were associated with influencing health policymaking in Sweden. We employed systematizing expert interviews, which endeavor to access experts' specialist knowledge. There were four female and six male informants, of which four were physicians, three bioethicists, one a legal expert, one a theologian and one a political party representative in the parliament. The participants functioned as members of two non-governmental bodies and three governmental organizations. We employed thematic analysis to identify themes, categories and subcategories. RESULTS: Two main themes surfaced: values and value conflicts. The main categories of Respect for persons, Solidarity, Human dignity, Do no harm, Health and Love formed the first theme, while values conflicting with autonomy and integrity respectively, constituted the second theme. Concepts relating to respect for persons were the most commonly mentioned among the participants, followed by notions alluding to solidarity. Furthermore, respondents discussed values conflicting with Swedish healthcare ones such as equality and solidarity. CONCLUSIONS: The experts highlighted values and concepts that are distinctive of welfare states such as Sweden and delineated how preconception ECS could challenge such values. Moreover, the analysis revealed that certain values were deemed more substantive than others, judging by the extent and detail of inference; for example, respect for persons and solidarity were on top of the list.

Prioritization not Rationing in Cancer Care.

Conditions of scarcity impact healthcare services for cancer patients. This is the unpleasant reality for nations, local governments, hospitals, and even individual doctors. This means that medical services judged by objective standards as potentially effective by medical professionals are limited because of financial or access scarcity. With this situation of scarcity as premise, one must raise the ethical question of how to deal with scarcity while respecting fundamental principles of human dignity and human rights. This chapter focuses on the German healthcare context where dignity and rights form the basis and framework for medical ethics. Accordingly, in Germany, rationing medical services for life-threatening diseases has been traditionally and appropriately criticized and prohibited. Granting a situation of scarcity, however, some prioritization becomes increasingly necessary. Thus, there is present need for careful ethical analysis of non-emergency regulatory prioritization principles and protocols. Above all, analysis and conclusions must preserve and foster society's deepest moral commitments.

Scientific Ethics: A New Approach.

Science is an activity of the human intellect and as such has ethical implications that should be reviewed and taken into account. Although science and ethics have conventionally been considered different, it is herewith proposed that they are essentially similar. The proposal set henceforth is to create a new ethics rooted in science: scientific ethics. Science has firm axiological foundations and searches for truth (as a value, axiology) and knowledge (epistemology). Hence, science cannot be value neutral. Looking at standard scientific principles, it is possible to construct a scientific ethic (that is, an ethical framework based on scientific methods and rules), which can be applied to all sciences. These intellectual standards include the search for truth (honesty and its derivatives), human dignity (and by reflection the dignity of all animals) and respect for life. Through these it is thence achievable to draft a foundation of a ethics based purely on science and applicable beyond the confines of science. A few applications of these will be presented. Scientific ethics can have vast applications in other fields even in non scientific ones.

Concept analysis of human dignity in patient care: Rodgers' evolutionary approach.

Human dignity (HD) in patient care is an important concept in clinical ethics that has various definitions in existing literature. This study aimed at analyzing the concept of HD in patient care. To this end, Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis was used. For this purpose, scientific databases PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Scopus, OVID, Web of Science, CINHAL, IRANDOC, Google Scholar, Magiran, SID and IranMedex were searched fusing the words "human dignity", "patient care" and "ethics". The main criterion for inclusion in the final analysis was the literature published in English and Persian from 2006 to 2016 in online scientific journals within the context of health care disciplines. Ultimately, 21 articles were selected for the study. The attributes of the concept under study were identified in two areas of individual HD and social HD. Antecedents included facilitators and threats, and the consequences consisted of both favorable and unfavorable consequences. HD forms the essence of patient care and is a value-based and humanistic concept based on respect for the integrity of human beings and their beliefs. This concept, with its holistic approach to humans, takes into account all stages of disease, old age and the end of life period. HD in patient care is influenced by cultural, social, spiritual and religious factors, and with its justice-based approach emphasizes equality of all patients and extends patient care to all areas of society rather than restricting it to hospital settings. In this study, a clear definition of HD is introduced.

Indignity and Old Age.

This article examines the nature of human dignity against the background of old age and introduces the novel idea of treating human dignity as a formal principle related to the more foundational notion of indignity. The discussion starts with the objection that the notion of human dignity can be used to justify contrary positions and is therefore inconclusive. This pitfall can be averted by appealing to the notion of indignity rather than dignity in one's moral reasoning and decision-making. Cases of indignity are more primary and indicate the violation of the very core of a human being. The verifiable property of vulnerability is central to this identification of indignity, as is illustrated by reference to the experiences of elderly people. The article argues for applying the concept of human dignity to reverse the conditions that existed before a particular indignity emerged, rather than trying to define positively the notion of human dignity in the first place.

Human Dignity as Leading Principle in Public Health Ethics: A Multi-Case Analysis of 21st Century German Health Policy Decisions.

BACKGROUND: There is ample evidence that since the turn of the millennium German health policy made a considerable step towards prevention and health promotion, putting the strategies of 'personal empowerment' and 'settings based approach' high on the federal government's agenda. This phenomenon has challenged the role of ethics in health policy. Concurrently, increasing relevance of the Concept of Human Dignity for health and human rights has been discussed. However, a direct relationship between Human Dignity and Public Health Ethics (PHE) has surprisingly not yet been established. METHODS: We here conduct a systematic ethical analysis of eminent German health prevention policy case-examples between the years 2000-2016. Specifically, our analysis seeks to adapt and apply the principalism (autonomy, beneficence, justice)-based Concept of Human Dignity of Italian philosopher Corrado Viafora, contextualizing it with the emerging field of PHE. To further inform this health policy analysis, index databases (PubMed, Google Scholar) were searched to include relevant published and grey literature. RESULTS: We observe a systematic approach of post-millennial health policy decisions on prevention and on defined health targets in Germany, exemplified by (1) the fostering of the preparedness against pandemic infectious diseases, (2) the development and implementation of the first cancer vaccination, (3) major legal provisions on non-smokers protection in the public domain, (4) acts to strengthen long term care (LTC) as well as (5) the new German E-Health legislation. The ethical analysis of these health prevention decisions exhibits their profound ongoing impact on social justice, probing their ability to meet the underlying Concept of Human Dignity in order to fulfill the requirements of the principle of non-maleficence. CONCLUSION: The observed health policy focus on prevention and health promotion has sparked new public debates about the formation of/compliance with emerging standards of PHE in Germany. We believe that the overall impact of this novel policy orientation will gradually show over mid- and long-term periods, both in terms of improvements in health system performance and concurrently in diagnostics, therapies and health outcome on individual patient level. The Concept of Human Dignity may soon play an even greater role in European PHE debates to come.

Dignity and equality in healthcare.

This paper critically examines Barclay's conception of dignity proposed in her 'Dignitarian Medical Ethics'. According to Barclay, a subject S enjoys dignity if and only if S is reliably treated as having equal social status. I argue that Barclay's view faces a number of practical and theoretical problems. First, it is not obvious that failing to treat someone as a social equal is incompatible with respecting her dignity. Second, it is not always clear what treating someone as a social equal amounts to in practice. To be more compelling, her conception of dignity needs to be supplemented with a more principled and substantive account of the content of equal treatment.