Occurrence, transport and sources of metals and metalloids in the Bangpakong River in the eastern economic corridor area of Thailand.

The occurrence of elements in river water is affected by various factors, including mobility, weathering and transport processes and anthropogenic contributions. A total of six water sampling campaigns were conducted from 2021 to 2022 to study the factors affecting the occurrence of twelve elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Se) in the Bangpakong River. The total concentrations of all the elements were within the levels set by the national surface water quality standard. Comparisons of dissolved elemental concentrations in the study area with the global average for dissolved elemental concentrations in pristine rivers indicated contamination with Al, As, Co, Mn, Zn and Se in the river water. Based on the percentage of each element in particulates to the total concentration, Al (80.6 %), Cr (71.9 %), Cu (69.9 %), Fe (95.6 %), Mn (76.6 %), Pb (74.7 %), and Zn (70.6 %) were mainly transported in the particulate phase in both the dry and wet seasons. However, As (65.5 %), Co (60.3 %), and Se (77.6 %) were mainly transported in the dissolved phase in both seasons. The ratios of the dissolved Se concentration in river water to the Se concentration in the Earth's crust indicated significant and high mobility, especially in downstream sites, likely due to Se leaching from alluvial sediments. Seawater intrusion is likely the cause of As and Zn contamination in the dry season. Weathering of rocks and soils likely causes Al, Co, and Mn contamination in the wet season. The anthropogenic sources of contamination include the discharge of Mn and Zn from fertilizers in agriculture and the use of formulated feed in aquaculture. Approximately 52.98, 25.23, 5.68 and 0.63 tons of Fe, Al, Mn and Zn, respectively, are estimated to be transported from the river into the Gulf of Thailand each year.

The crucial roles of ICT, renewable energy sources, industrialization, and institutional quality in achieving environmental sustainability in BRICS.

The BRICS countries-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-are committed to achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 13, which focuses on mitigating climate change. To attain this goal, it is crucial to emphasize the significance of ICT, renewable energy sources, industrialization, and institutional quality. This study contributes to the literature by examining the potential role of these factors in environmental sustainability in the BRICS economies from 2000 to 2021, utilizing cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) estimation and other novel econometric techniques. Accordingly, the study suggests that BRICS governments and policymakers prioritize the use of ICT in the industrial and institutional sectors to achieve faster environmental sustainability in the short-run, as per the CS-ARDL results. However, the study advises caution in the long-term as the interaction between ICT and renewable energy sources, industrialization, and institutional quality may not favour environmental quality. Although the renewable energy sources interaction with ICT may not yield immediate progress, strong measures need to be taken to ensure that short-term gains are not nullified. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of ICT, renewable energy sources, industrialization, and institutional quality in achieving environmental sustainability in the BRICS countries, while recommending cautious measures in the long run to safeguard the progress made.

Managing urban agglomeration processes in Russia in the context of agglomerative and socio-economic development.

Studies on urban agglomeration typically focus on the management of urban agglomerations as special types of spatial organization. The problem of finding an adequate management model which accounts for the level of spatial connectivity and socio-economic development of a given territory remains in the background. This article identifies urban agglomeration management models in Russia which account for the agglomerative and socio-economic development of a given territory. A methodology for assessing urban agglomeration processes is presented which, unlike existing methodologies, includes an assessment of agglomeration maturity and an assessment of the socio-economic development of urban agglomerations. This methodology is based on conceptual platforms within spatial development theory; new economic geography; and agglomeration theory and cluster development. The methodology was tested on the data of Chelyabinsk Region agglomerations. The study determined that the Chelyabinsk and Gorniy Ural agglomerations are socio-economically developed and highly agglomerated, while the Magnitogorsk agglomeration shows high socio-economic development and low agglomeration. The conurbations are underdeveloped in both areas. The paper gives several recommendations on methods for choosing urban agglomeration management models. The developed methodology can be used to assess agglomerations across Russia and to choose the most adequate management model for a territory depending on its agglomerative and socio-economic development.

Microplastic Human Dietary Uptake from 1990 to 2018 Grew across 109 Major Developing and Industrialized Countries but Can Be Halved by Plastic Debris Removal.

Microplastics (MPs), plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, are now a growing environmental and public health issue, as they are detected pervasively in freshwater and marine environments, ingested by organisms, and then enter the human body. Industrial development drives this environmental burden caused by MP formation and human uptake by elevating plastic pollution levels and shaping the domestic dietary structure. We map the MP human uptake across 109 global countries on five continents from 1990 to 2018, focusing on the world's major coastlines that are affected by plastic pollution that affects the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 14 (Life Below Water), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). Amid rapid industrial growth, Indonesia tops the global per capita MP dietary intake at 15 g monthly. In Asian, African, and American countries, including China and the United States, airborne and dietary MP uptake increased over 6-fold from 1990 to 2018. Eradicating 90% of global aquatic plastic debris can help decrease MP uptake by more than 48% in Southeast Asian countries that peak MP uptake. To reduce MP uptake and potential public health risks, governments in developing and industrialized countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and North and South America should incentivize the removal of free plastic debris from freshwater and saltwater environments through advanced water treatment and effective solid waste management practices.

Globalization of production, manufacturing employment, and income inequality in developing nations.

Theories of income distribution in developing nations suggest contrasting expectations regarding how employment industrialization affects income inequality. However, past studies have not considered how the globalization of production shapes the relationship between manufacturing share of employment and income inequality in developing countries. Relatedly, social scientists argue that the globalization of production has exacerbated inequality, but past cross-national research focused on the Global South has yielded inconsistent findings regarding the trade-inequality link. In this article, I draw on the political economy literature focused on the distributional effects of global value chains (GVCs) in the developing world and argue that the rise of globalized production in recent decades has undermined the egalitarian characteristics of the manufacturing sector. While the sector was characterized by higher wages for low-skilled workers and a compressed wage distribution, I argue that rising competition, declining bargaining power of workers, and skill-biased industrial upgrading associated with GVCs has stretched wage distributions and heightened the skill premium in the manufacturing sector. Empirical analyses of cross-national panel data from broad samples of developing nations between 1970 and 2014 suggest that global integration has diminished the equalizing effect of manufacturing employment. I conclude by discussing the prospects for inclusive development in this era of globalization as well as the theoretical and policy implications of these findings.

Human health risk assessment of metals in soil samples of a Brazilian city with a historic contamination complex.

Rio Grande is a city located on a narrow industrialized and urbanized Brazilian peninsula, characterized by wetlands. Due to population growth, numerous urban backfilled regions were built to expand the territorial area of the city. Currently, more than 60% of the central area of the city comes from the grounding of wetlands. The material used for the expansion of the territory had a history of contamination from metals from the tannery and textile industries (mainly Hg) and urban solid waste. In addition to past sources, the city has an active industrial complex with fertilizer, petrochemical, and grain industries. This study evaluated the risks to human health caused by metals (Hg, Fe, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in original soils and backfills, considering the oral, inhalation, and dermal routes of exposure for children and adults using the tool human health risk assessment (HHRA) proposed methodology by USEPA. A total of 63.81% of the original soil samples and 57.14% of the backfill soil samples showed a non-carcinogenic risk (HInc>1) for at least one evaluated metal. Still, approximately 10% of the samples presented carcinogenic risk when the Cr was considered in the hexavalent form. The dermal (Hg, Ni, and Cr) and oral (Fe, Cu, and Zn) exposure routes had the greatest contribution to the total risk. The non-carcinogenic risk for Hg, Cr(VI), and Pb was heterogeneously distributed between the original soils and backfills and associated with the proximity to some pollution sources. Given the complexity of historical occupation in the municipality and the increasing industrialization, both the original areas and the backfills should be included in the risk management strategy to minimize risks.

Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve: assessing the impact of climate policy uncertainty in the Belt and Road Initiative.

Climate change repercussions such as temperature shifts and more severe weather occurrences are felt globally. It contributes to larger-scale challenges, such as climate change and biodiversity loss in food production. As a result, the purpose of this research is to develop strategies to grow the economy without harming the environment. Therefore, we revisit the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, considering the impact of climate policy uncertainty along with other control variables. We investigated yearly panel data from 47 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations from 1998 to 2021. Pooled regression, fixed effect, and the generalized method of moment (GMM) findings all confirmed the presence of inverted U-shaped EKC in BRI counties. Findings from this paper provide policymakers with actionable ideas, outlining a framework for bringing trade and climate agendas into harmony in BRI countries. The best way to promote economic growth and reduce carbon dioxide emissions is to push for trade and climate policies to be coordinated. Moreover, improving institutional quality is essential for strong environmental governance, as it facilitates the adoption of environmentally friendly industrialization techniques and the efficient administration of climate policy uncertainties.

Advances in biosynthesis of peptide drugs: Technology and industrialization.

Peptide drugs are developed from endogenous or synthetic peptides with specific biological activities. They have advantages of strong target specificity, high efficacy and low toxicity, thus showing great promise in the treatment of many diseases such as cancer, infections, and diabetes. Although an increasing number of peptide drugs have entered market in recent years, the preparation of peptide drug substances is yet a bottleneck problem for their industrial production. Comparing to the chemical synthesis method, peptide biosynthesis has advantages of simple synthesis, low cost, and low contamination. Therefore, the biosynthesis technology of peptide drugs has been widely used for manufacturing. Herein, we reviewed the development of peptide drugs and recent advances in peptide biosynthesis technology, in order to shed a light to the prospect of industrial production of peptide drugs based on biosynthesis technology.

Effect of industrialization on the differences in sources and composition of ambient PM2.5 in two Southern Ontario locations.

PM2.5 was sampled over a seven-year period (2013-2019) at two locations ∼50 km apart in Southern Ontario (concurrently for five years: 2015-2019). One is a heavily industrialized site (Hamilton), while the other was a rural site (Simcoe). To assess the impact of industrialization on the composition and sources of PM affecting air quality in these two locations, positive matrix factorization coupled with dispersion normalization (DN-PMF) was used to identify six and eight factors at Simcoe and Hamilton, respectively. The Simcoe factors in order of diminishing PM mass contribution were: particulate sulphate (pSO4), secondary organic aerosol (SOA), crustal matter, particulate nitrate (pNO3), biomass burning, and vehicular emissions. At Hamilton, the effects of industrialization were observed by the ∼36% higher average ambient PM2.5 concentration for the study period as well as the presence of factors unique to metallurgy, i.e., coking and steelmaking, compared to Simcoe. The coking and steelmaking factors contributed ∼15% to the PM mass at Hamilton. Seasonal variants of appropriate nonparametric trend tests with the associated slopes (Sen's) were used to assess statistically significant changes in the factor contributions to PM2.5 over time. Specifically at Hamilton, a significant decline in PM contributions was noted for coking (-0.03 µg/m³/yr or -4.1%/yr) while steelmaking showed no statistically significant decline over the study period. Other factors at Hamilton that showed statistically significant declines over the study period were: pSO4 (-0.27 µg/m³/yr or -12.6%/yr), biomass burning (-0.05 µg/m³/yr or -9.02%/yr), crustal matter (-0.03 µg/m³/yr or -5.28%/yr). These factors mainly accounted for the significant decline in PM2.5 over the study period (-0.35 µg/m³/yr or -4.24%/yr). This work shows the importance of long-term monitoring in assessing the unique contributions and temporal changes of industrialization on air quality in Ontario and similarly affected locations.

Do renewable energy sources improve air quality? Demand- and supply-side comparative evidence from industrialized and emerging industrial economies.

This study is an attempt to comparatively analyze the impact of renewable energy sources on air quality represented by particulate matter 2.5 concentrations utilizing panel data of 60 countries which are divided into two sub-panels industrialized economies and emerging industrial economies over the period 2010-2019. The study adopts both demand- and supply-side approaches and hence renewable sources are handled in two different structures, i.e., renewable energy consumption and production. Empirical results from both demand- and supply-side regressions strongly confirm the positive impact of renewable sources on air quality in all country groups, meaning that higher renewable energy production and consumption bring about improvement in air quality. In addition, this positive impact of renewables on air quality turned out to be higher in emerging industrial economies than that in industrialized ones. To be more precise, as all control variables are considered, a 10% increase in the production of renewable energy sources brings about a 0.66% improvement in air quality in industrialized economies while its impact is a value of 1.33% in emerging industrial economies. On the other hand, a 10% increase in consumption of renewable energy sources leads to a 0.62% improvement in air quality in industrialized economies and a 1.97% improvement in emerging industrial economies. As for control variables, industrialization gives rise to an increase in air pollution in all country groups, whereas economic growth and trade openness function as favorable factors for air quality. Although population density improves air quality in industrialized economies, it is found as one of the main pollutant factors in emerging industrial economies. Overall results proved that renewable sources improve air quality by reducing particulate matter 2.5 concentrations. Therefore, these countries, especially emerging industrial economies, should replace primitive energy sources like fossil fuels with renewables to bring down environmental degradation up to a reasonable level and increasingly continue to invest in renewable energy domain to reach their environmental sustainability targets. The study also provides some additional policy implications.

Unveiling the impact of digital industrialization on synergistic governance of pollution and carbon reduction in China: a geospatial perspective.

The impact of digital industrialization on regional pollution control and carbon reduction in China is an area that remains largely unexplored despite being a new driving force in promoting high-quality economic development. This study constructs a combined system synergy model to measure the synergistic governance effect of regional pollution and carbon reduction in China from 2011 to 2020 and then estimates the direct impact and spatial spillover effect using a spatial dual-weight model. Our findings indicate that digital industrialization has a greater impact on regional pollution reduction and carbon reduction as geographical distance decreases, with the spillover effect with close geographical relationships being higher than that of adjacent. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis reveals that the added value of digital technology and services has a significantly positive effect, while the spatial spillover effect of the added value of digital infrastructure is significantly negative. Finally, our mechanism judgements prove digital industrialization can impact the level of regional co-governance of pollution and carbon reduction through source prevention, process control, and end-treatment. Our study provides a factual basis for further promoting China's environmental pollution control and carbon reduction behavior and offers a method to use different spatial weights in depth.

Disaggregated energy consumption, industrialization, total population, and ecological footprint nexus: evidence from the world's top 10 most populous countries.

High population, energy consumption, industrialization, and environmental degradation are inherently linked, making the study of ecological footprints in the most populous countries crucial for understanding their environmental impact and guiding efforts to minimize ecological degradation through sustainable resource management and conservation. Therefore, this study examines the effects of disaggregated energy consumption, industrialization, and total population on the ecological footprint of the world's top 10 most populous countries namely Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, and the USA, using data for the period of 1990-2020. The research employs Kao and Pedroni techniques of cointegration to determine whether the variables are cointegrated in the long run. The long-term equilibrium association is measured utilizing panel autoregressive distributed lag/pooled mean group (ARDL/PMG), and method of moment quantile (MMQ) regression methods. Furthermore, to test for the causal relationships between the selected variables, we used the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (D-H) panel causality method. The findings of the study reveal that renewable energy consumption, as well as GDP square, have a significant negative influence on ecological footprint, implying that renewable energy and GDP square reduce ecological footprint and thus enhance environmental quality. Furthermore, non-renewable energy, industrialization, total population, and GDP have a detrimental impact on environmental quality by increasing ecological footprint. It is also found that there is a one-way causality from non-renewable energy and industrialization to ecological footprint and a bidirectional causal relationship between ecological footprint and total population, GDP, and GDP2. Important policy implications are drawn based on the findings.

Urbanization, industrialization and SO2 emissions in China: does the innovation ability of cities matter for air quality?

This paper aims to detail the relationships between urbanization, industrialization, the innovation ability of cities and local air quality in 284 cities in China using annual data. For the empirical outputs, the panel quantile regression analysis, which considers the heterogeneous nature of the data set, is employed. Initial findings indicate that (i) urbanization and industrialization negatively affect local air quality. (ii) Innovation capability of cities has a direct and improving impact on local air quality. Then, the paper estimates the moderating role of cities' ability to innovate in the polluting effect of urbanization and industrialization on local air quality. Remarkably, empirical evidence indicates that (iii) the innovation ability of cities also moderates the polluting impact of urbanization and industrialization on local air pollution. Based on the findings, the paper confirms the importance of both direct and moderator effects of the innovative environment in cities in tackling air pollution.

Ecological footprint, natural resource rent, and industrial production in MENA region: Empirical evidence using the SDM model.

Based on a spatial approach, this study aims to test and appreciate the relationship between natural resource rents, industrial production, and ecological footprint (EFP) for 17 countries in the MENA region over the period 2000-2018. Findings demonstrate the existence of (i) statical significant direct effects between environmental degradation, the level of local development, the resource rent, and the rate of industrialization. (ii) a significant positive spatial autocorrelation in EFP levels with a clear trajectory dependence characteristic in their geographic distribution. (iii) a positive interdependence between economic development, the level of industrialization, and resource rent with neighboring countries; (iv) only renewable energy conception has a negative interdependence with neighboring countries. Based on our result, regional planning can be dressed to maintain environmental quality in the region by defining the adequate compensation process between countries in the region. Developing a bio-economy seems to be a collective-collaborative process to maintain economic growth and industrial production without destroying the environment.

Information technology and firm's green innovation: evidence from China.

Can the adoption of information technology (IT) by firms drive green innovation and stimulate sustainable development? This paper employs a quasi-natural experiment, namely the "Pilot Zone for Integration of Informatization and Industrialization" in China, to evaluate the effect of IT on green innovation. Our findings reveal that IT significantly fosters the proliferation of green invention patents but has inconsequential impact on green utility model patents. Notably, the positive effects of IT on green innovation are further amplified when firms receive scrutiny from analysts. Moreover, IT can facilitate green innovation in the source-governance category of conventional energy and not only in end-of-pipe regulatory compliance. The study generates valuable insights regarding the utilization of information technology by firms as a means to facilitate green innovation.

Trace metal exposure and risk assessment of local dominant fish species in the Beijiang River Basin of China: A 60 years' follow-up study.

The Beijiang River, one of the Pearl River tributaries located in Guangdong, China, plays a critical role in providing water and fishery resources for the Pearl River Delta and receiving a large amount of domestic and industrial wastewater. However, due to the lack of historical monitoring data, we are unable to fully understand the relationship between the industrial and agricultural development and the environment. In this study, fish specimens collected from the Beijiang River Basin over a span of nearly 60 years (1963-2021) are used as research objects and the concentrations of ten trace metals (TMs) in two locally dominant fish species were determined by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The human health risks caused by consuming fishes were assessed. Results show a correlation between the levels of TMs in fish muscle and the degree of industrialization. The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Ni, and Cu peaked during the period of 1981-1983, when China's industrial development was rapidly expanding while the environmental protection facilities were incomplete. However, with the implementation of Ecological Civilization policy, the levels of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Ba showed a downward trend in the period from 2018 to 2021. Cu concentrations in both fish muscle and viscera exhibit analogous change patterns across different periods, indicating that Cu serves as a significant indicator of TM pollution in the Beijiang River Basin. The presence of TMs in fish muscle often exhibits long-term enrichment, while those in the viscera demonstrate short-term accumulation. Based on the estimated daily intake, the target hazard quotient (THQ), and total THQ value, the overall health risk associated with TMs in fish from the Beijiang River Basin is low. However, certain TMs in the fish rebounded during 2018-2021, posing a potential risk for aquatic biology and ecosystems, which is worth our attention.

Spatial evolution of global petrochemical risk and the influence by industrialization.

The petrochemical industry is an integral contributor to the global economy and plays a critical role in improving the lives of people worldwide. However, its development has also led to frequent accidents, and the evolution and global impact of these risks have not been adequately assessed. This study is aimed at quantitatively analyzing the current state of petrochemical risk and its impact on industrial development in 58 coastal countries (regions) worldwide by identifying petrochemical risk impact indicators and constructing threshold regression models. We showed that the global petrochemical risk has been unevenly decreasing in recent years. In some countries (regions), the petrochemical risk remains unchanged or is increasing; in particular, coastal provinces of China need to address this issue. Moreover, when industrialization and economic development levels are < 53.6 and 34,918.4 USD/person, respectively, petrochemical accidents negatively affect industrial development; however, above these thresholds, they do not impact industrial development. Coastal areas of China and some developing countries are far below these thresholds. Therefore, the risk from petrochemicals remains a critical factor affecting industrial development in countries with low industrialization levels.

Life-Cycle Assessment of Ti3 C2 Tx MXene Synthesis.

MXenes, 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, have been investigated for diverse applications since their discovery; however, their life-cycle assessment (LCA) has not been studied. Here, a "cradle to gate" LCA is performed to assess the cumulative energy demand (CED) and environmental impacts of lab-scale synthesis of Ti3 C2 Tx , the most researched MXene composition. Electromagnetic interface (EMI) shielding is selected as it is one of MXenes' most promising applications and LCA of Ti3 C2 Tx synthesis is compared to aluminum and copper foils, two typical EMI-shielding materials. Two laboratory-scale MXene synthesis systems-gram and kilogram batches-are examined. The CED and environmental implications of Ti3 C2 Tx synthesis are investigated based on its precursor production, selective etching, delamination processes, laboratory location, energy mix, and raw material type. These results show that laboratory electricity usage for the synthesis processes accounts for >70% of the environmental impacts. Manufacturing 1.0 kg of industrial-scale aluminum and copper foil releases 23.0 kg and 8.75 kg of CO2 , respectively, while 1.0 kg of lab-scale MXene synthesis releases 428.10 kg. Chemical usage is less impactful than electricity, which suggests that recycled resources and renewable energy can make MXene synthesis more sustainable. Understanding MXene LCA helps the industrialization of this material.

Impact of government governance and environmental taxes on sustainable energy transition in China: fresh evidence using a novel QARDL approach.

Although economies have experienced immense growth in recent times, however, it also comes with environmental and social consequences which question the current practices and threaten the well-being of current as well as the future generation. This realization, thus, pushes institutions to bring change in existing energy-related policies in order to incorporate social and environmental concerns. Clean energy transition, in this regard, is gaining attraction all over the world as it shifts away economies from non-renewable resources. The study, thereby, intends to explore the role of governance and environmental taxes in the energy transition in China economy over the period 1999-2019. The roles of industrialization and economic growth in the transition of energy are taken into consideration. The recently introduced legit quantile autoregressive distributed lag (QARDL) model and Granger causality in quantiles are applied to quarterly data spanning 1999Q1 to 2019Q4 for empirical quantile analysis. Results echoed that governance has a positive impact and environmental resources have a negative impact on energy transition across all quantiles. However, economic growth influences clean energy transition only at extremely higher quantiles (0.60-0.95), and industrialization does not have any effect on energy transition over the entire quantile range. The findings of the Granger causality analysis reveal the presence of a bidirectional causal association between clean energy transition and all the variables. Worthy policies are recommended on the basis of the findings.

Spatial Pattern Evolution and Influencing Factors on Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in Small Town Areas under the Background of Rapid Industrialization.

To promote sustainable agricultural development in small town areas during rapid industrialization, it is important to study the evolution of agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP) and its influencing factors in small town areas in the context of rapid industrialization. The non-point source inventory method was used to study the characteristics of ANSP evolution in 14 small town areas in Gongyi City from 2002 to 2019. Using the spatial Durbin model and geographical detectors, the factors influencing ANSP in small town areas were analyzed in terms of spatial spillover effects and the spatial stratified heterogeneity. The results showed a zigzagging downward trend of ANSP equivalent emissions over time. Spatially, the equivalent emissions of ANSP showed a distribution pattern of being high in the west and low in the east. There was a significant positive global spatial autocorrelation feature and there was an inverted "U-shaped" Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship between industrialization and ANSP. Affluence, population size, and cropping structure positively contributed to the reduction of ANSP. Population size, land size, and industrialization were highly influential factors affecting the spatial variation of ANSP and the interaction of these factors was bivariate or nonlinearly enhanced. This study provides a feasible reference for policymakers and managers to develop reasonable management measures to mitigate ANSP in small town areas during rapid industrialization.