Avaliação de indicadores sociais e de saúde em municípios de Minas Gerais conforme tipologia rural-urbano / Assessment of social and health indicators in municipalities of Minas Gerais according to the rural-urban typology

RESUMO O presente artigo tem o objetivo de avaliar indicadores sociais e de saúde de municípios conforme a tipologia rural-urbano. Trata-se de estudo ecológico que utilizou dados oficiais de acesso público dos 853 municípios do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram conduzidas análises descritivas e bivariadas através da Regressão de Poisson e Teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Do total de municípios, 547 (64,12%) são rurais. A maior média do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M) foi observada entre os municípios urbanos. A maior média de cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) foi verificada entre os municípios rurais, nos quais também foram demonstrados os melhores resultados para os indicadores de mortalidades infantil, prematura e por causas evitáveis, homogeneidade vacinal e prevalência de desnutrição. Os achados deste estudo evidenciam que uma maior cobertura da ESF está associada à ocorrência de melhores condições gerais de vida e de saúde das populações atendidas em municípios de tipologia rural. Recomenda-se aos gestores de saúde o fomento à consolidação da ESF em comunidades com contextos socioeconômicos e culturais desfavoráveis, como localidades rurais remotas e aglomerados urbanos, e o estabelecimento de ações intersetoriais com impacto positivo na saúde.

ABSTRACT This article aims to evaluate social and health indicators of municipalities according to the rural-urban typology. This is an ecological study that used official publicly accessible data from the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were carried out using Poisson Regression and Kruskal-Wallis Test. 547 (64.12%) are rural municipalities. The highest average of the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) was observed among urban municipalities. The highest average coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) was found among rural municipalities. In these municipalities, the best results were shown for the indicators of infant mortality, premature mortality and mortality from preventable causes, vaccine homogeneity and prevalence of malnutrition. The findings of this study show that greater FHS coverage is associated with the occurrence of better general living and health conditions in the populations served in rural municipalities. It is recommended that health managers encourage the consolidation of the FHS in communities with unfavorable socioeconomic and cultural contexts, such as remote rural locations and urban agglomerations, and the establishment of intersectoral actions with a positive impact on health.

Sustainable transportation: Definitions, dimensions, and indicators - Case study of importance-performance analysis for the city of Tehran.

Despite the advantages of transportation development, its negative consequences, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, increasing energy consumption, traffic, and accidents in transportation, have caused serious concern in the world community. Following the global efforts to introduce the framework for sustainable development (SD), the sustainability concept entered the transportation of literature known as sustainable transportation (ST). We didn't find a universally agreed definition and indicators for (ST). To overcome this limitation, we extracted special terms in different definitions of (ST) and widely used indicators in selected articles. Using 60 widely used indicators and the importance-performance analysis (IPA) method, we evaluated the transportation of Tehran. Like some metropolises, Tehran city has high air and noise pollution, congestion, traffic, and accidents. The main advantage of our research is the possibility to simultaneously assess the importance, performance, and prioritize performance of indicators for improvement, with optimal cost and time. Our evaluation showed that 41 indicators (68.34%) have high importance, but their performance is low and should be improved. 80% of these indicators were related to social and environmental dimensions. We prioritized Tehran's transportation indicators and provided recommendations to improve their performance. Prioritizing indicators showed that improving the performance of Tehran's transportation, reducing natural resource consumption, attention to human health, and reducing energy consumption have high priority. Finally, we have provided a comprehensive definition (ST) of widely used terms.

Relationship between microcephaly and indicators of social inequality in the state of Paraíba, Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the relationship between microcephaly and social inequality indicators in the state of Paraíba during the biennium January 2015 and December 2016. Methods Ecological study with data from newborn microcephaly records and municipal socioeconomic, environmental, and demographic indicators was conducted using two health information systems from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (SINASC and SINAN) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. A Poisson multiple regression model was applied with a significance level of 5%. Results Among 223 municipalities in Paraíba, 74 registered new cases of microcephaly. The number of Zika virus cases, number of inhabitants, number of households without adequate water supply, and household income were predictor variables of the number of new cases of microcephaly in Paraíba. Conclusion Microcephaly is associated with indicators of social inequality in Paraíba. Zika virus cases, water supply, and family income are the indicators that best explain the increase in microcephaly cases. Therefore, these variables must be monitored by health professionals and authorities.

Correlação entre indicadores de desenvolvimento municipal e de saúde bucal em uma mesorregião metropolitana do Brasil / Correlation between municipal development indicators and oral health in a Brazilian metropolitan mesoregion

Resumo Introdução O estudo da relação entre indicadores sociais e indicadores de saúde bucal pode contribuir para a avaliação dos impactos das políticas e ações de saúde. Objetivo Investigar a correlação entre indicadores de desenvolvimento municipal e indicadores de saúde bucal dos municípios integrantes da mesorregião metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Método Estudo epidemiológico do tipo ecológico, por meio de dados referentes ao Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) do ano 2010, obtidos no portal Atlas Brasil; Índice Ipardes de Desempenho Municipal (IPDM) dos anos 2015 e 2016, obtidos no portal do Ipardes; e indicadores de saúde bucal dos anos 2015 a 2018, oriundos do SIA/SUS. Posteriormente, foi empregado o teste de correlação de Spearman. Resultados Verificou-se correlação positiva estatisticamente significativa entre indicadores de desenvolvimento municipal e indicadores de primeira consulta odontológica programática no ano de 2017; correlação negativa entre IDHMs e exodontias nos anos de 2015 e 2016; correlação positiva entre IPDMs e procedimentos odontológicos individuais básicos dos anos 2015 a 2018. Conclusão Houve correlação significativa entre os indicadores de desenvolvimento municipal e os indicadores de saúde bucal. Municípios com maiores índices de desenvolvimento proporcionaram maior acesso aos serviços de saúde bucal e menores proporções de exodontias por habitante.

Abstract Background The study of the correlation between social and oral health indicators can contribute to evaluating the impacts of health policies and actions. Objective To investigate the correlation between municipal development indicators and oral health indicators in the metropolitan region of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Method Epidemiological study of the ecological type was carried out, using data from the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) of the year 2010, obtained from the Atlas Brasil portal; Ipardes Municipal Performance Index (IPDM) of the years 2015 and 2016, obtained from the Ipardes portal; and oral health indicators from 2015 to 2018, from SIA/SUS. Subsequently, the Spearman correlation test was used. Results There was a statistically significant positive correlation between municipal development indicators and indicators of the first programmatic dental consultation in 2017; a negative correlation between MHDI and tooth extractions, in the years 2015 and 2016; a positive correlation between IPDM and basic individual dental procedures from the years 2015 to 2018. Conclusion There was a significant correlation between the municipal development indicators and the oral health indicators. Municipalities with higher development rates provided greater access to oral health services and lower proportions of tooth extractions per inhabitant.

Associação de fatores sociais e orçamentários ao acesso ao cuidado em saúde bucal de grandes municípios brasileiros: um estudo ecológico / Association of social and budgetary factors with access to oral health care in large Brazilian municipalities: an ecological study

Objetivo: Analisar a associação do acesso a ações preventivas em saúde bucal e do tratamento mutilador, ofertado pelos serviços públicos de grandes municípios brasileiros, com as suas características sociais e a composição orçamentária. Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo ecológico com dados secundários de 323 municípios brasileiros com mais de 100 mil habitantes. As variáveis selecionadas para estudo foram os indicadores sociais (desigualdade social, renda, trabalho, escolaridade, infraestrutura sanitária), indicadores orçamentários (capacidade arrecadatória, dependência de recursos federais) e indicadores de saúde bucal (cobertura de equipes básicas de saúde bucal, acesso a ações preventivas e acesso a tratamento mutilador). Os dados dos indicadores de saúde bucal foram dicotomizados entre municípios com maior e menor acesso às ações preventivas ou ao tratamento mutilador. A associação das variáveis dependentes foi testada por meio de testes bivariados e regressão logística. Resultados: Um maior acesso às ações preventivas foi observado nos municípios com melhores condições sociais e orçamentárias. Por outro lado, um maior acesso ao tratamento mutilador foi observado em municípios com condições sociais orçamentárias inferiores. Conclusão: Apenas a infraestrutura sanitária e cobertura de equipes básicas de saúde bucal se mantiveram associados ao acesso às ações preventivas, enquanto o indicador de desigualdade social manteve-se associado ao tratamento mutilador. Descritores: indicadores sociais; disparidades nos níveis de saúde; mensuração das desigualdades em saúde; financiamento governamental.Associação de fatores sociais e orçamentários ao acesso ao cuidado em saúde bucal de grandes municípios brasileiros: um estudo ecológico

Aim: To analyze the correlation of access to preventive oral health measures and mutilating treatment, offered by the public health system of large Brazilian municipalities, considering social conditions and budgetary compositions. Methods:An ecological study was carried out with secondary data from 323 Brazilian municipalities with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The variables selected for the study were social indicators (social inequality, income, work, education, sanitary infrastructure); budget indicators (collection capacity, dependence on federal resources); and oral health indicators (coverage of basic oral health teams, access to preventive actions, and access to mutilating treatment). Oral health indicators were dichotomized between municipalities with higher and lower access to preventive oral health measures and mutilating treatment. The association of dependent variables was tested using bivariate tests and logistic regression. Results: Higher access to preventive measures was observed in municipalities with better social and budgetary conditions. By contrast, higher access to mutilating treatment was observed in municipalities with lower social budgetary conditions. Conclusion: Only health infrastructure and coverage of basic oral health teams remained associated with access to preventive actions, while the indicator of social inequality remained associated with mutilating treatment.

Measuring the social determinants of health: an integrative literature review / Medición de los determinantes sociales de la salud: revisión documental integrativa / Medindo os determinantes sociais da saúde: uma revisão integrativa da literature

AВSTRАСT Introduction: The Social Determinants of Health are those conditions that directly or indirectly influence the life course, the health of individuals and inequalities. Objective: to analyze the scientific evidence on instruments used to measure the Social Determinants of Health. Method: integrative documentary review of publications on this topic in 27 scientific articles, analyzed in ATLAS.ti software. Results: 2019 was the year with the highest number of studies related to Social Determinants of Health, English the predominant language; the United States is the most prolific country in publications; the most evaluated were the health system (70%), education (63%), economic income and housing (55%). Age, gender and ethnicity were assessed in 41%, socioeconomic stratum was not directly assessed. The measurement has been focused on the structural. Conclusion: according to scientific evidence, there is no homogeneity to include in instruments the fundamental Social Determinants of Health that explain inequalities and inequities and the design of generic instruments is an international need to evaluate the structural and intermediate determinants.

RESUMEN Introducción: los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud son aquellas condiciones que directa o indirectamente influyen en el curso de vida, la salubridad de los individuos y las desigualdades. Objetivo: analizar la evidencia científica sobre instrumentos utilizados para la medición de los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud. Material y método: revisión documental integrativa de publicaciones referentes a este tema en 27 artículos científicos, analizados en software ATLAS.ti. Resultados: el ano 2019 fue el de mayor número de estudios relacionados con Determinantes Sociales de la Salud, inglés el idioma predominante; Estados Unidos es el país más prolífico en publicaciones; los mayormente evaluados fueron el sistema de salud (70%), educación (63%), ingresos económicos y vivienda (55%). La edad, género y etnia se evaluaron en un 41%, el estrato socioeconómico no se evaluó directamente. La medición se ha centrado en lo estructural. Conclusión: según la evidencia científica no existe homogeneidad para incluir en instrumentos los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud fundamentales que explican las desigualdades e inequidades y el diseno de instrumentos genéricos es una necesidad internacional para evaluar los determinantes estructurales e intermedios.

RESUMO Introdução: os Determinantes Dociais da Daúde são as condições que influenciam directa ou indirectamente o curso da vida, a saúde dos indivíduos e as desigualdades. Objectivo: analisar as provas científicas sobre os instrumentos utilizados para medir os Determinantes Dociais da Daúde. Método: revisão documental integrativa de publicações sobre este tema em 27 artigos científicos, utilizando o software de análise estatística ATLAS.ti. Resultados: 2019 foi o ano com o maior número de estudos relacionados com Determinantes Sociais da Saúde, sendo o inglês a língua predominante; os Estados Unidos são o país mais prolífico em publicações. Entre as variáveis mais avaliadas estão o sistema de saúde (70%), educação (63%) e rendimento económico e habitação (55%). A idade, género e etnia foram avaliados em 41%, o estrato socioeconómico não foi directamente avaliado. A medição centra-se nos aspectos estruturais. Conclusão: de acordo com provas científicas não existe homogeneidade para incluir nos instrumentos os determinantes sociais da saúde, que são fundamentais para explicar as desigualdades e as desigualdades. Do mesmo modo, a concepção de instrumentos genéricos é uma necessidade internacional de avaliar determinantes estruturais e intermediários.

Integrated assessment of drought vulnerability for water resources management of Bina basin in Central India.

Drought is an extreme event and its frequency is expected to increase in future under the imminent threats of climate change. The areas vulnerable to drought are increasing due to increase in the spatial extent and severity of droughts. This necessitates the need for development of an integrated framework for assessment of drought vulnerability, which will be vital for water resources management policies focused towards such vulnerable areas. An integrated drought vulnerability assessment framework has been developed considering the physical indicators that vary spatially, social indicators that vary spatially but their temporal variation may be at longer time-frames, and spatio-temporal drought indicators that vary spatially and temporally during various months during drought years. This framework has been tested for Bina basin located in the drought prone Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh. The drought indicators used in the study include (i) Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for evaluating meteorological drought characteristics, (ii) Surface water Drought Index (SDI) for evaluating streamflow drought characteristics, and (iii) Groundwater Drought Index (GDI) for evaluating groundwater drought characteristics. Groundwater levels are being observed at quarterly (3 monthly) time step only. So the relationships between GDI and 3-m SPI, 6-m SPI, and 12-m SPI have been investigated. Based on the best correlation, the 12-m SPI can be used to represent the groundwater drought in Bina basin and has therefore been used to assess the monthly variability in the groundwater drought characteristics. The spatially varying physical indicators including basin reach (elevation band), land use pattern and soil type; the spatio-temporal drought indicators including soil moisture drought, surface water drought and groundwater drought, rainfall departure and number of consecutive dry days; and the spatially varying social indicators including infants and young children, illiterate population, marginal workers and rural population have been used for the development of a Drought Vulnerability Index (DVI). The integrated drought vulnerability assessment framework has been conceptualized on the basis of DVI. Four vulnerability classes have been defined and the study area falls in mild to moderate vulnerable class, based on the analysis carried out for the various drought years in the basin. Appropriate drought management plans and mitigation strategies need to be developed to target these vulnerable areas in Bina basin.

[Forensic medical characteristics of the prevalence of sudden death from cardiovascular diseases in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika rasprostranennosti vnezapnoi smerti ot serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevanii v sub"ektakh Rossiiskoi Federatsii.

The purpose of the study is to study the prevalence and frequency of sudden death (SD) from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the structure of non-violent death, taking into account the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. We analyzed the frequency of this indicator, compared it with the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, and determined the overall dynamics. We conducted a non-parametric analysis of the initial data, carried out clustering and visualization based on the following parameters of the initial sample: «CVD mortality in the structure of non-violent death¼, «morbidity¼ and «per capita income level¼. Correlation dependences of the level of mortality from CVD according to the form 42 on the indicated indicators of the socio-economic condition of the subject were determined. Identified subjects of the Russian Federation with an increase in mortality from CVD; established the dependence of the level of VS on CVD and a number of medical and economic indicators.

Stakeholder participation, indicators, assessment, and decision-making: applying adaptive management at the watershed scale.

Climate change, population growth, and declining federal budgets are threatening the health of ecosystems, and the services they provide. Under these changing conditions, managing landscapes and resources assumes new and unprecedented challenges. Adaptive management has been identified as a natural resource management approach that allows practitioners to incorporate change and uncertainty into decision-making through an iterative process that involves long-term monitoring and continued review and adjustment of management actions. However, the success of these efforts in watershed health relies on the collective and sustained monitoring of indicators, which is seldom studied. The purpose of this analysis is to examine (1) the practical challenge of choosing a list of indicators for long-term monitoring, (2) the negotiation process among stakeholders around the selection and interpretation of indicators, and (3) the communication tools that can be used to convey the assessment's results and findings. To do this, we analyze our ongoing work in the Cienega Watershed in southern Arizona. Our analysis shows that the selective use of indicators, regular assessment and review, and establishment of partnerships among stakeholders are all important elements in establishing effective adaptive management efforts. The selection of indicators and data sources is a moving target that requires regular consensus and review among stakeholders. The assessment itself is also a powerful engagement tool with the public at large, providing legitimacy and support to land management decision-making. Here, we outline some lessons learned that can be transferred to other cases and identify potential barriers for engagement, decision-making, and project success.

Lifetime ostracism experiences and mechanisms of pain.

One social mechanism by which marginalization is enacted is via ostracism. Recent research has demonstrated ostracism's impact on physical health, but little is known about the relationship between accumulated lifetime experiences of ostracism and pain. Despite recent calls for added attention to social modulation of pain and social indicators of pain disparities, the impact of specific social factors on pain-including those of ostracism-are not well understood. Results of laboratory studies on the effects of acute ostracism experiences on pain sensitivity have been mixed. However, these studies have not considered lived and repeated experiences of ostracism, and primarily included single static measures of pain sensitivity. Additionally, inclusion and representation of the relationship between ostracism experiences and pain among people with minoritized identities are lacking in the current literature. In this study, we explored accumulated lifetime experiences of ostracism as a potential contributing factor to enhanced pain and one social mechanism by which societal inequity may create and maintain inequity in pain. We extracted measures of lifetime experiences of ostracism from six studies focused on social factors and (non-chronic) pain conducted between 2016 and 2020 (n = 505 adults). To retain and examine diversity within the sample, we used moderation and within-group analyses. Results indicate that greater experiences of lifetime ostracism are associated with lower cold pain tolerance, but not other pain measures, in the whole sample. Moderation and within-group analyses reveal opposing patterns of results between populations included in the extant literature (White participants, convenience samples) and those under-represented in the scientific literature (racialized groups, community samples). This study provides an example of a diversity science approach to examining social indicators of pain, illustrates the limited generalizability of previous studies on ostracism and pain, and highlights the need for increased representation and inclusion to understand mechanisms of pain and inequity.

Indicadores de boas práticas em saúde para a população de rua: revisão de escopo / Indicadores de buenas prácticas en salud para los habitantes de la calle: revisión de alcance / Indicators of good health practices for the homeless population: a scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Identificar os indicadores utilizados para embasar as Boas Práticas em Saúde à população de rua. Métodos Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo cuja seleção dos artigos ocorreu em dezembro de 2019 e foi atualizada em agosto de 2020. Os termos utilizados para a busca foram: homeless persons, homeless, runway, foster care, street people, health status indicators, primary care nursing e primary health care. Foram incluídos estudos publicados em língua inglesa, espanhola e portuguesa, sem delimitação de tempo de publicação. Resultados Foram selecionados 29 artigos. A partir da leitura na íntegra, houve a emergência de quatro categorias empíricas de indicadores: Relação do usuário com o serviço de atendimento; Avaliação das condições de saúde e doença; Avaliação da inclusão social e Avaliação das mudanças nas características comportamentais e psicológicas. Os estudos encontrados utilizaram-se de indicadores majoritariamente para perceber a adesão ao propósito do projeto de intervenção tendo por alvo a população de rua. Conclusão A forma para verificação destes indicadores foi variada, assim como os projetos de intervenção, não há um consenso acerca de que tipo de indicadores seria fértil para a avaliação das ações realizadas.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar los indicadores utilizados para basar las Buenas Prácticas en Salud de los habitantes de la calle. Métodos Se trata de una revisión de alcance, cuya selección de artículos se realizó en diciembre de 2019 y fue actualizada en agosto de 2020. Los términos utilizados para la búsqueda fueron: homeless persons, homeless, runway, foster care, street people, health status indicators, primary care nursing y primary health care. Se incluyeron estudios publicados en idioma inglés, español y portugués, sin restricción del tiempo de publicación. Resultados Se seleccionaron 29 artículos. A partir de su lectura completa, surgieron cuatro categorías empíricas de indicadores: Relación del usuario con el servicio de atención, Evaluación de las condiciones de salud y enfermedad; Evaluación de la inclusión social y Evaluación de los cambios de características de comportamiento y psicológicas. Los estudios encontrados utilizaron mayormente indicadores para percibir la adherencia al propósito del proyecto de intervención que tiene como destinatarios a los habitantes de la calle. Conclusión La forma de verificación de estos indicadores fue variada, así como los proyectos de intervención. No existe consenso sobre qué tipo de indicadores sería provechoso para la evaluación de las acciones realizadas.

Abstract Objective To identify the indicators used to support good health practices for the homeless population. Methods This is a scoping review whose selection of articles took place in December 2019 and was updated in August 2020. The terms used for the search were: homeless persons, homeless, runway, foster care, street people, health status indicators, primary nursing care and primary health care. Studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included, without limitation of publication time. Results A total of 29 articles were selected. From the reading in full, four empirical categories of indicators emerged: User relationship with service; Assessment of health conditions and disease; Assessment of social inclusion; and Assessment of changes in behavioral and psychological characteristics. The studies found used indicators mostly to perceive compliance with the purpose of the intervention project targeting the homeless population. Conclusion The way to verify these indicators was varied, as well as the intervention projects, there is no consensus about what type of indicators would be fertile for assessment of the actions carried out.

Cobertura do programa bolsa família e da atenção primária em santa catarina: análise dos indicadores de pactuação interfederativa / Cobertura del programa bolsa família y de la atención primaria en santa catarina: análisis de los indicadores pautados interfederativamente / Coverage of the bolsa família program and of primary care in santa catarina: analysis of the inter-federative agreement indicators

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar a cobertura de Atenção Primária nos municípios de Santa Catarina e o alcance do indicador de pactuação de cobertura do Programa Bolsa Família. Método ecológico, transversal, descritivo, usando análise espacial e relacionamento probabilístico, utilizando-se o cálculo do coeficiente de Spearman, com apoio do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Realizado com os dados de 2017 e 2018 de 295 municípios de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Resultados há uma correlação direta (p<0,05) entre os indicadores de Cobertura pelas Equipes de Atenção Primária e de Estratégia de Saúde da Família ao de Cobertura pelo Programa Bolsa Família. Santa Catarina não apresentou bom desempenho no cumprimento das metas pactuadas nos anos de 2017-2018 no que tange ao indicador de Cobertura pelo Programa Bolsa Família, estando em 2017 com média de 83,4 e 85,6 em 2018. Conclusão contribui-se na compreensão da influência do Programa Bolsa Família sobre os indicadores de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo evaluar la cobertura de la Atención Primaria en los municipios de Santa Catarina y el alcance del indicador pautado de cobertura del Programa Bolsa Família. Método estudio ecológico, transversal y descriptivo en el que se empleó análisis espacial y relaciones probabilísticas, recurriendo al cálculo del coeficiente de Spearman, con asistencia del software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. El estudio se realizó con los datos de los años 2017 y 2018 de 295 municipios de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Resultados se registra una correlación directa (p<0,05) entre los indicadores de Cobertura de los Equipos de Atención Primaria y los de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia con el de la Cobertura del Programa Bolsa Família. Santa Catarina no obtuvo un buen desempeño en el cumplimiento de las metas pautadas en los años 2017-2018 en lo que se refiere al indicador de la Cobertura del Programa Bolsa Família, obteniendo valores medios de 83,4 y 85,6 en 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. Conclusión el estudio contribuye a comprender la influencia del Programa Bolsa Família sobre los indicadores de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective to evaluate Primary Care coverage in the municipalities of Santa Catarina and the reach of the agreement indicator corresponding to coverage of the Bolsa Família Program. Method an ecological, cross-sectional and descriptive study, using spatial analysis and probabilistic relationships, resorting to calculation of the Spearman's coefficient with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. It was conducted with 2017 and 2018 data from 295 municipalities of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results there is a direct correlation (p<0.05) between the indicators corresponding to Coverage by the Primary Care and Family Health Strategy teams with that of Coverage by the Bolsa Família Program. Santa Catarina did not present good performance in the fulfillment of the goals agreed upon in 2017-2018 regarding the indicator corresponding to Coverage by the Bolsa Família Program, presenting mean values of 83.4 and 85.6 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Conclusion the study contributed to understanding the influence of the Bolsa Família Program on the health indicators.

Cobertura do programa bolsa família e da atenção primária em santa catarina: análise dos indicadores de pactuação interfederativa / Cobertura del programa bolsa família y de la atención primaria en santa catarina: análisis de los indicadores pautados interfederativamente / Coverage of the bolsa família program and of primary care in santa catarina: analysis of the inter-federative agreement indicators

RESUMO Objetivo avaliar a cobertura de Atenção Primária nos municípios de Santa Catarina e o alcance do indicador de pactuação de cobertura do Programa Bolsa Família. Método ecológico, transversal, descritivo, usando análise espacial e relacionamento probabilístico, utilizando-se o cálculo do coeficiente de Spearman, com apoio do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Realizado com os dados de 2017 e 2018 de 295 municípios de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Resultados há uma correlação direta (p<0,05) entre os indicadores de Cobertura pelas Equipes de Atenção Primária e de Estratégia de Saúde da Família ao de Cobertura pelo Programa Bolsa Família. Santa Catarina não apresentou bom desempenho no cumprimento das metas pactuadas nos anos de 2017-2018 no que tange ao indicador de Cobertura pelo Programa Bolsa Família, estando em 2017 com média de 83,4 e 85,6 em 2018. Conclusão contribui-se na compreensão da influência do Programa Bolsa Família sobre os indicadores de saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo evaluar la cobertura de la Atención Primaria en los municipios de Santa Catarina y el alcance del indicador pautado de cobertura del Programa Bolsa Família. Método estudio ecológico, transversal y descriptivo en el que se empleó análisis espacial y relaciones probabilísticas, recurriendo al cálculo del coeficiente de Spearman, con asistencia del software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. El estudio se realizó con los datos de los años 2017 y 2018 de 295 municipios de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Resultados se registra una correlación directa (p<0,05) entre los indicadores de Cobertura de los Equipos de Atención Primaria y los de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia con el de la Cobertura del Programa Bolsa Família. Santa Catarina no obtuvo un buen desempeño en el cumplimiento de las metas pautadas en los años 2017-2018 en lo que se refiere al indicador de la Cobertura del Programa Bolsa Família, obteniendo valores medios de 83,4 y 85,6 en 2017 y 2018, respectivamente. Conclusión el estudio contribuye a comprender la influencia del Programa Bolsa Família sobre los indicadores de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective to evaluate Primary Care coverage in the municipalities of Santa Catarina and the reach of the agreement indicator corresponding to coverage of the Bolsa Família Program. Method an ecological, cross-sectional and descriptive study, using spatial analysis and probabilistic relationships, resorting to calculation of the Spearman's coefficient with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. It was conducted with 2017 and 2018 data from 295 municipalities of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Results there is a direct correlation (p<0.05) between the indicators corresponding to Coverage by the Primary Care and Family Health Strategy teams with that of Coverage by the Bolsa Família Program. Santa Catarina did not present good performance in the fulfillment of the goals agreed upon in 2017-2018 regarding the indicator corresponding to Coverage by the Bolsa Família Program, presenting mean values of 83.4 and 85.6 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Conclusion the study contributed to understanding the influence of the Bolsa Família Program on the health indicators.

Dental caries in children with Down syndrome and associated factors / Cárie dentária em crianças com síndrome de Down e fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to assess dental caries and associated factors in children with Down syndrome (DS). Methods: The sample consisted of children between 6 and 12 years old being 67 with DS and 46 without DS. Caries experience and gingival bleeding index were recorded. Questionnaire with socio-demographic questions was applied to children's caregivers. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for caries in primary and permanent teeth were calculated by means of Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: Children with DS and without DS showed similar results for caries experience. Only age was associated with caries at permanent teeth. None of the variables were associated with caries at primary teeth in both groups of children. Conclusion: It can be concluded that social factors and access to dental services analyzed in this study were not associated with dental caries in children with DS syndrome. Furthermore, caries experience for children with DS and those without the syndrome were not different based on this study.

RESUMO Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a experiência de cárie dentária e os fatores associados em crianças com síndrome de Down (SD). Métodos: A amostra consistiu de crianças de 6 a 12 anos de idade, sendo 67 crianças com SD e em 46 sem SD. A experiência de cárie e o índice de sangramento gengival foram registrados. Um questionário sociodemográfico foi aplicado aos cuidadores das crianças. Os valores brutos e ajustados das razões de prevalência para cárie dentária foram calculados através das médias da regressão de Poisson com variável robusta. Resultados: As crianças com SD e sem SD mostraram resultados similares para experiência de cárie. Somente a idade foi associada com cárie em dentes permanentes, nenhuma das variáveis foi associada com cárie em dentes decíduos para ambos os grupos de crianças. Conclusão: Pode ser concluído que os fatores sociais e o acesso a serviços odontológicos analisados neste estudo não foram associados com cárie dentária em crianças com SD. Além disso, a experiência de cárie não diferiu entre as crianças com SD e sem SD neste estudo.

Evolução da oferta de Fonoaudiólogos no SUS: um estudo sobre a correlação com os indicadores sociais no Brasil na última década / Evolution of the provision of speech therapists in the Brazilian public healthcare system: study on correlations with social indictors in the last decade

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a correlação entre a oferta de Fonoaudiólogos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e os indicadores sociais no Brasil, entre 2007 e 2016. Método Estudo ecológico, cujas unidades de análise foram as 27 Unidades Federativas (UFs) do país. Foram calculados os indicadores da oferta de Fonoaudiólogos no SUS e a evolução relativa desta oferta no período, bem como o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e o Índice de Gini, ambos referentes ao ano de 2010. A correlação foi investigada utilizando o teste de Spearman, com α=5%. Resultados Em 2007, a oferta de Fonoaudiólogos no SUS foi de 3,55/105 habitantes, com o menor indicador no Amazonas e o maior no Mato Grosso do Sul. Em 2016, este indicador quase dobrou no país, com permanência do menor valor no Amazonas e o maior no Piauí. Ocorreu uma importante evolução relativa da oferta de Fonoaudiólogos no Brasil, neste período, com significativas variações entre as UFs. Houve correlação negativa entre a evolução relativa na última década e o IDH, e positiva com o Índice de Gini. Conclusão A evolução da oferta de Fonoaudiólogos no SUS foi maior nas unidades federativas com menor desenvolvimento humano e maior concentração de renda. Não obstante, os resultados referentes a 2016 mostraram a manutenção do status quo, com a maior oferta naquelas unidades federativas com maior desenvolvimento humano.

ABSTRACT Purpose Investigate the correlation between the provision of speech therapists in the Brazilian public healthcare system and social indicators between 2007 and 2016. Methods An ecological study was conducted. The units of analysis were the 27 federative units of Brazil. Indicators of the provision of speech therapists in public healthcare and the relative evolution of this provision in the period as well as the Human Development Index and Gini Index related to the year 2010 were analyzed. Correlations were investigated using Spearman's test (α = 5%). Results In 2007, the provision of speech therapists in the public healthcare system was 3.55/105 residents, with the lowest indicator in the state of Amazonas and the highest in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. In 2016, this indicator nearly doubled in the country; the lowest indicator was again in the state of Amazonas and the highest was in the state of Piauí. An important relative evolution occurred in the provision of speech therapists in Brazil in the period analyzed, with significant variation among the federative units. A negative correlation was found between the relative evolution in the last decade and the Human Development Index and a positive correlation was found with the Gini Index. Conclusion The increase in the provision of speech therapists in the Brazilian public healthcare system was greater in federative units with lower human development and a greater concentration of income. Despite this, the results from 2016 showed the maintenance of the status quo, with a greater provision in federative units with greater human development.

Social valuation of the ecosystem services from coastal wetlands: current status and perspectives / Valoración social de los servicios ecosistémicos de humedales costeros: estado actual y perspectivas

RESUMEN Los Servicios Ecosistémicos (SE) son bienes y servicios que la humanidad obtiene de la naturaleza y a los que se asigna valor ecológico, económico y social, aunque se ha brindado menor atención al estudio de este último. Esta deficiencia es más notable en el caso de los humedales costeros, que proveen importantes SE, escasamente explorados desde la perspectiva social y espacial, pese a su pertinencia en la planificación territorial. Para conocer el estado del arte relativo a la valoración social de SE de humedales costeros y la importancia del análisis espacial en el proceso, se realizó una revisión documental sistemática (2005-2018) que permitió observar una tendencia positiva en el número de publicaciones, en especial en el último trienio. Se identificó que el valor social carece de una definición estandarizada y se ha enfocado a servicios sin valor de mercado, mientras que en lo relativo a dimensión espacial, se encontró que se ha venido incorporando con esquemas de mapeo participativo, dirigido a determinar la accesibilidad a sitios de provisión de SE y a la identificación de sitios de valor social dentro de los humedales, sin que la producción de mapas sea relevante. No se encontraron elementos para determinar si la valoración social es complementaria o alternativa a la económica, pero se requiere crear un marco conceptual para la valoración integral basado en la pluralidad de valores de los SE como una estrategia de conservación de los humedales.

ABSTRACT Ecosystem Services (ES) include goods and benefits that people obtain from nature and to which ecological, economic and social values are assigned, although less attention has been given to the study of the latter. This deficiency is particularly notable for coastal wetlands, which provide important ES, rarely studied from a social and spatial perspective, despite their relevance in territorial planning. To define the state-of-the-art about social assessment of SE in coastal wetlands and the importance of spatial analysis in that process, a systematic documentary review (2005-2018) was carried out, finding a positive trend in the number of publications, with a notable increase in the last three years. It was found that social value lacks clear definition and has focused on services without market value, while in terms of spatial dimension it has been included with participatory mapping schemes, aimed at determining the accessibility to SE provision sites and the identification of social value sites within the wetlands, but with a little relevant map production. No elements were found to conclude if social valuation is complementary or alternative to the economic one, but it is necessary to create a conceptual framework for the integral valuation, based on the plurality of values of the SE as a strategy for the conservation of wetlands.

Prevalence of older drivers in Brazil: results from Vigitel 2018 / Prevalência de motoristas idosos no Brasil: resultados do Vigitel 2018

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Brazilian older adults who drive a car/ride a motorcycle, according to sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: This cross-sectional study uses data from the 2018 Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel). The prevalence of drivers was determined by an affirmative answer to the following question: "Do you drive a car, motorcycle and/or other vehicle?". RESULTS: Among the 15 333 individuals aged 65 and over living in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District, the overall prevalence of drivers was 28.73% (95%CI 27.22 -30.29) and was higher among men (53.37%; 95%CI 50.45 - 56.28), those with higher education (65.44%; 95%CI 61.98 - 68.75), and individuals aged 65 to 69 years (35.7%; 95%CI 33.06 - 38.61). Among the regions of Brazil, prevalence varied from 35% (Midwest and South) to approximately 22% (North and Northeast). Florianopolis (42.2%; 95%CI 38.05 - 46.47) and Palmas (40.32%; 95%CI 32.74 - 48.38) were the cities with the highest prevalence of older drivers. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics such as sex, age group, region, and state capital of residence affect the prevalence of older drivers. Our results contribute to knowledge about how older adults choose to move around in large Brazilian cities, enabling proposal of strategies to improve the quality of this population's displacement.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de idosos brasileiros que dirigem carro/motocicleta, de acordo com características sociodemográficas. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas (Vigitel 2018). A prevalência de motoristas foi determinada pela resposta positiva à questão: "O(A) sr.(a) dirige carro, moto e/ou outro veículo?". RESULTADOS: Entre os 15 333 indivíduos de 65 anos ou mais, residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal, a prevalência de motoristas foi de 28,76% (IC95% 27,22 - 30,29), sendo maior entre os homens (53,37%; IC95% 50,45 - 56,28), naqueles com maior escolaridade (65,44%; IC95% 61,98 - 68,75) e nos indivíduos de 65 a 69 anos (35,79%; IC95% 33,06 - 38,61). Entre as regiões do Brasil, a prevalência variou de 35% (centro-oeste e sul) a, aproximadamente, 22% (norte e nordeste). As capitais com maior percentual de idosos motoristas foram Florianópolis (42,20%; IC95% 38,05 - 46,47) e Palmas (40,32%; IC95% 32,74 - 48,38). CONCLUSÕES: Características como sexo, faixa etária, região e capitais do Brasil afetam a prevalência de motoristas. Espera-se que os resultados apresentados aqui possam contribuir para o conhecimento de como os idosos escolhem se locomover nas grandes cidades brasileiras, permitindo propor estratégias para melhorar a qualidade de deslocamento dessa população.

Suicidal Behavior in the Mediterranean Countries.

INTRODUCTION: Suicidal behavior is a serious public health problem worldwide and shows large intersocietal variation. This study aimed at comparatively investigating the aspects of suicidal behavior in 22 countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. METHODS: The study was conducted with official data retrieved from several sources. The suicidal mortality data were collected from World Health Organization's data repository. Descriptive statistics, group comparison, correlational and regression statistical analyses were used to summarize the data. RESULTS: The average age standardized suicide rates in the Mediterranean countries are lower than the world average. Except in Morocco, more men kill themselves than women. Suicide rates are lower in Mediterranean Muslim than in Mediterranean Christian countries. Slovenia, France and Croatia have the highest suicide mortality rates. Greatest percentages of suicidal ideation are seen in Croatia, Turkey and Slovenia and the greatest percentages of suicidal attempts are seen in Palestine, Cyprus, Greece and Slovenia. According to the results of the multiple regression analyses, the coefficient of human inequality index was associated with lower both-sex and male suicide rates. Greater percentages of people saying religion is unimportant in daily life in a country were found to be related to higher female suicide rates. CONCLUSION: The findings from the study have shown that the prevalence of suicidal deaths, thoughts and attempts vary between the Mediterranean countries. Lower suicide rates are observed in the Muslim Mediterranean nations than in the Judeo-Christian ones. However, the rates of suicide mortality in non-Arab Muslim nations being comparable to the rates in non-Muslim countries confirm the concerns over mis/underreporting of suicidal behavior in Arab Muslim countries due to religio-cultural stigma attached to suicide. The average suicidal mortality rates are lower in Mediterranean countries than the world average. Generally, more men than women kill themselves. Results from the multivariate analysis revealed that as the level of human inequality increases the rates for both-sex and male suicidal mortality decreases. Religion seem to be protective against female suicides. The study has also shown that more research is needed about suicidal behavior in the Mediterranean countries.

Suicide mortality in the city of São Paulo: epidemiological characteristics and their social factors in a temporal trend between 2000 and 2017. Retrospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for one million deaths annually. Greater understanding of the causal risk factors is needed, especially in large urban centers. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the epidemiological profile and temporal trend of suicides over two decades and correlate prevalence with social indicators. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive population-based longitudinal retrospective study conducted in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A temporal trend series for suicide mortality in this city was constructed based on data from the Ministry of Health's mortality notification system, covering 2000-2017. It was analyzed using classic demographic variables relating to social factors. RESULTS: Suicide rates were high throughout this period, increasing from 4.6/100,000 inhabitants in the 2000s to 4.9/100,000 in 2017 (mean: 4.7/100,000). The increase in mortality was mainly due to increased male suicide, which went from 6.0/100,000 to the current 8.0/100,000. Other higher coefficients corresponded to social risk factors, such as being a young adult (25-44 years old), being more educated (eight years of schooling) and having white ethnicity (67.2%). Suicide was also twice as likely to occur at home (47.8%). CONCLUSION: High suicide rates were seen over the period 2000-2017, especially among young adults and males. High schooling levels and white ethnicity were risk factors. The home environment is the crucial arena for preventive action. One special aspect of primary prevention is the internet and especially social media, which provides a multitude of information for suicide prevention.

Essential components of institutional and social indicators in assessing the sustainability and resilience of urban water systems: Challenges and opportunities.

There has been increasing focus on the resilience and sustainability of Urban Water Systems (UWS) due to the increase in urban population and rise of imminent threats (e.g. floods). This focus has brought about numerous studies attempting to develop a framework of assessment of UWS that can be benchmarked and adopted by different jurisdictions. The use of composite indicators has been the most common approach in many of the studies appearing in the past two decades. While there seems to be a consensus on the relevant technical and economic indicators in assessing UWS, the situation is different when it comes to social and institutional indicators. In this paper, a discussion of the most common institutional and social indicators used in conducting a sustainability or resilience assessment of UWS is presented. A framework of criteria which describes four key ways for ensuring that indicators are appropriate for use in UWS is proposed. The framework is described as a tool to mitigate common challenges in the development and evaluation of institutional and social indicators. While social and institutional indicators have been used in a variety of studies, the framework offers a way to better ensure that regardless of the chosen indicators, they are developed and used in a way that is consistent with the merits of social research, notably reliability and validity.