Green economic growth in BRIC and CIVETS countries: The effects of trade openness and sustainable development goals.

This study aims to analyze the impact of trade openness and Sustainable Development Goals, Financial Development, and Technology on the economic growth of Brazil, Russia, India, China and Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, South Africa countries. The present analysis employs a balanced panel data set from 1996 to 2022. This study also uses various tests, such as the Johansen-Fisher cointegration and Granger causality test. The study's findings suggest that economic growth, trade openness, Sustainable Development Goals, financial development, inflation, technology, labor forces, and financial openness have a long-term relationship among them. In the long run, a positive relationship exists between economic growth, trade openness, and the sustainable development goals index in (BRIC) and (CIVETS) countries. Based on the heterogeneous panel non-causality tests, the findings demonstrate that trade openness and Sustainable Development Goals are a unidirectional causality between trade openness, Sustainable Development Goals, and economic growth.

Trade openness, human capital, natural resource, and carbon emission nexus: a CS-ARDL assessment for Central Asian economies.

There is a call for global efforts to preserve the ecological systems that can sustain economies and people's lives. However, carbon emission (CEM) threatens the sustainability of humanity and ecological systems. This analysis looked into the influence of energy use (ERU), human capital (HCI), trade openness (TOP), natural resource (NRR), population, and economic growth (ENG) on CEM. The paper gathered panel data from the Central Asia region from 1990 to 2020. The CS-ARDL was applied to establish the long-term interaction among the indicators. The paper's findings indicated the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in the Central Asia regions. Also, the empirical evidence highlighted that energy use, natural resources, and trade openness cause higher levels of CEM. However, the research verified that CEM can be improved through human capital and urban population growth. The study also found that HCI moderates the interaction between NRR and CEM. The causality assessment indicated a one-way interplay between ENG, ERU, NRR, and CEM. The study proposes that to support ecological stability in these regions, policy-makers should concentrate on developing human capital, investing in renewable energy sources, and utilizing contemporary technologies to harness natural resources in the economies of Central Asia.

Towards a greener future: examining carbon emission dynamics in Asia amid gross domestic product, energy consumption, and trade openness.

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of gross domestic product, energy consumption, and trade openness on carbon emission in Asia. Among the 48 countries in Asia, 42 were included in the analysis, spanning a period of 20 years. Given that Asia is the predominant contributor, accounting for 53% of global emissions as of 2019, a comprehensive examination at both continental and individual country levels becomes imperative. Such an approach aligns with local, regional, and global development agendas, contributing directly and indirectly to climate change mitigation. The analytical techniques employed in this study encompassed panel regression and multiple linear regression, illuminating the specific contributions of each country to the study variables and their impact on carbon emissions. The findings suggest that gross domestic product (13 out of 42 countries), energy consumption (21 out of 42 countries), and trade openness (eight out of 42 countries) have a highly significant impact (p < 0.01) on carbon emissions in Asia. Energy consumption plays a vital role in increasing carbon emissions in Asia, driven by rising populations, urbanisation, and oil and gas production. Policymakers can take several actions such as adopting a carbon pricing system, using sustainable transportation, renewable energy development, and international cooperation within Asia to reach the goal of being carbon neutral by 2050.

Openness policies and financial development in Ghana: An ARDL approach.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the relationship between openness policies (trade and finance) and the degree of financial development in Ghana. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The data for this study were extracted from the World Bank's World Development Indicators from 1960 to 2020. The data consists of annual time series data for Ghana. This study employs the ARDL bounds testing approach for cointegration to estimate the short- and long-run effects of openness policies on financial development in Ghana. In addition, a Markov Switching Model is used as a robustness check to estimate the effect of openness policies and financial development and to handle issues of structural breaks in the dataset. FINDINGS: The study finds that openness policies have a substantial impact on financial development in Ghana and supports the McKinnon-Saw hypothesis. Specifically, financial and trade openness have positive effects on financial development in the long run. However, in the short run, trade openness is the only significant determinant of financial development. The results from the Markov model also indicate that the effect of openness policies on financial development is positive in high and low regimes of financial development, even though foreign investment does not affect financial development in less volatile environments. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study examines the relationship between openness policies (trade and finance) and the degree of financial development in Ghana. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS: This study suggests that government policies should focus on enhancing trade agreements to increase trade volumes and promote financial development in the long run. Additionally, reducing restrictions on capital movement across borders could encourage capital inflows and competition among financial institutions, leading to greater efficiency and development of the financial sector. Moreover, policies that promote financial openness can promote long-term financial development in the long run. Therefore, policymakers should work towards liberalizing capital accounts and promoting foreign investment. However, policymakers must be cautious about the potential short-term effects of such policies and work towards mitigating any negative impacts.

The impact of oil prices, foreign direct investment and trade openness on unemployment rates in an oil-exporting country: The case of Saudi Arabia.

This study analyzes the effects of major macroeconomic variables (oil price, foreign direct investment inflows, real gross domestic product and trade openness) on the unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia. The study adopted the ARDL model and bounds testing for co-integration approach and other diagnostic econometric techniques to check potential issues resulting from the use of time series data, from 1991 to 2019. Findings show that changes in the four variables exhibit a significant negative long-run effect on the unemployment rate. Additionally, we detected a non-linear relationship between unemployment and oil prices. The oil price effect is positive only if it exceeds $41.2 per barrel. A per-barrel price of oil below this threshold appears to worsen the labor market situation in Saudi Arabia. Revenues from oil exports account for major source of income for the country; unfortunately, oil prices are subject to factors beyond the control of the country (inconsistencies in global oil prices). The country needs to diversify its economy especially in growth-enhancing sectors of the economy to generate employment and moderate unemployment.

Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve: assessing the impact of climate policy uncertainty in the Belt and Road Initiative.

Climate change repercussions such as temperature shifts and more severe weather occurrences are felt globally. It contributes to larger-scale challenges, such as climate change and biodiversity loss in food production. As a result, the purpose of this research is to develop strategies to grow the economy without harming the environment. Therefore, we revisit the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, considering the impact of climate policy uncertainty along with other control variables. We investigated yearly panel data from 47 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations from 1998 to 2021. Pooled regression, fixed effect, and the generalized method of moment (GMM) findings all confirmed the presence of inverted U-shaped EKC in BRI counties. Findings from this paper provide policymakers with actionable ideas, outlining a framework for bringing trade and climate agendas into harmony in BRI countries. The best way to promote economic growth and reduce carbon dioxide emissions is to push for trade and climate policies to be coordinated. Moreover, improving institutional quality is essential for strong environmental governance, as it facilitates the adoption of environmentally friendly industrialization techniques and the efficient administration of climate policy uncertainties.

Does environmental policy stringency improve nature's health in BRICS economies? Implications for sustainable development.

In our groundbreaking exploration, we meticulously delve into the relationship between environmental policy stringency, international trade dynamics, and financial openness within the BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) spanning from 1996 to 2021. With a focus on critical variables such as economic growth and technological innovation, our empirical findings challenge conventional wisdom. Surprisingly, we found that those stringent environmental policies, when standing alone, do not invariably lead to reduce CO2 emissions. Equally interesting is our startling discovery that the anticipated moderating influence of environmental policy stringency, catalyzed by trade and foreign direct investment, on the well-being of our environment does not materialize; contrarily, both trade and foreign direct investment moderating channels exhibit unanticipated positive correlations with CO2 emissions. These revelations provoke us with the presence of a "pollution haven" phenomenon within the BRICS economies. Furthermore, our investigation reveals that, when examined individually, trade and foreign direct investment also appear to contribute to elevated emission levels. These findings provide a resolute solution to our research quandary, underlining the indispensable requirement for cutting-edge and robust environmental policies. These policies must possess the prowess to effectively counteract the adverse environmental consequences stemming from the amalgamation of global trade and financial integration. In doing so, they shall propel BRICS nations toward a future firmly grounded in principles of sustainability and ecological integrity.

Do renewable energy sources improve air quality? Demand- and supply-side comparative evidence from industrialized and emerging industrial economies.

This study is an attempt to comparatively analyze the impact of renewable energy sources on air quality represented by particulate matter 2.5 concentrations utilizing panel data of 60 countries which are divided into two sub-panels industrialized economies and emerging industrial economies over the period 2010-2019. The study adopts both demand- and supply-side approaches and hence renewable sources are handled in two different structures, i.e., renewable energy consumption and production. Empirical results from both demand- and supply-side regressions strongly confirm the positive impact of renewable sources on air quality in all country groups, meaning that higher renewable energy production and consumption bring about improvement in air quality. In addition, this positive impact of renewables on air quality turned out to be higher in emerging industrial economies than that in industrialized ones. To be more precise, as all control variables are considered, a 10% increase in the production of renewable energy sources brings about a 0.66% improvement in air quality in industrialized economies while its impact is a value of 1.33% in emerging industrial economies. On the other hand, a 10% increase in consumption of renewable energy sources leads to a 0.62% improvement in air quality in industrialized economies and a 1.97% improvement in emerging industrial economies. As for control variables, industrialization gives rise to an increase in air pollution in all country groups, whereas economic growth and trade openness function as favorable factors for air quality. Although population density improves air quality in industrialized economies, it is found as one of the main pollutant factors in emerging industrial economies. Overall results proved that renewable sources improve air quality by reducing particulate matter 2.5 concentrations. Therefore, these countries, especially emerging industrial economies, should replace primitive energy sources like fossil fuels with renewables to bring down environmental degradation up to a reasonable level and increasingly continue to invest in renewable energy domain to reach their environmental sustainability targets. The study also provides some additional policy implications.

An EKC-based modelling of CO2 emissions, economic growth, electricity consumption and trade openness in Serbia.

Understanding the complex interactions between the economy and the environment is crucial for promoting sustainable development and mitigating the negative impact of human activities on the Planet. The importance of this issue for Serbia is evident as the country strives to balance economic growth and environmental protection to ensure a sustainable and resilient future. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate and model the relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, electricity consumption, and trade openness in Serbia. Initially, an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is used to characterize the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) using data from the period from 1995 to 2019, followed by the construction of a bootstrap logistic regression model to predict environmental quality in Serbia. Long-term estimates of the model confirm an inverted U-shaped relationship, where all three variables exert a statistically significant influence on CO2 emissions. In the short run, however, a causal relationship is only observed between electricity consumption and CO2 emissions. The logistic regression results show that all three factors significantly influence environmental quality. The study proposes policy recommendations for Serbia, such as promoting sustainable economic growth, implementing long-term programs to reduce CO2 emissions, reviewing trade policies to prioritize sustainable practices, and investing in renewable energy sources to reduce emissions.

Do domestic innovations promote trade openness? Empirical evidence from emerging economies.

Purpose: Innovation activities have gained much importance due to their pivotal role in achieving economic growth - directly by increasing productivity and - indirectly by increasing the degree of trade openness. This study aims to focus on the indirect channel, a rarely explored area of research, especially in the context of emerging economies. Methodology: To achieve the aim of the study, four proxies of innovation (resident patent applications, nonresident patent applications, scientific and technical journal articles, and research and development expenditures) are used to establish a robust relationship between innovation activities and trade openness in BRICS economies. Panel data from 2000 to 2020 is obtained from World Development Indicators and Penn World Tables. Econometric techniques of panel data such as fixed effect and generalized least squares are employed to extract results from the specified models. Findings: The findings of the study revealed that three proxies of innovation (i.e., resident patent applications, nonresident patent applications, scientific and technical journal articles) have a significant positive role in improving trade openness in the BRICS economies. However, the fourth proxy of innovation i.e., research and development expenditures had a negative impact on the degree of trade openness. Besides, innovation activities such as inflation rate and foreign direct investment have also influenced the degree of trade openness positively and significantly. Conversely, GDP per capita had a negative relationship with trade openness. Moreover, domestic investments showed a positive influence on the degree of trade openness while employment had a negative and insignificant influence on the degree of trade openness. Finally, the causality analysis revealed a one-way relationship running from innovations to trade openness. Implications: In view of the results obtained, the policymakers of the BRICS economies might focus on encouraging innovation activities to enhance the degree of trade openness. Increased trade openness will consequently contribute to economic growth enormously and thus the attainment of sustainable development goals (SDG-8). Policymakers are also suggested to encourage FDI inflows and further ensure a moderate inflation rate to improve the degree of trade openness and hence accelerate economic growth. Originality: This study focused on examining the nexus between innovation activities and trade openness in emerging economies, which is indeed an interesting but rarely explored area of research. The findings of the study might help the policymakers of the BRICS economies in formulating policies regarding trade openness and innovation activities.

The determinants of ecological footprint in the UK: The role of transportation activities, renewable energy, trade openness, and globalization.

The objective of this study is to explore the interaction between transportation energy consumption, GDP, renewable energy, trade, globalization and ecological footprint in the United Kingdom over the period 1990-2020. To achieve this aim, the study uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach and Fourier Toda-Yamamoto causality test. The research findings demonstrate that an increase in transportation energy consumption, renewable energy, and globalization is associated with a reduction in environmental pollution. On the contrary, GDP and trade contribute to worsening the environment. Moreover, there exists a unidirectional causal relationship from transportation energy consumption, GDP, renewable energy, trade, and globalization towards the ecological footprint. The findings of the study recommend that the policymakers should implement strategies and provide incentives to increase the deployment of renewables in the transportation sector, specifically focusing on electric vehicles (EVs) and the necessary charging infrastructure. Overall, the UK government should prioritize sustainable environmental development when planning its economic development strategies.

The energy-growth nexus in Canada: new empirical insights.

Over the past two decades, numerous developed and developing nations have witnessed a remarkable shift from manufacturing-based economies to those that center around the service sector. This development has led to a staggering growth in the consumption of energy-intensive goods, and Canada has not been immune to this trend. Despite being home to abundant energy reserves, the country's economic expansion has manifestly relied on prodigious energy consumption. Within this context of symbiotic energy-economic growth, this study investigates the empirical relationship between energy consumption and economic growth using Canadian time-series data from 1980 to 2020. In doing so, this paper offers a vital contribution to the development of theoretical frameworks within the sphere of endogenous growth. Besides, to arrive at empirical findings, a model known as the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model, renowned for its ability to discern both short- and long-term coefficients, is employed. The results reveal that economic growth has a significant positive long-run effect on energy consumption and other explanatory variables. All variables other than trade openness demonstrate a positive relationship with economic growth in the short run. From Toda-Yamamoto causality test, it is evident that there exist bidirectional causal links between economic growth and energy consumption and between economic growth and financial development. Several unidirectional causalities were also observed for other variables. Based on these findings, it is recommended that Canada boosts its investment in energy infrastructure, especially in rural and backward regions, to deliver necessary energy services. An optimal trade-off between Canada's vast energy resources and economic growth can perhaps be achieved by minimizing the disparity in access to energy services across all parts of the country. Other policy implications are discussed.

What level of renewable energy production will reduce ecological footprint without compromising trade? Evidence from Shanghai Cooperation Organization nations.

In order to decarbonize the global economy and reduce environmental degradation, it has become necessary to switch from using fossil fuels to renewable energy. However, a net zero global economy cannot be achieved without understanding the total renewable energy generation threshold and associated investment amount. This study estimates the renewable energy generation threshold to mitigate environmental degradation using data from 2003 to 2019 while focusing on Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) nations. A panel fully modified model and the eight permanent nations of the SCO are employed. Our results show that while trade openness, foreign direct investment, and economic activities positively drive environmental degradation, renewable energy generation is a negative driver, and population has no relationship with environmental degradation. The threshold analysis shows that SCO nations need to increase their renewable energy generation from the current average of 2.403 to 7.737. Policy recommendation regarding how these nations can raise this money has been provided.

Does tourism reduce the shadow economy? An international evidence.

This paper investigates one of the positive contributions of tourism to the economy through the lens of its influences on the shadow economy. Specifically, our study analyzes the effects of five indicators of tourism consumption (including domestic tourism spending, international travel and tourism consumption, business tourism spending, leisure tourism spending, and outbound tourism spending on the percentage of shadow economy to GDP) in 129 economies between 1996 and 2015. We find interesting results that contribute to the existing literature about tourism economics. Firstly, the development of the inbound tourism industry reduces the shadow economy significantly, while outbound tourism causes higher underground economic activities. Secondly, the influence of tourism on the shadow economy is significant in both the short-run and long run with a stronger effect in the long run. Thirdly, the effect of tourism on the shadow economy is more significant in the 42 High-Income Economies and 54 Low and Lower-middle Income Economies, while it is less obvious in the 33 Upper-Middle Income Economies. These findings have been checked by a battery of robustness checks ensuring their statistical consistency.

Can minimizing risk exposures help in inhibiting carbon footprints? The environmental repercussions of international trade and clean energy.

Since bettering environmental conditions has acquired significant interest globally, discovering factors that may facilitate the establishment of environmental sustainability is currently of foremost importance. Hence, this study considers a sample of 33 members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and checks whether reducing exposure to different forms of country risks, in the presence of international trade and clean energy consumption, can reduce their respective carbon footprint levels. Utilizing annual data from 2000 to 2018 and employing methods that handle problems related to dependence across cross-sectional units and heterogeneity of slope coefficients, the findings endorse that (a) reducing financial and political risks abate carbon footprints, (b) economic risk exposure does not influence carbon footprints, (c) international trade exerts carbon footprint-boosting effects, and (d) undergoing unclean to clean energy transition curbs carbon footprints. Accordingly, the concerned governments should these findings into account while conceptualizing green environmental policies in the future.

Effect of economic growth, energy use, trade openness and foreign direct investments on carbon dioxide emissions. Evidence from G8 countries.

The problem of climate change, which causes various negativities in the global sense, is one of the important research topics. It is necessary to determine the factors affecting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which are the main determinants of climate change, and to take measures for this. In this study, based on the hypothesis that economic growth, energy usage, trade openness, and foreign direct investment affect CO2 emissions, it was aimed to examine the effects of economic growth, energy usage, trade openness, and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions for G8 countries using annual data for the period 1990-2018. For this purpose, first, a literature review was done in the study. Then, cross-section dependency and heterogeneity tests were performed as empirical analyses. Afterward, unit root tests, cointegration analyses, and causality analyses were performed in the study. Finally, in the study, short-term parameters and long-term parameters were estimated to capture possible dynamic relationships between variables. The Westerlund Error Correction Model (ECM) panel test for cointegration showed that there is a cointegration relationship between these variables for both the entire panel and the cross-section units. The results of the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator method showed that (i) economic growth has no effect on CO2 emissions in 7 of 8 countries, (ii) energy usage increases CO2 emissions in 4 of the countries studied but decreases it in one of them, and (iii) foreign direct investments and trade openness do not affect CO2 emissions in 4 countries but positively affects in 2 countries and negatively in 2 countries. According to the results obtained from the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) analysis, while economic growth, energy usage, and trade openness affect CO2 emissions in the long run, economic growth, energy use, and trade openness affect CO2 emissions in the short run too. According to Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality results, it was seen that there is no causal relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, and energy use. While there is a unidirectional causality from CO2 emissions to foreign direct investments, it was determined that there is a bidirectional causality between trade openness and CO2 emissions. When the results were examined in general, it was understood that the variables of economic growth, trade openness, foreign direct investment, and energy usage are effective on CO2 emissions in the G8 countries. It would be beneficial for countries to include the objectives of making production with clean production technologies, ensuring efficient use of energy, and expanding the use of renewable energies among their main targets.

Spatial effects of trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), and natural resource rents on carbon productivity in the GCC region.

Background: Natural resource rents (NRRs) may determine the environment and economic growth of the GCC countries due to their over-reliance on the natural resource sector. NRRs are the source of income in resource-abundant GCC countries. So, increasing income of these countries could pollute the environment by increasing overall economic activities. Consequently, NRRs could determine carbon productivity in the GCC region through increasing income and carbon emissions. Methods: The effects of trade openness (TO), foreign direct investment (FDI), urbanization, and oil and natural gas rents on carbon productivity (CP) are examined in the GCC region from 1980-2021 using the spatial Durbin model. Results: The CP of the GCC countries has spillovers in their neighboring countries. Oil rent reduces carbon productivity in domestic economies and the entire GCC region. Natural gas rent, TO, and FDI increase, and urbanization reduces carbon productivity in neighboring economies and the entire GCC region. Moreover, urbanization reduces carbon productivity in domestic economies as well. The study recommends the GCC countries to reduce reliance on oil rent and increase globalization in terms of TO and FDI in the region to promote carbon productivity. Moreover, GCC countries should also focus more on natural gas rent instead of oil rent to raise carbon productivity.

Testing the income-finance-trade-environment nexus based on the ecological load capacity factor: Frequency-domain causality evidence from Nigeria.

To ensure sustainable development, it is crucial that the consumption of ecological resources remains within their productive capacity. This study aims to support policy formulation by examining the nexus between income, financial development, trade openness, and the ecological load capacity factor in Nigeria from 1970 to 2021. The results of the Bayer-Hanck and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds cointegration tests indicate a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. Parameter estimations were conducted using the dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and ARDL model estimators. Both the long-run and short-run results indicate that the ecological load capacity factor has a U-shaped curve with income, thereby validating the load capacity curve hypothesis in Nigeria. The estimated threshold turning points of the curve fall within Nigeria's current range of per capita GDP, which indicates that further increases in income will enhance ecological sustainability. Additionally, the ecological load capacity factor exhibits a negative relationship with financial development and trade openness in the long run. The Breitung-Candelon spectral Granger causality tests reveal that, in the long run, unidirectional causality runs from income and trade openness to the ecological load capacity factor, and bidirectional causality exists in the case of financial development. Furthermore, the tests indicate that none of the causal paths are significant for wavelength periods below four years. Therefore, the study recommends implementing medium-to long-term policy strategies to strengthen the ecological resilience base of the economy.

Clean cooking technologies, information, and communication technology and the environment.

In recent years, researchers and politicians have become concerned about the ever-increasing energy consumption of ICT gadgets. Any effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions should take the ICT industry's carbon emissions into account, given the widespread usage of ICT products across all economic sectors. Employing Driscoll-Kraay Panel Corrected Estimators for E7 economies from 2000 to 2020, we examine the direct impacts of ICT on ecology as well as the indirect implications through connections with the availability of clean fuel and technology for cooking and trade while also adjusting for population and renewable energy. From the empirical findings, it was observed that the two proxies of ICT services (i.e., internet-penetration and mobile-subscriptions) were negatively significantly connected with E7's (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey) carbon emissions. Similarly, access to clean fuel and technologies for cooking and renewable energy decreases emission levels within the E7 economies, while trade openness and population growth increase emission levels within the said economies. Moreover, the method of moment quantile regression used as a robustness check affirms the baseline technique. According to the findings, the E7 economies can safely boost internet usage and associated technologies to lower emissions. They may lessen their negative impact on the ecosystem by increasing the utilization of renewable energy and expanding access to clean fuel and cooking technologies.

Exploring the impact of carbon emissions and co-macroeconomic determinants on China's sustainable apple export.

China is the foremost global consumer, producer, and exporter of fresh apples. In 2021, China produced roughly 44 million tons of apples and exported just over 1 million tons, a nearly 2% increase over the previous year. However, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had a detrimental impact on global trade and has led to a decrease in China's agricultural exports. The present study aims to contribute to the existing body of literature by analyzing plausible macroeconomic determinants that might impact China's apple exports. We used novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (DYARDL) simulations to model causal relationships among fundamental economic parameters. We made use of annual time series data from 1990 to 2020 from the World Bank and China's national statistical bureau. We found that increases in apple orchard area, apple production, and trade openness had a positive impact on apple exports over both the short and long term. Conversely, decreases in the prices of exported apples, agrochemicals, and carbon emissions in the agricultural sector had a positive impact on the long-term and short-term exportation of apples. Finally, we note that pictographic illustrations from the DYARDL simulations provide corroborative evidence for our findings. Based on the study results, this study proposes that the adoption of technological advancements in apple orchards could potentially enhance apple production while simultaneously upholding environmental sustainability.