Human smuggling in Austria: a comparative analysis of data on smuggled migrants from former Yugoslavia and the Russian Federation.

This article provides a summary of the author's research on human smuggling in Austria comparing migrants from Former Yugoslavia and the Russian Federation. The project's primary intent was to collect more detailed information on migrants seeking asylum in Austria and their use of smuggling services to leave their home countries, including detailed information on demographics, force or threat of force by smugglers, routes and methods of transportation, costs of smuggling, payment methods, and deeper perceptual questions regarding the flight. Another central premise of the article discusses how current distinctions between human smuggling and human trafficking are arbitrary in many regards.

The naked mother or, why Freud did not write about railway accidents.

This paper examines Freud's approach to technology from two interrelated perspectives. First it discusses the way his theory presents technology solely in positive terms, as an instrument that expands human power over nature almost infinitely. Here the goal is to underscore a limitation of Freud's way of thinking about human creations, which comes to the fore in his somewhat myopic enthusiasm for technology. Then the essay elaborates on a void in Freud's writings, examining why he did not refer to railway accidents in his discussion of technology. It concludes with a choice of three possible answers: (a) that his theories allowed no conceptual room for accidents, (b) that his silence on accidents was conditioned by the emergence of his oedipal desire on the occasion of a railway journey from Leipzig to Vienna, (c) that his silence was caused by a fear of accidents that threatened to overwhelm him.

Saving psychoanalysts: Ernest Jones and the Isakowers.

This article examines the role played by Ernest Jones in saving psychoanalysts from Germany and Austria during the 1930s, and , in particular, in the case of Drs Otto and Salomea Isakower from Vienna. Archives from the Library of Congress and the British Psychoanalytical Society are used to document how Jones navigated the considerable difficulties presented in both Europe and London as well as by colleagues and was able to help the Isakowers emigrate to Liverpool where they worked and began the "North of England" training group with others and emigrated to the USA in 1940. As President of the International Society, Jones had responsibilities with psychoanalyst refugees, which he performed with care, commitment and political competence. Although Jones did not succeed in saving psychoanalysis in Europe, he played a crucial role in saving psychoanalysts. He helped to spread the world-wide standing and influence of psychoanalysis.

Being analysed by Freud in 1921: the diary of a patient.

This article presents a unique document, a hitherto unpublished diary of a patient analysis with Freud in 1921. Conclusions on how Freud worked with patients at that period, particularly insofar as transference is concerned, are drawn.

Freud & Co.

A previously unknown photograph of the old Emanuel Freud with his youngest daughter Bertha inspires an attempt to salvage what can be rescued of these lost lives and reminds us that history is always incomplete. Emanuel's appearances in Freud's dreams exemplify the dream-like aspects of the photographic image, which momentarily highlights particular aspects of the sitter while neglecting others. Examining photographs for documentation involves a reappraisal of the language of historical evidence.

Divisions and diversity: the complexities of medical refuge in Britain, 1933-1948.

The experiences of medical refugees who came to the United Kingdom from Nazi Germany and occupied Europe in the 1930s and 1940s reflect the general characteristics of the British response to the refugee crisis. This article analyzes the role of the British medical establishment and its interplay with the government and refugee aid organizations. Processes of decision making and changes of policy are revealed, drawing on the files of the "Aliens Committee" at the archive of the British Medical Association, on the private collection of Yvonne Kapp, former administrative head of the Medical Department of the Central Office for Refugees, and on the medical subseries of the archive of the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning. "Divisions" refer to differing interests and attitudes of the institutions, organizations and individuals involved; "diversity" reflects the response to the various nationalities of medical refugees, mainly German, Austrian, Czech, and Polish.

"Bildung" or the formation of the psychoanalyst.

As a number of Sigmund Freud's patients and followers in the crucial formative years of psychoanalysis were from the German- and Austrian-Jewish educated class, and as the then prestigious humanistic tradition was considered essential for the formation of analysts, the paper gives a historical account of various discourses of "Bildung"so as to explain the particularity of the Freudian psychoanalyst. Amongst others, his humanistic aspirations are compared with Thomas Mann's re-examination of the tradition of "Bildung." It is argued that Freud's specific cultural milieu -- the German-Jewish assimilation -- conditioned the form his psychological knowledge adopted and the way the analyst was fashioned: the demand of breaking away from one's alienating individuality by the objectifying effect of a symbolic system. The Freudian ideals of purity and neutrality, the Freudian method of self-formation, and the Freudian expert subject thus produced were historically and culturally determined and thus subject to variation.