Evaluation of acromegaly treatment direct costs with respect to biochemical control and follow-up length.

PURPOSE: Acromegaly is a severe chronic endocrine disease. Achieving biochemical control often needs a multimodal treatment approach, including prolonged medical treatment. Aim of the study is to evaluate the burden of treatment direct costs with respect to the different therapeutic strategies, disease control, and follow-up length. METHODS: Single center retrospective study on 73 acromegaly patients. Costs of acromegaly treatments were computed based on a detailed revision of patients' clinical charts. RESULTS: Median total treatment cost/patient was €47,343 during the entire follow-up (8 years), while median treatment cost/patient/year was €6811. The majority of patients received medical therapy (71/73, 97.3%). Median cost for first-line medical treatment (first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands) was lower compared to second-line treatments (pegvisomant monotherapy or combination therapies), considering both total (€22,824 vs €76,140; p < 0.001), and yearly cost/patient (€4927 vs €9161; p < 0.001). Sixty patients (82.2%) reached biochemical control at last follow-up (IGF-1 ≤ 1 xULN). The percentage of patients treated with first- or second-line medical therapies was comparable between controlled and uncontrolled patients (p = 1.000), and the yearly cost/patient did not significantly differ between the two groups (€6936 vs €6680; p = 0.829). Follow-up duration was significantly longer in controlled patients compared to the uncontrolled ones (8.7 vs 3.5 years; p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Direct costs for the management of acromegaly have a significant burden on the healthcare systems. However, more than 80% of our patients reached biochemical control using multimodal approaches. Treatment modalities and yearly costs did not significantly differ between controlled and uncontrolled patients, while follow-up length represented a major determinant of biochemical outcome.

Cost-Utility of Acromegaly Pharmacological Treatments in a French Context.

Objective: Efficacy of pharmacological treatments for acromegaly has been assessed in many clinical or real-world studies but no study was interested in economics evaluation of these treatments in France. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the cost-utility of second-line pharmacological treatments in acromegaly patients. Methods: A Markov model was developed to follow a cohort of 1,000 patients for a lifetime horizon. First-generation somatostatin analogues (FGSA), pegvisomant, pasireotide and pegvisomant combined with FGSA (off label) were compared. Efficacy was defined as the normalization of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration and was obtained from pivotal trials and adjusted by a network meta-analysis. Costs data were obtained from French databases and literature. Utilities from the literature were used to estimate quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Results: The incremental cost-utility ratios (ICUR) of treatments compared to FGSA were estimated to be 562,463 € per QALY gained for pasireotide, 171,332 € per QALY gained for pegvisomant, and 186,242 € per QALY gained for pegvisomant + FGSA. Pasireotide seems to be the least cost-efficient treatment. Sensitivity analyses showed the robustness of the results. Conclusion: FGSA, pegvisomant and pegvisomant + FGSA were on the cost-effective frontier, therefore, depending on the willingness-to-pay for an additional QALY, they are the most cost-effective treatments. This medico-economic analysis highlighted the consistency of the efficiency results with the efficacy results assessed in the pivotal trials. However, most recent treatment guidelines recommend an individualized treatment strategy based on the patient and disease profile.

Disease and Treatment-Related Burden in Patients With Acromegaly Who Are Biochemically Controlled on Injectable Somatostatin Receptor Ligands.

Medical treatment for acromegaly commonly involves receiving intramuscular or deep subcutaneous injections of somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) in most patients. In addition to side effects of treatment, acromegaly patients often still experience disease symptoms even when therapy is successful in controlling GH and IGF-1 levels. Symptoms and side effects can negatively impact patients' health-related quality of life. In this study, we examine the disease- and treatment-related burden associated with SRL injections as reported through the use of the Acromegaly Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (Acro-TSQ ©) and clinician-reported symptom severity through the Acromegaly Index of Severity (AIS). Patients included in this analysis were enrolled in a randomized phase 3 study, were biochemically-controlled (an IGF-1 < 1.3 × the upper limit of normal [ULN] and average GH < 2.5 ng/ml) and receiving SRL injections for ≥6 months with a stable dose of either long-acting octreotide or lanreotide monotherapy for ≥4 months. The sample (N = 91) was 65% female, 91% Caucasian, with a mean [standard deviation (SD)] age of 53 (1) years. Two-thirds of patients reported that they still experience acromegaly symptoms; 82% of these said they experience symptoms all of the time. Three-fourths experienced gastrointestinal (GI) side effects after injections, and 77% experienced treatment-related injection site reactions (ISRs). Patients commonly reported that these interfered with their daily life, leisure, and work activities. Those with higher symptom severity, as measured by the AIS, scored significantly worse on several Acro-TSQ domains: Symptom Interference, GI Interference, Treatment Satisfaction, and Emotional Reaction. Despite being biochemically controlled with injectable SRLs, most patients reported experiencing acromegaly symptoms that interfere with daily life, leisure, and work. GI side effects and ISRs were also common. This study highlights the significant disease burden that still persists for patients with acromegaly that have achieved biochemical control with the use of injectable SRLs.

Pharmacological Acromegaly Treatment: Cost-Utility and Value of Information Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a cost-utility analysis comparing drug strategies involving octreotide, lanreotide, pasireotide, and pegvisomant for the treatment of patients with acromegaly who have failed surgery, from a Brazilian public payer perspective. METHODS: A probabilistic cohort Markov model was developed. One-year cycles were employed. The patients started at 45 years of age and were followed lifelong. Costs, efficacy, and quality of life parameters were retrieved from the literature. A discount rate (5%) was applied to both costs and efficacy. The results were reported as costs per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated when applicable. Scenario analyses considered alternative dosages, discount rate, tax exemption, and continued use of treatment despite lack of response. Value of information (VOI) analysis was conducted to explore uncertainty and to estimate the costs to be spent in future research. RESULTS: Only lanreotide showed an ICER reasonable for having its use considered in clinical practice (R$ 112,138/US$ 28,389 per QALY compared to no treatment). Scenario analyses corroborated the base-case result. VOI analysis showed that much uncertainty surrounds the parameters, and future clinical research should cost less than R$ 43,230,000/US$ 10,944,304 per year. VOI also showed that almost all uncertainty that precludes an optimal strategy choice involves quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: With current information, the only strategy that can be considered cost-effective in Brazil is lanreotide treatment. No second-line treatment is recommended. Significant uncertainty of parameters impairs optimal decision-making, and this conclusion can be generalized to other countries. Future research should focus on acquiring utility data.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in Acromegalic Patients: Possible Role in the Assessment of Glycemia Control.

BACKGROUND: Acromegaly is characterized by an insulin resistance condition. There is a significant difference between the different types of therapy in relation to the glycometabolic framework. The blinded continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS), throughout a period of maximum 6 days for a total of 288 glycemic registrations per day, identifies glycemic excursions and could constitute a valid device to understand the 24-hour glycemic profiles. AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and CGMS methods in acromegalic patients to evaluate their glycemic profiles, in relation to different treatments for acromegaly. METHODS: Thirty-five acromegalic patients were divided into 18 somatostatin analogs (SSA), 9 pegvisomant, and 8 successfully surgically treated. A 72-hour CGM was performed and, immediately after, an OGTT. RESULTS: Results obtained from OGTT: 11/35 impaired fasting glucose, 6/35 impaired glucose tolerance, and 4/35 diabetes mellitus. A positive significant correlation was demonstrated between the OGTT peak and CGM peak in all of the patients, CGM peak of patients treated with SSA and those surgically treated, OGTT average and CGM area under concentration-time curve (AUC) for hyperglycemia of patients treated with SSA and those surgically treated, and CGM AUC for hyperglycemia of patients treated with SSA and those surgically treated. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a significantly higher response in terms of mean and peak OGTT in patients treated with SSA, both compared to the CGM study, and compared to the group of patients receiving pegvisomant. The CGM system could represent an instrument for the evaluation of the glycemic trend of acromegalic patients.

Cost-Effectiveness and Efficacy of a Novel Combination Regimen in Acromegaly: A Prospective, Randomized Trial.

CONTEXT: Combination therapy with somatostatin receptor ligand (SRL) plus pegvisomant for patients with acromegaly is recommended after a maximizing dose on monotherapy. Lower-dose combination regimens are not well studied. OBJECTIVE: To compare cost-effectiveness and efficacy of 3 lower-dose combination regimens in controlled and uncontrolled acromegaly. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel arm study at a tertiary referral pituitary center. PATIENTS: Adults with acromegaly regardless of response to prior SRL and biochemical control status at baseline, stratified by an SRL dose required for insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I normalization during any 3-month period within 12 months preceding enrollment. INTERVENTION: Combination therapy for 24 to 32 weeks on arm A, high-dose SRL (lanreotide 120 mg/octreotide long-acting release [LAR] 30 mg) plus weekly pegvisomant (40-160 mg/week); arm B, low-dose SRL (lanreotide 60 mg/octreotide LAR 10 mg) plus weekly pegvisomant; or arm C, low-dose SRL plus daily pegvisomant (15-60 mg/day). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Monthly treatment cost in each arm in participants completing ≥ 24 weeks of therapy. RESULTS: Sixty patients were enrolled and 52 were evaluable. Fifty of 52 (96%) demonstrated IGF-I control regardless of prior SRL responsiveness (arm A, 14/15 [93.3%]; arm B, 22/23 [95.7%]; arm C, 14/14 [100%]). Arm B was least costly (mean, $9837 ±â€…1375 per month), arm C was most expensive (mean, $22543 ±â€…11158 per month), and arm A had an intermediate cost (mean, $14261 ±â€…1645 per month). Approximately 30% of patients required pegvisomant dose uptitration. Rates of adverse events were all < 10%. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose SRL plus weekly pegvisomant represents a novel dosing option for achieving cost-effective, optimal biochemical control in patients with uncontrolled acromegaly requiring combination therapy.

New Epidemiological, Clinical and Economic Data for Patients With Acromegaly in Bulgaria.

Background: Acromegaly and its comorbidities affect the patients' quality of life, each healthcare system and the society. This study aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics and treatment patterns and the economic burden of acromegaly. Materials and methods: All patients with acromegaly treated with expensive medicines and regularly followed up at the main expert clinical center for acromegaly in the country were included in this nationwide, retrospective, observational, population-based study. Patient characteristics, treatment patterns, healthcare resource use, and costs were assessed for 1-year period (01.01.2018-31.12.2018). Results were processed through statistical analysis using MedCalc software version 16.4.1. Results: A total of 191 acromegaly patients were observed. Approximately 67% were female, 45.5% were between 41 and 60 years and the mean age at diagnosis was 40.73 years. Surgical treatment was preferred as a first-line therapy among almost 89% of all diagnosed patients. The level of comorbidities was very high as more than 95% suffered from at least one concomitant disease. The most frequent comorbidities were other endocrine and metabolic diseases (96.7%), followed by cardiovascular diseases (70.7%). The most common first-line pharmacotherapy was long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSA) (38%) followed by dual combination SSA + pegvisomant (21%). The total economic burden of acromegaly was estimated to be 2,674,499.90 € in 2018 as the direct costs (medication costs, hospitalization costs covered by the patients and the National Health Insurance Fund) outnumbered indirect costs (loss of productivity due to hospitalization): 2,630,568.58 € vs. 43,931.32 €. The average annual per-patient direct and indirect costs were 14,002.62 €. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates a significant clinical and socio-economic burden of acromegaly in the country. Proper diagnosing and regular follow up of acromegaly patients in a specialized pituitary center ensure appropriate innovative pharmacotherapy with achievement of disease control.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of second-line pharmacological treatment of acromegaly in Spain.

Objective: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of second-line pharmacological treatments in patients with acromegaly resistant to first-generation somatostatin analogues (FG SSA) from the Spanish National Health System (NHS) perspective.Methods: A Markov model was developed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of pegvisomant and pasireotide in FG SSA-resistant acromegaly, simulating a cohort of patients from the treatment beginning to death. Treatment with pegvisomant or pasireotide was compared to FG SSA retreatment. Efficacy data were obtained from clinical trials and utilities from the literature. Direct health costs were obtained from Spanish sources (€2018).Results: The Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) of pegvisomant vs. FG SSA was €85,869/Quality-adjusted life years (QALY). The ICER of pasireotide vs. FG SSA was €551,405/QALY. The ICER was mainly driven by the incremental efficacy (4.41 QALY for pegvisomant vs. FG SSA and 0.71 QALY for pasireotide vs. FG SSA), with a slightly lower increase in costs with pegvisomant (€378,597 vs. FG SSA) than with pasireotide (€393,151 vs. FG SSA).Conclusion: The ICER of pasireotide compared to FG SSA was six times higher than the ICER of pegvisomant vs. FG SSA. Pegvisomant is a more cost-effective alternative for the treatment of acromegaly in FG SSA-resistant patients in the Spanish NHS.

Eficacia y seguridad de lanreotida autogel versus octreotida de acción prolongada para el tratamiento de pacientes adultos con acromegalia no controlados después de la cirugía / Efficacy and safety of lanreotide autogel versus long-acting octreotide for the treatment of adult patients with uncontrolled acromegaly after surgery

INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente dictamen expone la evaluación de la eficacia y seguridad de lanreotida autogel en comparación con octreotida LAR en pacientes con acromegalia no controlados después de la cirugía. La acromegalia es un trastorno causado por el exceso de la hormona de crecimiento, generalmente debido a un adenoma pituitario. Se caracteriza por un agrandamiento lento y progresivo de las manos, los pies y la cara. Puede presentarse con una variedad de signos y síntomas cardiovasculares, neurológicos y metabólicos. A nivel mundial, se estima que la incidencia anual de la acromegalia es de aproximadamente 3 ­ 4 casos por millón de habitantes, con una prevalencia de aproximadamente 60 casos por millón de habitantes. En el contexto de EsSalud, los pacientes con acromegalia son sometidos inicialmente a la cirugía transesfenoidal. Cuando los pacientes no son controlados después de la cirugía, se considera el uso de octreotida (OCT) de acción prolongada (LAR) mediante administración intramuscular. Como alternativa farmacológica, los médicos especialistas han propuesto el uso de lanreotida (LAN) autogel (ATG) mediante administración subcutánea, considerando que esta última representa una opción de tratamiento con una vía de administración alterna que tendría un mayor beneficio en los casos de los pacientes con alteraciones primarias o iatrogénicas de la coagulación. Sin embargo, dado que no se identificaron contraindicaciones de uso de OCT LAR en pacientes con alteraciones de la coagulación, en el presente dictamen se optó por evaluar el uso de LAN ATG vs OCT LAR en la población general de pacientes con acromegalia no controlados después de la cirugía. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de literatura con el objetivo de identificar la mejor evidencia sobre la eficacia y seguridad de lanreotida autogel en comparación con octreotida LAR en pacientes con acromegalia no controlados después de la cirugía. Se utilizó las bases de datos The Cochrane Library, PubMed, LILACS y el metabuscador TRIP Database, priorizándose evidencia proveniente de ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados. Asimismo, se realizó una búsqueda dentro de bases de datos pertenecientes a grupos que realizan evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y guías de práctica clínica, incluyendo el Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC), el National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), la Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS), el Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG), además de la Base Regional de Informes de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud de las Américas (BRISA) y páginas web de organizaciones especializadas en el manejo de la acromegalia. Se hizo una búsqueda adicional en la página web de clinicaltrials.gov, para poder identificar ensayos clínicos en curso o que no hayan sido publicados para, de este modo, disminuir el riesgo de sesgo de publicación. La búsqueda sistemática se basó en una metodología escalonada, la cual consistió en la búsqueda inicial de estudios secundarios (tipo revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos) que respondan a la pregunta PICO, seguido de la búsqueda de estudios primarios (tipo ensayos clínicos aleatorizados). RESULTADOS: Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura sobre la eficacia y seguridad de lanreotida autogel en comparación con octreotida LAR en pacientes con acromegalia no controlados después de la cirugía. A continuación, se describe la evidencia disponible según el orden jerárquico del nivel de evidencia o pirámide de Haynes 6S3 , siguiendo lo indicado en los criterios de elegibilidad. CONCLUSIONES: En la presente evaluación de tecnología sanitaria para LAN ATG no se encontró evidencia suficientemente sólida que permita identificar un beneficio adicional con LAN ATG respecto a OCT LAR en pacientes acromegálicos no controlados después de la cirugía. La evidencia proveniente del único ECA que evalúa la pregunta PICO de interés, sugiere que ambos medicamentos tendrían efectos similares en el control bioquímico de los niveles de GH e IGF-1. Con respecto a las recomendaciones de las GPC identificadas, todas mencionaron que OCT LAR y LAN ATG son igual de efectivas en el control bioquímico de GH y/o IGF-1, además de tener perfiles de seguridad similares. Sin embargo, la evidencia utilizada para formular dichas recomendaciones se basó principalmente en información de estudios de un solo brazo, sin grupo de comparación, lo que reduce de manera importante la confianza en los resultados reportados. No se identificó evidencia que evalúe los efectos de OCT LAR vs LAN ATG en desenlaces clínicamente relevantes para la acromegalia, como sobrevida global, calidad de vida, control tumoral y control de síntomas. Sobre la única ETS identificada, realizada por CADTH, esta recomendó el uso de LAN ATG en nuestra población de interés considerando una ventaja sobre OCT LAR respecto a los costos mensuales del tratamiento en el sistema de salud canadiense. Así, al considerarse que en EsSalud se dispone de OCT LAR para la población de interés, no hay experiencia previa de uso de LAN ATG, los costos mensuales del tratamiento con LAN ATG serían mayores a los de OCT LAR y además que no existen contraindicaciones de uso de OCT LAR según etiqueta que supongan un beneficio de LAN ATG en un grupo selecto de pacientes, el equipo evaluador del IETSI no encontró argumentos técnicos que apoyen el uso de LAN ATG en la institución. Por lo expuesto, el IETSI no aprueba el uso de lanreotida ATG en pacientes con acromegalia no controlados después de la cirugía.

The effects of pre-operative somatostatin analogue therapy on treatment cost and remission in acromegaly.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of preoperative somatostatin analogue (SSA) treatment on the annual cost of all acromegaly treatment modalities and on remission rates. METHODS: The medical records of 135 patients with acromegaly who were followed at endocrinology clinic of Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty for at least 2 years after surgery between 2009 and 2016 were reviewed. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 50.9 ± 25.7 months. Early remission was defined according to 3rd month values in patients who didn't achieve remission, and 6th month values in patients who achieved remission at the 3rd month after surgery. The early and late remission rates of the entire study population were 40% and 80.7%, respectively. The early remission of the preoperative SSA-treated group (61.5%) was significantly higher than SSA-untreated group (31.2%) (p = 0.002). The early remission of the preoperative SSA-treated patients with macroadenomas (52.2%) was also significantly higher than the SSA-untreated group (23.5%) (p = 0.02). In the subgroup analysis; this difference was much more pronounced in invasive macroadenomas (p = 0.002). There were no differences between the groups in terms of late remission.The median annual cost of all acromegaly treatment modalities in study population was €3788.4; the cost for macroadenomas was significantly higher than for microadenomas (€4125.0 vs. €3226.5, respectively; p = 0.03). Preoperative SSA use in both microadenomas and macroadenomas didn't alter the cost of treatment. The increase in the duration of preoperative medical treatment had no effect on early or late remissions (p = 0.09; p = 0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative medical treatment had no effect on the costs of acromegaly treatment. There was a benefical effect of pre-operative SSA use on early remission in patients with macroadenomas; however, this effect didn't persist long term.

Medical Treatment with Somatostatin Analogues in Acromegaly: Position Statement.

The Korean Endocrine Society (KES) published clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acromegaly in 2011. Since then, the number of acromegaly cases, publications on studies addressing medical treatment of acromegaly, and demands for improvements in insurance coverage have been dramatically increasing. In 2017, the KES Committee of Health Insurance decided to publish a position statement regarding the use of somatostatin analogues in acromegaly. Accordingly, consensus opinions for the position statement were collected after intensive review of the relevant literature and discussions among experts affiliated with the KES, and the Korean Neuroendocrine Study Group. This position statement includes the characteristics, indications, dose, interval (including extended dose interval in case of lanreotide autogel), switching and preoperative use of somatostatin analogues in medical treatment of acromegaly. The recommended approach is based on the expert opinions in case of insufficient clinical evidence, and where discrepancies among the expert opinions were found, the experts voted to determine the recommended approach.

The real costs of acromegaly: analysis of different therapies.

Acromegaly is a rare, chronic condition caused by growth hormone (GH) overproduction, usually due to a benign tumour of the pituitary gland. During the disease many complications occur, including cardiovascular disease and changes in the musculoskeletal, respiratory, and endocrine systems. Treatment includes surgery, medical therapy, and radiation. In this paper a literature review was conducted for information related to costs of management of acromegaly and its associated comorbidities using PubMed.The majority of total costs represent pharmacological treatment, especially the most common somatostatin analogues (SSA) therapy. The average reported annual cost of SSA therapy is EUR 12,000-40,000. Surgery reduces the cost of care via the possibility of avoiding lifelong pharmacological treatment. Radiotherapy is also suggested to lower the costs of therapy because about 60% of patients eventually will not require further pharmacological treatment; however, it is connected with negative outcomes like hypopituitarism, lower quality of life, and increased mortality. Cabergoline and pegvisomant are the lowest and highest priced treatments, respectively, but the overall impact on the cost of therapy is minor due to less frequent usage of these drugs. It is hard to fully estimate the impact of comorbidities of acromegaly on financial burden because patients are treated for them many years before the diagnosis of the underlying pathology. The treatment cost of comorbidities is higher in uncontrolled patients. Life-long treatment of acromegaly and its comorbidities is very expensive. Early diagnosis and successful treatment reduce direct and indirect costs.

Protocolo clínico e diretrizes terapêuticas da acromegalia / Clinical protocol and therapeutic guidelines for acromegaly

INTRODUÇÃO: A acromegalia é uma doença crônica e insidiosa. Em aproximadamente 98% dos casos, é causada por adenomas hipofisários secretores do hormônio de crescimento (GH) ­ os somatotropinomas. Nesses casos, a doença pode ser esporádica ou familiar. Em cerca de 2%, é causada pela hipersecreção eutópica ou ectópica do hormônio liberador de GH (GHRH) e, muito raramente, pela secreção ectópica de GH. O excesso de GH estimula a secreção hepática de insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1), que causa a maioria das manifestações clínicas da acromegalia. Os tumores hipofisários produtores de GH se originam de uma proliferação clonal benigna dos somatotrofos (células produtoras de GH localizadas na hipófise anterior), envolvendo mecanismos genéticos, hormonais e de sinalização intracelular. O pico de incidência da acromegalia ocorre entre os 30 e 50 anos; pacientes mais jovens em geral exibem tumores mais agressivos. Em relação ao tamanho, classificam-se como microadenomas (com menos de 1 cm) ou macroadenomas (com 1 cm ou mais), sendo que mais de 70% dos tumores causadores de acromegalia são do segundo tipo 1,2. Os tumores hipofisários exibem grande heterogeneidade de comportamento biológico, podendo apresentar pelo menos 5 subtipos, de acordo com sua estrutura à microscopia eletrônica. . A resposta às diversas modalidades terapêuticas parece depender dessa heterogeneidade e da presença ou interação com receptores específicos dopaminérgicos e somatostatinérgicos e seus diversos subtipos. DIAGNÓSTICO: O diagnóstico de acromegalia é feito pela suspeita clínica, por comprovação de excesso hormonal em exames laboratoriais e por exames de imagem para determinação da causa de excesso de GH. CRITÉRIOS DE INCLUSÃO: Devem ser incluídos neste Protocolo todos os pacientes com diagnóstico de acromegalia confirmado por manifestações clínicas e comprovação laboratorial de excesso hormonal (elevação de IGF-1 e de GH). Exames de imagem (RM ou TC) também são obrigatórios para identificação da causa da doença. TRATAMENTO: O tratamento da acromegalia pode envolver procedimentos cirúrgicos, radioterapia e terapia medicamentosa. Para esta última, estão disponíveis no mercado brasileiro três classes de medicamentos: agonistas da dopamina, análogos da somatostatina e antagonistas do receptor de GH. Para a atuação das duas primeiras classes, é necessária a presença de receptores funcionais específicos no adenoma hipofisário secretor de GH; já a ação do antagonista do receptor de GH independe das características moleculares do adenoma, pois atua bloqueando a ação do GH em nível periférico. Neste Protocolo, incluem-se as duas primeiras classes: agonistas da dopamina (cabergolina) e análogos da somatostatina (octreotida e lanreotida). Um novo medicamento dessa segunda classe farmacológica, o pamoato de pasireotida, foi testado em pacientes com acromegalia demonstrando eficácia similar ou até superior aos análogos de primeira geração30,31. Por ser um medicamento com registro recente no Brasil, a sua incorporação ainda não foi avaliada pela CONITEC. Por sua vez, o antagonista do receptor de GH (pegvisomanto) foi reavaliado recentemente pela CONITEC, por parecer técnico científico (PTC), no qual a sua incorporação não foi aprovada em função das limitações metodológicas dos estudos disponíveis, que trazem incertezas quanto aos benefícios do pegvisomanto na redução dos sinais e sintomas da doença, bem como pelo alto custo do medicamento. Dessa forma, o pegvisomanto não foi incluído neste PCDT. A acromegalia deve ser monitorizada não só para o controle dos sintomas, mas também para a diminuição da mortalidade15. Além do tratamento da doença, os pacientes também devem receber tratamento para as complicações decorrentes, como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabete mélito e doenças cardíacas. MONITORIZAÇÃO: A avaliação da resposta ao tratamento depende da modalidade terapêutica adotada. Para avaliação da resposta ao tratamento dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, devem ser solicitadas dosagens séricas de IGF-1 e GH após sobrecarga de glicose 3-6 meses depois do procedimento. No caso de diabéticos, devem ser realizadas dosagens de IGF-1 e GH basal sem sobrecarga de glicose. Nos pacientes em uso de análogos da somatostatina ou agonista da dopamina a dosagem de GH após sobrecarga de glicose não é útil para monitorar a resposta terapêutica. Nesses casos, dosagens de IGF-1 e de GH devem ser efetuadas. A acromegalia será considerada controlada quando a dosagem de IGF-1 estiver dentro do nível normal para sexo e idade e o nadir de GH após sobrecarga de glicose for abaixo de 1 ng/mL (1). Recentemente, foi recomendado um novo ponto de corte para o GH após sobrecarga de glicose (0,4 ng/mL). Pelo maior embasamento do ponto de corte, 1 ng/mL será o nível utilizado para corresponder à cura . Se houver discrepância entre as dosagens de GH e IGF-1, o julgamento clínico pode ser importante e norteará a conduta. Essa situação pode ocorrer em cerca de 25% dos pacientes e está associada ao uso de ensaio ultrassensíveis de GH e tratamento com análogos de somatostatina. ACOMPANHAMENTO PÓS-TRATAMENTO: Os pacientes com acromegalia devem manter acompanhamento por toda a vida, pela possibilidade de recidiva da doença, com avaliações clínica e laboratorial trimestrais no primeiro ano e, após, anualmente. Essa periodicidade pode ser modificada de acordo com a resposta aos tratamentos e com resultados de exames laboratoriais. As comorbidades associadas (hipertensão, diabete mélito, cardiomiopatia acromegálica) também devem ser avaliadas e acompanhadas no seguimento dos pacientes. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na reunião do plenário realizada nos dias 5 e 6 de dezembro de 2018, deliberaram, por unanimidade, recomendar a atualização do Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas da Acromegalia. O tema será encaminhado para a decisão do Secretário da SCTIE. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 403/2018.

Cost-effectiveness of somatostatin analogues in the treatment of acromegaly.

INTRODUCTION: Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) are the largest contributor to the direct medical cost of acromegaly management worldwide. The aim of this review was to identify and report available evidence on the cost-effectiveness of SSAs in the treatment of acromegaly. AREAS COVERED: A literature search on relevant papers published up to April 2018 was performed. A total of 22 eligible studies (10 full-text articles and 12 conference abstracts) conducted in 14 countries were included in the analysis. In majority of studies, modelling technique was the principal research method. EXPERT COMMENTARY: The results of cost-effectiveness analyses: 1) support published recommendations where SSAs are indicated as first-line medical treatment for patients with persistent disease after surgery or who are not eligible for surgery; 2) suggest that preoperative medical therapy with SSAs may be highly cost-effective in acromegalic patients with macroadenoma, in centres without optimal surgical results 3) indicate that in some countries pasireotide and pegvisomant appeared to be cost-effective or even dominant strategies in comparison to first-generation SSAs. The main limitation of economic evaluations was the lack of high-quality studies designed to directly compare various treatment strategies in acromegaly.

Cost-effectiveness of acromegaly treatments: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Acromegaly is a rare disease that results in the enlargement of body extremities and in organomegaly. Treatments include surgery, drugs, and radiotherapy, which are all onerous. Therefore, well-conducted cost-analyses are crucial in the decision-making process. METHODS: A systematic review of cost-effectiveness studies on acromegaly therapies was performed following PRISMA and Cochrane recommendations. The search for records was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (May 2018). The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joana Briggs Institute Tool. RESULTS: From initial 547 records, 16 studies were included in the review. The studies could present more than one economic evaluation, and encompassed cost-effectiveness (n = 13), cost-utility (n = 5), and cost-consequence (n = 1) analyses. All studies were model-based and evaluated only direct medical costs. Eleven records did not mention discounting and only 10 performed sensitivity analyses. The characteristic of the studies, the cost-effectiveness results and the studies' conclusions are described and commented upon. The main limitation of the studies was discussed and aspects to improve in future studies were pointed out. CONCLUSIONS: Cost-effectiveness studies on acromegaly have been performed in several scenarios, evaluating different phases of treatment. However, the studies present limitations and, overall, were considered of moderate quality. Further economic models should be developed following health economics guidelines recommendations, and must improve transparency.

Pegvisomanto para acromegalia / Pegvisomanto for acromegaly

CONTEXTO: A acromegalia é uma doença crônica, rara e debilitante, causada pela hipersecreção do hormônio do crescimento (GH), que leva a uma produção excessiva do fator de crescimento similar a insulina I (IGF-I), produzido pelo fígado. Resulta numa doença multissistêmica caracterizada por crescimento somático exagerado, comorbidades múltiplas, desfiguramento físico e redução de expectativa de vida. Os objetivos do tratamento são atenuar os sintomas da hipersecreção de GH, reduzir as comorbidades e o risco de mortalidade, preservando as funções normais da hipófise e melhorando a qualidade de vida destes pacientes, através da normalização dos níveis de GH e IGF-I. A adenoidectomia transesfenoidal permanece o tratamento primário da acromegalia e controla estes níveis em 50 a 75% dos pacientes, dependendo da morfologia do adenoma e da experiência do cirurgião. Para aqueles que permanecem com doença ativa após o tratamento cirúrgico, existe tratamento de segunda linha, com medicamentos e radioterapia. Os medicamentos disponíveis são os agonistas da dopamina, os análogos da somatostatina e o pegvisomanto. O pegvisomanto não é disponibilizado atualmente pelo SUS. TECNOLOGIA: Pegvisomanto (PEG-V). INDICAÇÃO: A acromegalia é uma doença crônica, rara e debilitante, causada pela hipersecreção do hormônio do crescimento (GH), que leva a uma produção excessiva do fator de crescimento similar a insulina I (IGF-I), produzido pelo fígado. Resulta numa doença multissistêmica caracterizada por crescimento somático exagerado, comorbidades múltiplas, desfiguramento físico e redução de expectativa de vida. PERGUNTA: O pegvisomanto é eficaz, seguro e custo-efetivo em pacientes com acromegalia refratária ao tratamento convencional? EVIDÊNCIAS CIENTÍFICAS: Os estudos disponíveis que avaliam o pegvisomanto são, em sua maioria, de baixa qualidade metodológica. Os principais desfechos localizados nos artigos foram os níveis de IGF-I e os desfechos clínicos apareceram nos estudos de forma secundária. O pegvisomanto foi eficaz nos estudos controlados quando se avaliaram como desfechos a redução dos níveis sanguíneos de IGF-I e o controle de alguns dos sinais e sintomas característicos da doença. Mesmo existindo estudos de longo prazo e com grande tamanho da amostra, as limitações metodológicas dos estudos trazem incertezas quanto aos benefícios do pegvisomanto na redução dos sinais e sintomas da doença. AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: A estimativa de impacto orçamentário anual resultante da incorporação de pegvisomanto no SUS variou de aproximadamente 23 a 206 milhões, dependendo da dose de pegvisomanto utilizada. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: Os membros da CONITEC recomendaram por unanimidade a não incorporação no SUS do pegvisomanto para tratamento da acromegalia refratária ao tratamento convencional. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: O Relatório da CONITEC foi disponibilizado por meio da Consulta Pública nº 67/2017 entre os dias 29/11/2017 e 18/12/2017. Foram recebidas 14 contribuições, sendo 5 técnico-científicas e 9 de experiência ou opinião, das quais 7 foram excluídas por não tratar do tema em questão. Das 7 contribuições consideradas, 6 foram totalmente contra a recomendação da CONITEC e 1 foi totalmente a favor. Nas contribuições que foram contra a recomendação da CONITEC, os participantes argumentaram que o pegvisomanto é eficaz e seguro no tratamento de pacientes com acromegalia refratária ao tratamento convencional e fizeram críticas em relação ao impacto orçamentário, considerando-o superestimado. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC consideraram que não houve nenhuma informação nova sobre o tema que motivasse a mudança nas recomendações de não incorporação do pegvisomanto feitas em suas análises anteriores sobre o medicamento. Dessa forma, deliberaram por recomendar a não incorporação do pegvisomanto para acromegalia refratária ao tratamento estabelecido. DECISÃO: Não incorporar o pegvisomanto para acromegalia refratária ao tratamento estabelecido, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS, dada pela Portaria nº 14, publicada no DOU nº 61, do dia 29 de março de 2018, seção 1, pág. 240.(AU)

Biochemical assessment of disease control in acromegaly: reappraisal of the glucose suppression test in somatostatin analogue (SA) treated patients.

BACKGROUND: It is recommended not to measure growth hormone during oral glucose suppression (oral glucose tolerance test) during somatostatin analog treatment in acromegaly. However, we have observed that failure to suppress growth hormone in response to oral glucose tolerance test during somatostatin analog unmasks insufficient disease control and hypothesize that somatostatin analog also induces insufficient growth hormone suppression to mixed meals. METHODS: We therefore compared serum growth hormone levels during two mixed meals in patients with controlled insulin-like growth factor-I levels after either surgery alone (n = 9) or somatostatin analog treatment (n = 9). The patients were unbiasedly matched for gender and insulin-like growth factor-I and studied twice in the following order: (1) during a 6 h growth hormone day curve including two mixed meals and (2) during a 3 h growth hormone profile including 60 min fasting followed by a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS: During the day curve growth hormone levels were elevated in the somatostatin analog group (P = 0.008) and growth hormone levels 1 h after each meal declined significantly only in the surgery group (P = 0.02). During the oral glucose tolerance test the two groups had similar growth hormone levels prior to the glucose load (P = 0.6), whereas a significant 66% suppression was observed after glucose only in the surgery group (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: (1) Patients controlled by somatostatin analog fail to suppress growth hormone in response to both mixed meals and oral glucose tolerance test (2) This phenomenon is likely to result in elevated serum growth hormone levels during everyday life in somatostatin analog-treated patients, (3) We postulate that measuring growth hormone levels during oral glucose tolerance test is useful to unmask potential somatostatin analog under-treatment in the presence of 'safe' insulin-like growth factor-I levels.

Comorbidities, treatment patterns and cost-of-illness of acromegaly in Sweden: a register-linkage population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: Acromegaly is a complex endocrine disease with multiple comorbidities. Treatment to obtain biochemical remission includes surgery, medical therapy and radiation. We aimed to describe comorbidities, treatment patterns and cost-of-illness in patients with acromegaly in Sweden. DESIGN: A nationwide population-based study. METHODS: Patients with acromegaly were identified and followed in national registers in Sweden. Longitudinal treatment patterns were assessed in patients diagnosed between July 2005 and December 2013. The cost-of-illness during 2013 was estimated from a societal perspective among patients diagnosed between 1987 and 2013. RESULTS: Among 358 patients with acromegaly (48% men, mean age at diagnosis 50.0 (s.d. 15.3) years) at least one comorbidity was reported in 81% (n = 290). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (40%, n = 142), neoplasms outside the pituitary (30%, n = 109), hypopituitarism (22%, n = 80) and diabetes mellitus (17%, n = 61). Acromegaly treatment was initiated on average 3.7 (s.d. 6.9) months after diagnosis. Among the 301 treated patients, the most common first-line treatments were surgery (60%, n = 180), somatostatin analogues (21%, n = 64) and dopamine agonists (14%, n = 41). After primary surgery, 24% (n = 44) received somatostatin analogues. The annual per-patient cost was €12 000; this was €8700 and €16 000 if diagnosed before or after July 2005, respectively. The cost-of-illness for acromegaly and its comorbidities was 77% from direct costs and 23% from production loss. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of comorbidity is high in patients with acromegaly. The most common first-line treatment in acromegalic patients was surgery followed by somatostatin analogues. The annual per-patient cost of acromegaly and its comorbidities was €12 000.

Peripheral nervous system assessment in acromegaly patients under somatostatin analogue therapy.

PURPOSE: Acromegaly is known to affect peripheral nervous system (PNS) causing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and polyneuropathy. The frequency of these disorders and the evaluation methods vary among studies. In the present study, we aimed to examine PNS of acromegaly patients under somatostatin analogue (SSA) therapy. METHODS: Forty-eight acromegaly patients (26 F/22 M, 45.58 ± 11.6 years) under SSA treatment and 44 healthy controls (25 F/19 M, 47.46 ± 8.7 years) were assessed by symptom questionnaires, neurologic examination and electrophysiological studies. RESULTS: 87.5 % of the acromegaly patients had at least one abnormal finding regarding PNS. With the incorporation of palm-wrist median nerve conduction velocity method, we detected CTS in 50 % of patients. Polyneuropathy was less frequent (29.2 %). Both conditions were independent from the coexisting diabetes mellitus (p = 0.22 for CTS, p = 0.71 for polyneuropathy). Polyneuropathy but not CTS was more common among biochemically uncontrolled acromegaly patients rather than those under control (p = 0.03; p = 0.68, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the high prevalence of peripheral nervous system involvement in acromegaly patients under SSA therapy and importance of neurological evaluation of these patients. Early diagnosis and treatment of the disease may reduce the PNS involvement.

Análisis de impacto presupuestal de octreótide, lanreotide para pacientes con acromegalia en Colombia / Budget impact analysis of octreotide, lanreotide for patients with acromegaly in Colombia

Tecnologías evaluadas: Octreótide, lanreótide. Población: Pacientes con acromegalia. Perspectiva: Tercer pagador que corresponde al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud. Horizonte temporal: El horizonte temporal de este AIP en el caso base corresponde a un año. Adicionalmente se reportan las estimaciones del impacto presupuestal para los años 2 y 3, bajo el supuesto de la inclusión en el POS en el año 1. Costos incluidos: Se incluyen los costos de los tratamiento por año de las tecnologías evaluadas. Fuente de costos: SISMED. Escenarios: Se construye un primer escenario en donde se otorga a octreótide 60% y a lanreótide 40%. Un segundo escenario en donde se propone una distribución del 50% para cada uno, estas\r\ndistribuciones se mantienen en los tres años. Para cabergolina se realiza un análisis complementario en dónde se estima la población particular que usaría esta tecnología para esta indicación. Resultados: Para la financiación de octreótide y lanreótide para acromegalia se estima la necesidad de incorporar en el resupuesto un valor de 26,3 mil millones en el escenario 1 y 25,9 mil millones en el escenario 2, en el primer año. Para la población específica que usaría cabergolina se estima un presupuesto adicional de 44 millones.(AU)