Determination, risk assessment and processing factors for pyridaben in field-incurred kiwifruit samples.

Field trials in six agricultural sites were carried out to investigate the dissipation and residue levels of pyridaben in kiwifruit. Each sample was extracted with acetonitrile, purified with octadecylsilane and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method had good linearity (R2 > 0.99), accuracy (recoveries of 78.53-98.00%) and precision (relative standard deviation of 0.86-6.11%). The dissipation of pyrdaben in kiwifruit followed first-order kinetics with a half-life < 8 d, and terminal residues in kiwifruit were lower than 0.5 mg/kg after 14 d of application. Risk assessment indicated that both chronic and acute dietary intake risk values were far below 100%, suggesting that pyridaben residues in kiwifruit were relatively safe to humans. Moreover, the effects of traditional household processes on kiwifruit were investigated. The processing factors (PFs) indicated that peeling and peeling-juicing processes could remove pyridaben residues from kiwifruit, and the former was more effective than the latter (PF at 0.15 vs. 0.51). Nevertheless, drying kiwifruit with an oven increased the amount of pyridaben (PF at 1.05). These results could provide guidance for the safe and reasonable use of pyridaben in agriculture and may be helpful for the Chinese government to determine maximum residue limit of pyridaben in kiwifruit.

Comparative assessment of phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cultivars.

The present study was designed to analyze and compare phytochemical activities of four different cultivars of kiwifruit. Among all investigated varieties, Hua You (HY) and Cui Xiang (CUX) displayed the maximum concentration of phytochemical content, and the highest total phenolic results were observed in HY and CUX cultivars with 220.20 ± 1.12 mg GAE/100 g and 218.04 ± 1.11 mg GAE/100 g FW, respectively. Likewise, the richest total flavonoids results were estimated in red kiwifruit (RKF) and CUX varieties with 49.082 ± 0.14 mg CE/100 g FW and 48.327 ± 0.14 mg CE/100 g FW, respectively. Moreover, tests for oxygen radical scavenging capacity (ORAC) and peroxyl radical scavenging capacity (PSC) were observed maximum in RKF cultivar showing 131.229 ± 5.91 µM Trolox equivalent/g FW and 85.957 ± 11.75 µM vitamin C equivalent/g FW, respectively. Furthermore, the highest cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) with No PBS wash protocol was depicted in RKF 237.544 ± 4.12 µM QE equivalent/g FW with the lowest EC50 0.0128 mg/ml. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed the presence of ferulic acid, naringin, gallic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, and catechin in kiwifruit. Catechin as one main content in our study is consistent with the recent reports. The result suggested that the phytochemical profile and bioactivities were significantly affected by the type of cultivars. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Kiwifruit is widely consumed over the world for its rich nutritious and medicinal values. Currently, phytochemicals are considered as one of the main bioactive components of kiwifruits, which are responsible for lots of bioactivities, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities. There are varieties of kiwifruits, and the bioactive components and bioactivities are greatly affected by the cultivars. But there have been no comparative studies on the phytochemicals from different varieties. This study aimed to make a comprehensive assessments of the free, bound, and total phenolics and flavonoids, as well as the chemical-based and cell-based antioxidant activities of four different subspecies of kiwifruit. This work would be beneficial to elucidate the function differences of different kiwifruit phytochemicals, promote its further research, as well as provide a basis for selecting cultivars.

Characterization of polysaccharide fractions from fruit of Actinidia arguta and assessment of their antioxidant and antiglycated activities.

A novel cell-wall polysaccharides (AAPs) were extracted from the fruits of Actinidia arguta and separated into four parts which were named water-eluted polysaccharide (WPS), salt-eluted polysaccharide (SPS)-1, SPS-2 and SPS-3. The monosaccharide composition and structural analysis showed that SPS-3 and SPS-2 were homogalacturonan (HG)-rich pectin, SPS-1 was rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-rich pectin and WPS was starch-like polysaccharides. All four kinds of polysaccharides displayed the ability to scavenge free radicals, chelate iron ion, inhibit lipid peroxidation and inhibit protein glycation, but SPS was obviously stronger than WPS. Especially SPS-3 displayed the strongest antioxidant and anti-glycated activities. In addition, the inhibitory effect of AAPs on AGEs formation is attributed to the inhibitory activity on the production of protein carbonyl group and the protective effects on the protein thiol group but not the scavenging capacity of dicarbonyl compounds, suggesting that its mechanisms of antiglycated effects may be of concern to their antioxidant activities.

UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS-based phenolic quantification and antioxidant activity assessment for thinned young kiwifruits.

For the first time, thinned young kiwifruits (TYK) have been investigated as a source of deserted agriculture resource and evaluated for their phenolic characteristics along with antioxidant capacity. Two batches of TYK in different maturity stages (TYK1 and TYK2) and mature kiwifruits (MK) were sourced from three New Zealand cultivars. Comparing with MK, the TYK, especially TYK1, exhibited significantly higher contents of total phenolics (7.92 fold), total flavonoids (17.56 fold) and total flavanols (10.11 fold) as well as elevated and phenolic-correlated antioxidant capacities. A novel UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method with low limit of detection (0.010-0.240 mg/L) and high accuracy (RSDs < 6.79%) was established to quantify 15 phenolics in the kiwifruit extracts. Epicatechin was the prevailing antioxidant in both TKY and MK, with the highest level of 2989.23 µg/g FDW present in TYK1 of 'Zesy002' cultivar. These results provide good evidence for the development and utilization of TYK of these cultivars in food and nutraceuticals.

Low-cost and environment-friendly synthesis of carbon nanorods assembled hierarchical meso-macroporous carbons networks aerogels from natural apples for the electrochemical determination of ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

In this work, the low-cost carbon nanorods assembled hierarchical meso-macroporous carbons networks aerogels (CNs-HMCNAs) was environment-friendly synthesized from a cheap and abundant biomass of apples (Malus pumila Mill) for the first time. The biomass of apples derived CNs-HMCNAs exhibited the unique hierarchical meso-macroporous structure with large specific surface area and high density of edge defective sites. At the CNs-HMCNAs modified GCE (CNs-HMCNAs/GCE), the electron transfer between the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and the ascorbic acid (AA) (or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) was effectively enhanced, and thus induced a low overvoltage for AA electrooxidation (or H2O2 electroreduction). As an electrochemical AA (or H2O2) sensor, the CNs-HMCNAs/GCE exhibited wider linear range, lower detection limit, higher sensitivity and stability than GCE and the carbon nanotubes modified GCE (CNTs/GCE). In particular, the CNs-HMCNAs/GCE showed great potential feasibility in the practical determination of AA (in AA injection, Vitamin C tablet and kiwi juice) or H2O2 (in human urine, milk and beer).

Assessment of phenolic contributors to antioxidant activity of new kiwifruit cultivars using cyclic voltammetry combined with HPLC.

The phenolics profile of two new kiwifruit cultivars, Zespri® SunGold and Zespri® Sweet Green, were characterized and quantified for the first time using cyclic voltammetry, an electrochemical method, combined with HPLC. Results from the cyclic voltammetry revealed high correlations with those obtained from the spectrophotometry and HPLC methods, providing evidence to support the application of cyclic voltammetry as a rapid method in determining the phenolic profile and reducing power of kiwifruit extracts. Catechol-containing phenolics were identified as the major phenolic sub-class in the skins while flavonoids and phenolic acids were abundant in flesh of the tested cultivars. Epicatechin was the predominant phenolic compound and contributor to antioxidant capacity in all samples. Results also showed that SunGold and Sweet Green (both flesh and skin) exhibited significantly higher phenolic contents and antioxidant activities comparing with the well-established commercial 'Hayward' cultivar, indicating their commercial value and potential applications in food and nutraceuticals.

Method development, matrix effect, and risk assessment of 49 multiclass pesticides in kiwifruit using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

In the present study, a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with a minimal matrix effect (ME) was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of a diverse range of pesticides (49) in kiwifruit. Samples extracted by the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) citrate-buffered method were analyzed either without purification or following purification (with primary secondary amine (PSA) or PSA + graphitized carbon black (GCB)). With the addition of a clean-up step, the suppression of the ME decreased, with a higher number of pesticides determined by the application of PSA + GCB. The method exhibited good linearity with coefficients of determination (R2) ≥ 0.9972 and satisfactory recoveries (70-120%) with a relative standard deviations (RSDs) <10%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) and the CODEX Alimentarius. The developed method was applied to the real samples and the results indicated that the quantitated levels of all pesticides, except for pyraclostrobin and carbendazim, are lower than the MRLs set by the regulatory authorities. The percentage of the acceptable daily intake was <20%, suggesting that there is no risk associated with the intake of residual pesticides through kiwifruit.

Mycoflora assessment, growth and toxigenic features of patulin-producers in kiwifruit in China.

BACKGROUND: Fungal development in agricultural products may cause mycotoxin contamination, which is a significant threat to food safety. Patulin (PAT) and PAT-producer contamination has been established as a worldwide problem. The present study aimed to investigate the mycoflora and PAT-producers present in kiwifruits and environmental samples collected from orchards and processing plants in Shaanxi Province, China. RESULTS: Variations in mycoflora were observed in different samples, with penicillia and aspergilli as the predominant genera. Approximately 42.86% of dropped fruits were contaminated with PAT-producers, which harbored the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase and the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase genes that are involved in PAT biosynthesis. The growth of Penicillium expansum, Penicillium griseofulvum and Penicillium paneum in kiwi puree agar (KPA) medium and kiwi juice well fitted the modified Gompertz and Baranyi and Roberts models (R2 ≥ 0.95). A significant positive correlation between colony diameter and PAT content in KPA medium of P. expansum and P. griseofulvum was observed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study analyzed the mycofloral composition and the potential risk for PAT and PAT-producer contamination in kiwifruit, which may be utilized in the establishment of proper management practices in the kiwifruit industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification, Synthesis, and Safety Assessment of Thidiazuron [1-Phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thidiazol-5-yl)urea] and Its Metabolites in Kiwifruits.

The quality of kiwifruit became worse as a result of the abuse of plant growth regulators (PGRs). The safety of the fruits treated with PGRs also worried consumers. Therefore, the present study analyzed the structure of thidiazuron [TDZ, (1-phenyl-3-(1,2,3-thidiazol-5-yl)-urea)] (1) and its metabolites of biotransformation in kiwifruits using liquid chromatography hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS). Standard compounds were also synthesized and used for structural identification of those metabolites. In addition, cytotoxicity of TDZ and its metabolites was tested through sulforhodamine B assays against normal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Four metabolites were identified. They were 4-hydroxy-thidiazuron (2), 3-hydroxy-thidiazuron (3), thidiazuron-4-O-ß-d-glucoside (4), and thidiazuron-3-O-ß-d-glucoside (5). Values of IC50 of compounds 1, 2, and 3 to CHO cells were 18.3 ± 1.8, 37.56 ± 1.5, and 23.36 ± 1.59 µM, respectively. Compounds 4 and 5 had no effect on CHO cells.

Identification, synthesis, and safety assessment of forchlorfenuron (1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea) and its metabolites in kiwifruits.

Identification and evaluation of safety of forchlorfenuron ((1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea)), 1, metabolites after biotransformation in kiwifruit is the objective of this study. To elucidate properties of these metabolites, liquid chromatography hybrid ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-IT-TOF-MS) was applied, with MetID Solution and Formula Predictor Software in positive mode. Cytotoxicity of forchlorfenuron and its metabolites were tested through sulforhodamine B assays against normal Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO). As deduced from characteristic fragment ions of forchlorfenuron, then confirmed by comparison with synthetic standards, as well as characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry techniques, results indicate the presence of 4-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron, 2, 3-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron, 3, and forchlorfenuron-4-O-ß-D-glucoside, 5. Forchlorfenuron (IC50 = 12.12 ± 2.14 µM) and 4-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron (IC50 = 36.15 ± 1.59 µM), exhibits significant cytotoxicity against CHO, while 3-hydroxyphenyl-forchlorfenuron and forchlorfenuron-4-O-ß-D-glucoside show no cytotoxicity.

Proteomic analysis of the Actinidia deliciosa leaf apoplast during biotrophic colonization by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae.

For plant pathogenic bacteria, adaptation to the apoplast is considered as key in the establishment of the parasitic lifestyle. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of the bacterial canker of kiwifruit, uses leaves as the entry site to colonize plants. Through a combined approach based on 2-DE, nanoLC-ESI-LIT-MS/MS and quantitative PCR, we investigated Psa colonization of the Actinidia deliciosa "Hayward" leaf apoplast during the bacterial biotrophic phase. A total of 58 differentially represented protein species were identified in artificially inoculated leaves. Although the pathogen increased its population density during the initial period of apoplast colonization, plant defense mechanisms were able to impede further disease development. We identified a concerted action of different proteins mainly belonging to the plant defense and metabolism category, which intervened at different times and participated in reducing the pathogen population. On the other hand, bacterial BamA was highly represented during the first week of leaf apoplast colonization, whereas OmpA and Cpn60 were induced later. In addition to presenting further proteomic information on the molecular factors actively participating in this pathosystem, our data characterize the early events of host colonization and will promote the eventual development of novel bioassays for pathogen detection in kiwiplants. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This original study evaluates on a proteomic perspective the interaction occurring into the leaf apoplast between Actinidia deliciosa and its specific pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae. Despite the initial bacterial multiplication, a concerted action of the plant defense mechanisms blocked the infection during 21days of apoplast colonization, as revealed by the number of differentially-represented proteins identified in artificially-inoculated and control leaves. Three bacterial proteins were also recognized among the over-represented molecules in infected plants. This study may contribute to improve breeding programs aimed at selecting resistant/tolerant kiwifruit cultivars toward P. syringae pv. actinidiae, which present a high representation of the plant proteins here shown to be involved in resistance mechanisms. In addition to present additional information on the molecular players actively participating in this pathosystem, our data will also facilitate the technological development of future bioassays for the detection of this pathogen in kiwiplants.

Characterization of the allergenic potential of proteins: an assessment of the kiwifruit allergen actinidin.

Assessment of the potential allergenicity (IgE-inducing properties) of novel proteins is an important challenge in the overall safety assessment of foods. Resistance to digestion with pepsin is commonly measured to characterize allergenicity, although the association is not absolute. We have previously shown that specific IgE antibody production induced by systemic [intraperitoneal (i.p.)] exposure of BALB/c strain mice to a range of proteins correlates with allergenic potential for known allergens. The purpose of the present study was to explore further the utility of these approaches using the food allergen, actinidin. Recently, kiwifruit has become an important allergenic foodstuff, coincident with its increased consumption, particularly as a weaning food. The ability of the kiwifruit allergen actinidin to stimulate antibody responses has been compared with the reference allergen ovalbumin, and with the non-allergen bovine haemoglobin. Haemoglobin was rapidly digested by pepsin whereas actinidin was resistant unless subjected to prior chemical reduction (reflecting intracellular digestion conditions). Haemoglobin stimulated detectable IgG antibody production at relatively high doses (10%), but failed to provoke detectable IgE. In contrast, actinidin was both immunogenic and allergenic at relatively low doses (0.25% to 1%). Vigorous IgG and IgG1 antibody and high titre IgE antibody responses were recorded, similar to those provoked by ovalbumin. Thus, actinidin displays a marked ability to provoke IgE, consistent with allergenic potential. These data provide further encouragement that in tandem with analysis of pepsin stability, the induction of IgE after systemic exposure of BALB/c strain mice provides a useful approach for the prospective identification of protein allergens.

Survey of quality indicators in commercial dehydrated fruits.

Physical and chemical quality parameters (dry matter, aw, protein, carbohydrates, vitamin C, 2-furoylmethyl amino acids, rehydration ratio and leaching loss) have been determined in 30 commercial dehydrated fruits (strawberry, blueberry, raspberry, cranberry, cherry, apple, grapefruit, mango, kiwifruit, pineapple, melon, coconut, banana and papaya). For comparison purposes, strawberry samples processed in the laboratory by freeze-drying and by convective drying were used as control samples. Overall quality of dehydrated fruits seemed to be greatly dependent on processing conditions and, in a cluster analysis, samples which were presumably subjected to osmotic dehydration were separated from the rest of fruits. These samples presented the lowest concentration of vitamin C and the highest evolution of Maillard reaction, as evidenced by its high concentration of 2-furoylmethyl amino acids. This is the first study on the usefulness of this combination of chemical and physical indicators to assess the overall quality of commercial dehydrated fruits.

Detection of postharvest changes of ascorbic acid in fresh-cut melon, kiwi, and pineapple, by using a low cost telemetric system.

The present paper deals with a novel telemetric device combined with a carbon amperometric sensor system to determine postharvest changes of ascorbic acid (AA) in fresh-cut fruits, without displacing products out of the storage rooms. The investigation was performed on kiwi, pineapple and melon, subjected to minimal processing, packaging, cold storage, and simulated shelf life. Results demonstrated that AA content of fresh-cut fruits of all species declines differently during storage. Cold storage notably reduced the degradation rate of AA in comparison with samples stored at 20°C. The cold-chain interruption resulted in a sharp AA content reduction when the optimal storage condition was not rapidly replaced. Unpredicted results showed a high activity of oxidative enzymes, which prevented AA detection in melon samples. Our sensor system allowed us to demonstrate that both ascorbate peroxidase and ascorbate oxidase affected the oxidative stability and the nutritional quality of fresh cut melon fruits.

A new optical leaf-clip meter for simultaneous non-destructive assessment of leaf chlorophyll and epidermal flavonoids.

We have characterized a new commercial chlorophyll (Chl) and flavonoid (Flav) meter called Dualex 4 Scientific (Dx4). We compared this device to two other Chl meters, the SPAD-502 and the CCM-200. In addition, Dx4 was compared to the leaf-clip Dualex 3 that measures only epidermal Flav. Dx4 is factory-calibrated to provide a linear response to increasing leaf Chl content in units of µg cm(-2), as opposed to both SPAD-502 and CCM-200 that have a non-linear response to leaf Chl content. Our comparative calibration by Chl extraction confirmed these responses. It seems that the linear response of Dx4 derives from the use of 710 nm as the sampling wavelength for transmittance. The major advantage of Dx4 is its simultaneous assessment of Chl and Flav on the same leaf spot. This allows the generation of the nitrogen balance index (NBI) used for crop surveys and nitrogen nutrition management. The Dx4 leaf clip, that incorporates a GPS receiver, can be useful for non-destructive estimation of leaf Chl and Flav contents for ecophysiological research and ground truthing of remote sensing of vegetation. In this work, we also propose a consensus equation for the transformation of SPAD units into leaf Chl content, for general use.

Effect of Flammulina velutipes on spent-hen breast meat tenderization.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of powdered vegetable dip sauces to improve the tenderness of spent-hen breast meat. Our overall purpose was to find lower-priced materials for the tenderization of spent-hen breast meat. The spent-hen breast meat was dipped into vegetable powder for 24 h at 4°C, and then the samples were analyzed. In the results for vegetable-powder treated samples, those treated with papain and pineapple had higher (P ≤ 0.05) myofibrillar fragmentation indices compared with those of the other samples. The kiwi-, pineapple-, and Flammulina velutipes-powder (winter mushroom) treated samples had new peptides of about 32 kDa and degradation to 30 kDa. Also, the Flammulina velutipes-powder treated samples showed new peptides of 15 kDa. These data imply that Flammulina velutipes is superior for common use than papain or pineapple for the tenderization of spent-hen meat.

Optical spectroscopy combined with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for digestive wall assessment: endoluminal bimodal probe conception and characterization in vitro, on organic sample and in vivo on a rabbit.

Colorectal cancer is a major health issue worldwide. Conventional white light endoscopy (WLE) coupled to histology is considered as the gold standard today and is the most widespread technique used for colorectal cancer diagnosis. However, during the early stages, colorectal cancer is very often characterized by flat adenomas which develop just underneath the mucosal surface. The use of WLE, which is heavily based on the detection of morphological changes, becomes quite delicate due to subtle or quasi-invisible morphological changes of the colonic lining. Several techniques are currently being investigated in the scope of providing new tools that would allow such a diagnostic or assist actual techniques in so doing. We hereby present a novel technique where high spatial resolution MRI is combined with autofluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy in a bimodal endoluminal probe to extract morphological data and biochemical information, respectively. The design and conception of the endoluminal probe are detailed and the promising preliminary results obtained in vitro (home-built phantom containing eosin and rhodamine B), on an organic sample (the kiwi fruit) and in vivo on a rabbit are presented and discussed.

Determining consumer purchase intentions: the importance of dry matter, size, and price of kiwifruit.

UNLABELLED: Knowledge of the relative importance of food quality attributes in determining consumer purchase intention is critical for robust assessment of economic opportunities for industry growth. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how conjoint analysis methodology that incorporates tasting of fruit can be used to collect such information. Three hundred Japanese consumers took part in research designed to measure the importance of dry matter (DM), size, and price of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa "Hayward" and Actinidia chinensis "Hort16A") for purchase intention. Measurement of consumer liking for kiwifruit of different DM content was a key first step. Liking increased as DM increased and was accompanied by increased purchase likelihood/choice probability for kiwifruit. The size of kiwifruit presented to consumers varied from "small" to "extra large." Consumers liked "mid-sized" kiwifruit over "small" or "extra-large" kiwifruit. Despite these differences in liking, size was of little importance in determining purchase likelihood/choice probability for kiwifruit. Price was a very important factor in determining purchase likelihood/choice probability but was less important than DM content. As price increased, purchase likelihood/choice probability decreased. Beneath these general findings, heterogeneity existed. Some consumers placed more/less importance on the focal purchase drivers than suggested by the aggregate model. Overall, the results suggest that incentive schemes already implemented by industry should consider rewarding high-DM fruit more than fruit size. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research has contributed to the New Zealand kiwifruit industry gaining a better understanding of the relative importance consumers place on DM, size, and price of kiwifruit and has resulted in changes to grower incentive schemes. The research approach presented forces consumer to tradeoff attributes of kiwifruit against each other and decide on how important two key quality attributes-DM and size-are relative to each other and relative to price. The application of conjoint analysis in this article can be transferred to other fruits, food, and beverages and help guide consumer-led innovation.

Identification and assessment of antioxidant capacity of phytochemicals from kiwi fruits.

The kiwi fruit is the edible berry of a cultivar group of the woody vine of several Actinidia species. The most common commercially available, green-fleshed kiwi fruit is the cultivar 'Hayward', which belongs to the Actinidia deliciosa species. An antioxidative screening of kiwi fruit components (peel and pulp) crude extracts was carried out using specific assay media characterized for the presence of highly reactive species such as 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH(•)), H(2)O(2), and O(2)(•-). The Mo(VI) reducing power of the samples was also determined. The phenol and flavonoid contents were quantified. Phytochemical analysis of kiwi peel crude extracts led to the isolation of vitamin E, 2,8-dimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridec-11-enyl)chroman-6-ol, as well as α- and δ-tocopherol, 7 sterols, the triterpene ursolic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 11 flavonoids. Chemical fractionation of pulp crude extracts led to the isolation of two caffeic acid glucosyl derivatives and two coumarin glucosydes, besides the three vitamin E, ß-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and its Δ(7) isomer, campesterol, chlorogenic acid, and some flavone and flavanol molecules. All of the compounds were tested for their radical scavenging and antioxidant capabilities by measuring their capacity to scavenge DPPH and anion superoxide radical and to reduce a Mo(VI) salt.