RESUMO
Forests play a key role in the mitigation of global warming and provide many other vital ecosystem goods and services. However, as forest continues to vanish at an alarming rate from the surface of the planet, the world desperately needs knowledge on what contributes to forest preservation and restoration. Migration, a hallmark of globalization, is widely recognized as a main driver of forest recovery and poverty alleviation. Here, we show that remittance from migrants reinforces forest recovery that would otherwise be unlikely with mere migration, realizing the additionality of payments for ecosystem services for China's largest reforestation policy, the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program (CCFP). Guided by the framework that integrates telecoupling and coupled natural and human systems, we investigate forest-livelihood dynamics under the CCFP through the lens of rural out-migration and remittance using both satellite remote sensing imagery and household survey data in two representative sites of rural China. Results show that payments from the CCFP significantly increases the probability of sending remittance by out-migrants to their origin households. We observe substantial forest regeneration and greening surrounding households receiving remittance but forest decline and browning in proximity to households with migrants but not receiving remittance, as measured by forest coverage and the Enhanced Vegetation Index derived from space-borne remotely sensed data. The primary mechanism is that remittance reduces the reliance of households on natural capital from forests, particularly fuelwood, allowing forests near the households to recover. The shares of the estimated ecological and economic additionality induced by remittance are 2.0% (1.4%â¼3.8%) and 9.7% (5.0%â¼15.2%), respectively, to the baseline of the reforested areas enrolled in CCFP and the payments received by the participating households. Remittance-facilitated forest regeneration amounts to 12.7% (6.0%â¼18.0%) of the total new forest gained during the 2003-2013 in China. Our results demonstrate that remittance constitutes a telecoupling mechanism between rural areas and cities over long distances, influencing the local social-ecological gains that the forest policy intended to stimulate. Thus, supporting remittance-sending migrants in cities can be an effective global warming mitigation strategy.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Florestas , Migrantes , China , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/métodos , EcossistemaAssuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Agricultura Florestal , Ciências Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/tendências , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/legislação & jurisprudência , Agricultura Florestal/métodos , Agricultura Florestal/tendências , Florestas , Ciências Sociais/métodos , Ciências Sociais/tendências , Aquecimento Global/legislação & jurisprudência , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Deforestation in the tropics remains a significant global challenge linked to carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. Agriculture, forestry, wildfires, and urbanization have been repeatedly identified as main drivers of tropical deforestation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind these direct causes is crucial to navigate the multiple tradeoffs between competing forest uses, such as food and biomass production (SDG 2), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). This paper develops and implements a global-scale empirical approach to quantify two key factors affecting land use decisions at tropical forest frontiers: agricultural commodity prices and national governance. It relies on data covering the period 2004-2015 from multiple public sources, aggregated to countries and agro-ecological zones. Our analysis confirms the persistent influence of commodity prices on agricultural land expansion, especially in forest-abundant regions. Economic and environmental governance quality co-determines processes of expansion and contraction of agricultural land in the tropics, yet at much smaller magnitudes than other drivers. We derive land supply elasticities for direct use in standard economic impact assessment models and demonstrate that our results make a difference in a Computable General Equilibrium framework.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Clima Tropical , Agricultura/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Florestas , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Comércio/economia , Biodiversidade , UrbanizaçãoRESUMO
After agriculture, wood harvest is the human activity that has most reduced the storage of carbon in vegetation and soils1,2. Although felled wood releases carbon to the atmosphere in various steps, the fact that growing trees absorb carbon has led to different carbon-accounting approaches for wood use, producing widely varying estimates of carbon costs. Many approaches give the impression of low, zero or even negative greenhouse gas emissions from wood harvests because, in different ways, they offset carbon losses from new harvests with carbon sequestration from growth of broad forest areas3,4. Attributing this sequestration to new harvests is inappropriate because this other forest growth would occur regardless of new harvests and typically results from agricultural abandonment, recovery from previous harvests and climate change itself. Nevertheless some papers count gross emissions annually, which assigns no value to the capacity of newly harvested forests to regrow and approach the carbon stocks of unharvested forests. Here we present results of a new model that uses time discounting to estimate the present and future carbon costs of global wood harvests under different scenarios. We find that forest harvests between 2010 and 2050 will probably have annualized carbon costs of 3.5-4.2 Gt CO2e yr-1, which approach common estimates of annual emissions from land-use change due to agricultural expansion. Our study suggests an underappreciated option to address climate change by reducing these costs.
Assuntos
Sequestro de Carbono , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Agricultura Florestal , Florestas , Árvores , Madeira , Carbono/metabolismo , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/tendências , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/métodos , Agricultura Florestal/tendências , Árvores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Árvores/metabolismo , Madeira/economia , Madeira/metabolismo , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/tendências , Mudança Climática , Agricultura/tendênciasAssuntos
Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Ciência Ambiental , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/métodos , Pesquisa , Madeira/economia , Animais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/tendências , Ciência Ambiental/métodos , Ciência Ambiental/tendências , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Agricultura Florestal/tendências , Florestas , Indústria Manufatureira/economia , Oregon , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/economia , Desenvolvimento Sustentável/tendênciasRESUMO
This article presents the current status of the development of bioeconomy in the Czech Republic. Although the country has no unified strategy on bioeconomy, there are ambitious governmental innovation strategies and focused strategies for each region. Traditionally, the country has had a strong research performance in chemistry and biology, which together with developed agriculture, forestry and food industries, provides a good foundation for the development of locally based circular systems. Moreover, the government supports research on tools and applications of new plant breeding technologies, including genome editing, and there is a strong initiative from the research community calling to update EU regulatory policy in this area.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Agricultura/economia , República Tcheca , Desenvolvimento Econômico , União Europeia , Indústria Alimentícia/economia , Agricultura Florestal/economiaRESUMO
In the field of forestry, one of the most economically important ecosystem service is the provision of timber. The need to calculate the economic effects of forest management in the short, medium, and long term is increasing. Forest operations or timber harvesting, which comprises felling, processing, and transport of trees or timber, are responsible for a large part of the costs and environmental impacts associated to forest management or enterprises. From a decision maker's perspective, it is essential to estimate working productivity and production costs under given operating conditions before any operation is conducted. This work addresses the lack of a valid collection of models that allows estimating time, productivities, and costs of labor and machinery for the most important forest operations in forest stands under Central European conditions. To create such models, we used data from forest enterprises, manual time studies, and the literature. This work presents a decision support tool that estimates the wood harvesting productivities of 12 different kinds of forest operations under Central European conditions. It includes forest operations using chainsaws, harvesters, skidders, forwarders, chippers, cable and tower yarders, and helicopters. In addition, the tool covers three models for wood volume estimation. The tool is written in Java and available open-source under the Apache License. This work shows how the tool can be used by describing its graphical user interface (GUI) and its application programming interface (API) that facilitates bulk processing of scientific data. Carefully selected default values allow estimations without knowing all input variables in detail. Each model is accompanied by an in-depth documentation where the forest operation, input variables, formulas, and statistical background are given. We conclude that HeProMo is a very useful tool for applications in forest practice, research, and teaching.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Previsões/métodos , Agricultura Florestal/métodos , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Ecossistema , Eficiência , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Florestas , Modelos Teóricos , Árvores , MadeiraRESUMO
Forests provide a series of ecosystem services that are crucial to our society. In the European Union (EU), forests account for approximately 38% of the total land surface1. These forests are important carbon sinks, and their conservation efforts are vital for the EU's vision of achieving climate neutrality by 20502. However, the increasing demand for forest services and products, driven by the bioeconomy, poses challenges for sustainable forest management. Here we use fine-scale satellite data to observe an increase in the harvested forest area (49 per cent) and an increase in biomass loss (69 per cent) over Europe for the period of 2016-2018 relative to 2011-2015, with large losses occurring on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Nordic and Baltic countries. Satellite imagery further reveals that the average patch size of harvested area increased by 34 per cent across Europe, with potential effects on biodiversity, soil erosion and water regulation. The increase in the rate of forest harvest is the result of the recent expansion of wood markets, as suggested by econometric indicators on forestry, wood-based bioenergy and international trade. If such a high rate of forest harvest continues, the post-2020 EU vision of forest-based climate mitigation may be hampered, and the additional carbon losses from forests would require extra emission reductions in other sectors in order to reach climate neutrality by 20503.
Assuntos
Agricultura Florestal/estatística & dados numéricos , Agricultura Florestal/tendências , Florestas , Biodiversidade , Biomassa , Sequestro de Carbono , Monitoramento Ambiental , Política Ambiental/economia , Política Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Europa (Continente) , União Europeia/economia , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/legislação & jurisprudência , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controle , História do Século XXI , Imagens de Satélites , Madeira/economiaAssuntos
Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Combustíveis Fósseis/economia , Aquecimento Global/economia , Aquecimento Global/prevenção & controle , Floresta Úmida , Impostos , Clima Tropical , Agricultura/ética , Animais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/ética , Objetivos , Cooperação Internacional/legislação & jurisprudência , Política , Solo/química , Impostos/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Human-driven species annihilations loom as a major crisis. However the recovery of deer and wolf populations in many parts of the northern hemisphere has resulted in conflicts and controversies rather than in relief. Both species interact in complex ways with their environment, each other, and humans. We review these interactions in the context of the ecological and human costs and benefits associated with these species. We integrate scattered information to widen our perspective on the nature and perception of these costs and benefits and how they link to each other and ongoing controversies regarding how we manage deer and wolf populations. After revisiting the ecological roles deer and wolves play in contemporary ecosystems, we explore how they interact, directly and indirectly, with human groups including farmers, foresters, shepherds, and hunters. Interactions with deer and wolves generate various axes of tension, posing both ecological and sociological challenges. Resolving these tensions and conflicts requires that we address key questions using integrative approaches: what are the ecological consequences of deer and wolf recovery? How do they influence each other? What are the social and socio-ecological consequences of large deer populations and wolf presence? Finally, what key obstacles must be overcome to allow deer, wolves and people to coexist? Reviewing contemporary ecological and sociological results suggests insights and ways to improve our understanding and resolve long-standing challenges to coexistence. We should begin by agreeing to enhance aggregate benefits while minimizing the collective costs we incur by interacting with deer and wolves. We should also view these species, and ourselves, as parts of integrated ecosystems subject to long-term dynamics. If co-existence is our goal, we need deer and wolves to persevere in ways that are compatible with human interests. Our human interests, however, should be inclusive and fairly value all the costs and benefits deer and wolves entail including their intrinsic value. Shifts in human attitudes and cultural learning that are already occurring will reshape our ecological interactions with deer and wolves.
Assuntos
Cervos/fisiologia , Interação Humano-Animal , Lobos/fisiologia , Agricultura/economia , Animais , Análise Custo-Benefício , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Humanos , América do Norte/epidemiologia , Comportamento Predatório/fisiologia , Segurança/economia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/economia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia , Doença de Emaciação Crônica/economia , Doença de Emaciação Crônica/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Work and related exposures may play a role in suicide and there has been evidence in the literature that some occupational factors may be associated with suicide. The identification of occupational risk factors of suicide mortality among employees affiliated to the French special agricultural social security scheme (MSA), an understudied population, appears important. The objective of this study was to identify the occupational factors associated with suicide mortality among French employees from the MSA working between 2007 and 2013. METHODS: The study population included all the employees affiliated to the MSA working between 1st January 2007 and 31st December 2013, i.e. 1,699,929 men and 1,201,017 women. The studied occupational factors included: economic activity, skill level, and work contract. Survival analyses (Cox models) stratified on gender were performed using age as time scale and region and year of contract as adjustment variables. RESULTS: Among men, the factors associated with an elevated suicide risk were: economic activities of forestry, agriculture and related activities, and manufacture of food products and beverages (e.g. meat, wine), low-skilled level and working in the regions of Brittany, Burgundy Franche-Comté, Pays de la Loire, Normandy, Grand Est and Centre-Val-de-Loire. No association was observed among women. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that economic activity and low-skilled level may be associated with suicide among men affiliated to the MSA and may contribute to the implementation of prevention interventions. Further studies are needed to confirm and better understand these associations.
Assuntos
Agricultura , Agricultura Florestal , Exposição Ocupacional/estatística & dados numéricos , Previdência Social , Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Agricultura/organização & administração , Agricultura/estatística & dados numéricos , Esgotamento Profissional/epidemiologia , Esgotamento Profissional/mortalidade , Emprego/classificação , Emprego/organização & administração , Emprego/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/organização & administração , Agricultura Florestal/estatística & dados numéricos , França/epidemiologia , Humanos , Renda/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Previdência Social/organização & administração , Previdência Social/estatística & dados numéricos , Carga de Trabalho/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
If current trends continue, the tropical forests of the Anthropocene will be much smaller, simpler, steeper and emptier than they are today. They will be more diminished in size and heavily fragmented (especially in lowland wet forests), have reduced structural and species complexity, be increasingly restricted to steeper, less accessible areas, and be missing many heavily hunted species. These changes, in turn, will greatly reduce the quality and quantity of ecosystem services that tropical forests can provide. Driving these changes will be continued clearance for farming and monoculture forest plantations, unsustainable selective logging, overhunting, and, increasingly, climate change. Concerted action by local and indigenous communities, environmental groups, governments, and corporations can reverse these trends and, if successful, provide future generations with a tropical forest estate that includes a network of primary forest reserves robustly defended from threats, recovering logged and secondary forests, and resilient community forests managed for the needs of local people. Realizing this better future for tropical forests and people will require formalisation of land tenure for local and indigenous communities, better-enforced environmental laws, the widescale roll-out of payments for ecosystem service schemes, and sustainable intensification of under-yielding farmland, as well as global-scale societal changes, including reduced consumerism, meat consumption, fossil fuel reliance, and population growth. But the time to act is now, while the opportunity remains to protect a semblance of intact, hyperdiverse tropical forests.
Assuntos
Mudança Climática , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Florestas , Clima Tropical , Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/legislação & jurisprudência , Agricultura Florestal/métodosRESUMO
The rate of wealth accumulation is discussed, and an expression for a momentary rate of capital return is presented. An expected value of the wealth accumulation rate is produced. The return rates depend on any yield function. Three different yield functions are applied, two of them published in the literature, and a third one parametrized using a comprehensive growth model. A common economic objective function, as well as a third known objective function, are applied and compared with the clarified wealth accumulation rate. While direct optimization of wealth appreciation rate always yields best results, procedures gained by maximizing the internal rate of return are only slightly inferior. With external discounting interest rate, the maximization of net present value yields arbitrary results, the financial consequences being at worst devastating.
Assuntos
Economia , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Florestas , Humanos , Pinus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Árvores/crescimento & desenvolvimentoAssuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/tendências , Incêndios/legislação & jurisprudência , Agricultura Florestal/legislação & jurisprudência , Floresta Úmida , Animais , Biodiversidade , Brasil , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Incêndios/economia , Incêndios/prevenção & controle , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/tendências , Clima TropicalRESUMO
The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of state ownership in forest governance in Turkey. It seeks to explore how property rights are affected by the complex, dynamic interplay of policies, economic influences, and the law. The historical development of state ownership, including its legal aspects, has been investigated in order to better understand the roots of current issues. An institutional approach has been followed. It is hypothesized that as the state exercises its property rights, it has both positive and negative effects on forest governance. This analysis confirms that state ownership may exceed its implementation capacity under the pressure of economic development objectives and that in areas where economic development is a priority, the loss of forests is inevitable. There is a need for a more adaptive approach to making policies related to property rights. The concept of the overriding public interest could be vital in achieving purposeful governance.
Assuntos
Política Ambiental , Agricultura Florestal/métodos , Florestas , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , Monitoramento Ambiental , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Agricultura Florestal/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Propriedade , Formulação de Políticas , TurquiaRESUMO
Conflicts between biodiversity conservation and resource production can be mitigated by multi-objective management planning. Optimizing management for multiple objectives over larger land areas likely entails trading off the practicability of the process against the goodness of the solution. It is therefore worthwhile to resolve how large areas are required as management planning regions to reconcile conflicting objectives as effectively as possible. We aimed to reveal how the extent of forestry planning regions impacts the potential to mitigate a forestry-conservation conflict in Finland, represented as a trade-off between harvest income and deadwood availability. We used forecasted data from a forest simulator, a hierarchy of forestry planning regions, and an optimization model to explore the production possibility frontier between harvest income and deadwood. We compared the overall outcomes when management was optimized within the different-sized planning regions in terms of the two objectives, the spatial variation of deadwood, and the optimal combinations of management regimes. Increasing the size of the planning regions did produce higher simultaneous levels of the two objectives, but the differences were most often of the magnitude of only a few percentages. The differences among the scales were minor also in terms of the spatial variation in deadwood availability and in the optimal management combinations. The conflict between timber harvesting and deadwood availability is only marginally easier to mitigate at large spatial scales than at small forest ownership scales. However, regardless of the spatial scale of planning, the achievable solutions may not be good enough to safeguard deadwood-dependent biodiversity without active deadwood creation.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Agricultura Florestal/economia , Biodiversidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Finlândia , Agricultura Florestal/métodos , Florestas , MadeiraRESUMO
Invasive tree pests and diseases present some of the greatest global threats to forests, and the recent global acceleration in invasions has caused massive ecological damage [1,2]. Calls to improve biosecurity have, however, often lost out to economic arguments in favour of trade [3]. Human activities, such as trade, move organisms between continents, and interventions to reduce risk of introductions inevitably incur financial costs. No previous studies have attempted to estimate the full economic cost of a tree disease, and the economic imperative to improve biosecurity may have been underappreciated. We set out to estimate the cost of the dieback of ash, Fraxinus excelsior, caused by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, in Great Britain, and investigate whether this may be the case [4].