[Digital literacy as a key element in the digital transformation of health organizations]. / La alfabetización digital como elemento clave en la transformación digital de las organizaciones en salud.

In the last years, the digital transformation, has become a reality influencing organizational processes and advancing services for users. This transformation must align with WHO guidelines, addressing the needs of individuals globally and acknowledging Social Determinants of Health and emerging Digital Determinants of Health and the digital divide thas has been created. To accomplish this, the appropriate legislation and infrastructures are required. Correspondingly technology enables enhanced self-care and increased participation in decision-making across various levels, consequently, addressing the digital divide must not be an exception, and needs to include citizens, communities, entities, and professionals to work on how to diminish it and solve it. As a result of this national and supranational campaigns should formulate unified plans and strategies, that include training requirements and establishing programs for both professionals and users, highlighting the significance of incorporating digital knowledge on both groups.

The role of digital literacy in achieving health equity in the third millennium society: A literature review.

Healthcare in the third millennium is largely delivered through systems involving the use of the technological devices and services, foremost among them telemedicine. For the adequate delivery of digital medicine services, however, it is necessary for users to be digitally literate, that is, able to consciously make use of technology. In order to understand how relevant digital literacy is in determining the effectiveness of e-Health services, we performed a traditional literature review on 3 major databases by combining the terms "Digital Literacy" and "Computer Literacy" with the terms "Telemedicine" and "Telehealth". Starting from an initial library of 1,077 papers, we selected 38 articles. At the outcome of the search, we found that digital literacy is a pivotal element in conditioning the effectiveness of telemedicine and digital medicine services in general, however, with some limitations.

An Assessment of the Structural Validity and Measurement Invariance of the Web-Use Skills Scale for Aging Internet Users.

Research on digital inequality has found that aging adults are often at risk of digital exclusion. Understanding the validity of survey measures assessing Internet skills in this population is critical to providing the high-quality data needed for effective digital inclusion policy interventions. This cross-validation study examines the structural validity and measurement invariance (across age, gender, and education groups) of the Web-Use Skills scale (WUS), which is commonly used as a proxy measure of Internet skills. We tested the 14-item version of the WUS. The scale was translated into the Slovenian language and pretested with older Internet users. Data were collected from two independent samples of Internet users aged 50+ years (N1 = 259 and N2 = 256) drawn from an online opt-in panel in Slovenia. The examination of structural validity confirmed that the WUS adequately reflects the one-factor structure of the web-use skills construct, although in a shorter six-item form. Moreover, the analysis confirmed strict measurement invariance between the two samples and, at least, scalar invariance between age, gender, and education groups. The results support the applicability of WUS in cross-group comparisons of Internet skills in the population of aging Internet users and point to several opportunities for future work.

Demographic Disparity in Use of Telemedicine for Ambulatory General Surgical Consultation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of the Initial Public Health Emergency and Second Phase Periods.

BACKGROUND: Surgical patients with limited digital literacy may experience reduced telemedicine access. We investigated racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in telemedicine compared with in-person surgical consultation during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of new visits within the Division of General & Gastrointestinal Surgery at an academic medical center occurring between March 24 through June 23, 2020 (Phase I, Massachusetts Public Health Emergency) and June 24 through December 31, 2020 (Phase II, relaxation of restrictions on healthcare operations) was performed. Visit modality (telemedicine/phone vs in-person) and demographic data were extracted. Bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were performed to evaluate associations between patient characteristics and visit modality. RESULTS: During Phase I, 347 in-person and 638 virtual visits were completed. Multivariable modeling demonstrated no significant differences in virtual compared with in-person visit use across racial/ethnic or insurance groups. Among patients using virtual visits, Latinx patients were less likely to have video compared with audio-only visits than White patients (OR, 0.46; 95% CI 0.22-0.96). Black race and insurance type were not significant predictors of video use. During Phase II, 2,922 in-person and 1,001 virtual visits were completed. Multivariable modeling demonstrated that Black patients (OR, 1.52; 95% CI 1.12-2.06) were more likely to have virtual visits than White patients. No significant differences were observed across insurance types. Among patients using virtual visits, race/ethnicity and insurance type were not significant predictors of video use. CONCLUSION: Black patients used telemedicine platforms more often than White patients during the second phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Virtual consultation may help increase access to surgical care among traditionally under-resourced populations.

Letramento digital em saúde de estudantes de enfermagem ou medicina: fatores relacionados / Alfabetización digital en salud de estudiantes de enfermería o medicina: factores relacionados / Digital health literacy of nursing or medical students: related factors

Resumo Objetivo Identificar fatores relacionados ao letramento digital em saúde de estudantes de medicina ou enfermagem. Métodos O nível de letramento digital em saúde de graduandos de enfermagem ou medicina de três instituições foi avaliado pela eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS), versão brasileira, cujo escore varia de 8 a 40; quanto maior a pontuação, maior o nível de letramento autorreferido. Relações entre o escore do eHEALS e variáveis sociodemográficas e acadêmicas foram verificadas por meio dos testes de Mann Whitney ou Kruskal Wallis, com significância de 5%. Quando havia significância do teste de Kruskal Wallis, foi utilizado teste de Dunn para comparações dois a dois. Resultados Participaram 346 estudantes, com idade média de 23,0±5,0 anos, 71,5% do sexo feminino, 51,6% do curso de Enfermagem. A pontuação média do eHEALS foi de 31,6±4,4. Maiores escores do eHEALS se associaram a: sexo masculino, instituição pública, curso integral, maior tempo desde o início da graduação, ter pessoas próximas que buscam informações sobre saúde online, dominar outro idioma, se sentir bem/muito bem sobre a saúde atual. O nível de letramento se correlacionou positivamente com idade, utilidade da internet e seu conteúdo de saúde. O item "Sinto-me confiante em usar informações da Internet para tomar decisões de saúde" teve pontuação mais baixa. Conclusão Características sociodemográficas e acadêmicas se relacionam ao letramento digital em saúde de estudantes universitários. Esses resultados podem subsidiar e direcionar esforços curriculares nas universidades, engajando futuros profissionais da saúde na disseminação de informações confiáveis dentro e fora do contexto acadêmico, bem como na assistência assistida por tecnologias.essionals in the dissemination of reliable information inside and outside the academic context, and in technology-assisted care.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar factores relacionados a la alfabetización digital en salud de estudiantes de medicina o enfermería. Métodos El nivel de alfabetización digital en salud de estudiantes universitarios de enfermería o medicina de tres instituciones fue evaluado por la eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS), versión brasileña, cuya puntuación varía de 8 a 40; cuanto más alta la puntuación, más alto el nivel de alfabetización autorreferido. La relación entre la puntuación de eHEALS y variables sociodemográficas y académicas se verificó a través de las pruebas de Mann Whitney o de Kruskal Wallis, con una significancia del 5 %. Cuando había significancia en la prueba de Kruskal Wallis, se utilizó la prueba de Dunn para comparaciones de a dos. Resultados Participaron 346 estudiantes, de edad promedio de 23,0±5,0 años, 71,5 % del sexo femenino, 51,6 % del curso de Enfermería. El puntaje promedio del eHEALS fue de 31,6±4,4. Las puntuaciones más altas de eHEALS se asociaron con: sexo masculino, institución pública, curso integral, más tiempo desde el inicio del curso universitario, tener a personas próximas que buscan información sobre salud online, dominar otro idioma, sentirse bien/muy bien sobre la salud actual. El nivel de alfabetización se correlacionó positivamente con la edad, utilidad de internet y su contenido de salud. El ítem "Me siento seguro al usar información de internet para tomar decisiones de salud" obtuvo un puntaje más bajo. Conclusión Características sociodemográficas y académicas se relacionan con la alfabetización digital en salud de estudiantes universitarios. Esos resultados pueden respaldar y orientar iniciativas curriculares en las universidades, y así involucrar a futuros profesionales de salud en la diseminación de información confiable dentro y fuera del contexto académico, así como a la atención auxiliada por tecnologías.

Abstract Objective To identify factors related to the digital health literacy of medical or nursing students. Methods The level of digital health literacy of undergraduate nursing or medical students from three institutions was assessed using the Brazilian version of the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS), whose score ranges from 8 to 40; the higher the score, the higher the self-reported literacy level. Relationships between the eHEALS score and sociodemographic and academic variables were assessed using the Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis tests, with a significance level of 5%. When the Kruskal Wallis test was significant, the Dunn's test was used for two by two comparisons. Results 346 students participated in the study, with a mean age of 23.0±5.0 years, 71.5% female, 51.6% from the Nursing course. The mean eHEALS score was 31.6±4.4. Higher eHEALS scores were associated with the male gender, attending a public institution, full-time course, longer time since enrollment in the course, having close people who seek health information online, mastering another language, and feeling good/very good about their current health. The literacy level was positively correlated with age, and the usefulness of the internet and its health content. Lower scores were reached in the item "I feel confident in using information from the internet to make health decisions". Conclusion Sociodemographic and academic characteristics are related to the digital health literacy of university students. These results can support and direct curricular efforts in universities, engaging future health professionals in the dissemination of reliable information inside and outside the academic context, and in technology-assisted care.

Limited Technology Access Among Residents of Affordable Senior Housing During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

While U.S. adults living in affordable senior housing represent a vulnerable population during the COVID-19 pandemic, affordable housing may provide a foundation for interventions designed to improve technology access to support health. To better understand technology access among residents of affordable senior housing, we surveyed members of a national association of resident service coordinators to assess their experiences working with residents during the pandemic (n = 1,440). While nearly all service coordinators report that most or all residents have reliable phone access, under a quarter report that most or all have reliable internet access; they also report limited access to technology for video calls. Lack of internet access and technology literacy are perceived as barriers to medical visits and food procurement for low-income older adult residents of affordable housing. Policies to expand internet access as well as training and support to enable use of online services are required to overcome these barriers.

Barriers to conducting deprescribing in the elderly population amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

Deprescribing aims to reduce polypharmacy, especially in the elderly population, in order to maintain or improve quality of life, reduce harm from medications, and limit healthcare expenditure. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that has led to a pandemic and has changed the lives many throughout the world. The mode of transmission of this virus is from person to person through the transfer of respiratory droplets. Therefore, non-essential healthcare services involving direct patient interactions, including deprescribing, has been on hiatus to reduce spread. Barriers to deprescribing before the pandemic include patient and system related factors, such as resistance to change, patient's knowledge deficit about deprescribing, lack of alternatives for treatment of disease, uncoordinated delivery of health services, prescriber's attitudes and/or experience, limited availability of guidelines for deprescribing, and lack of evidence on preventative therapy. Some of these barriers can be mitigated by using the following interventions:patient education, prioritization of non-pharmacological therapy, incorporation of electronic health record (EHR), continuous prescriber education, and development of research studies on deprescribing. Currently, deprescribing cannot be delivered through in person interactions, so virtual care is a reasonable alternative format. The full incorporation of EHR throughout Canada can add to the success of this strategy. However, there are several challenges of conducting deprescribing virtually in the elderly population. These challenges include, but are not limited, to their inability to use technology, lack of literacy, lack of assistance from others, greater propensity for withdrawal effects, and increased risk of severe consequences, if hospitalized. Virtual care is the future of healthcare and in order to retain the benefits of deprescribing, additional initiatives should be in place to address the challenges that elderly patients may experience in accessing deprescribing virtually. These initiatives should involve teaching elderly patients how to use technology to access health services and with technical support in place to address any concerns.

The Mobile Health Readiness of People Receiving In-Center Hemodialysis and Home Dialysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mobile health is the health care use of mobile devices, such as smartphones. Mobile health readiness is a prerequisite to successful implementation of mobile health programs. The aim of this study was to examine the status and correlates of mobile health readiness among individuals on dialysis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: A cross-sectional 30-item questionnaire guided by the Khatun mobile health readiness conceptual model was distributed to individuals on dialysis from 21 in-center hemodialysis facilities and 14 home dialysis centers. The survey assessed the availability of devices and the internet, proficiency, and interest in using mobile health. RESULTS: In total, 949 patients (632 hemodialysis and 317 home dialysis) completed the survey. Of those, 81% owned smartphones or other internet-capable devices, and 72% reported using the internet. The majority (70%) reported intermediate or advanced mobile health proficiency. The main reasons for using mobile health were appointments (56%), communication with health care personnel (56%), and laboratory results (55%). The main reported concerns with mobile health were privacy and security (18%). Mobile health proficiency was lower in older patients: compared with the 45- to 60-years group, respondents in age groups <45, 61-70, and >70 years had adjusted odds ratios of 5.04 (95% confidence interval, 2.23 to 11.38), 0.39 (95% confidence interval, 0.24 to 0.62), and 0.22 (95% confidence interval, 0.14 to 0.35), respectively. Proficiency was lower in participants with Hispanic/Latinx ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.75) and with less than college education (adjusted odds ratio for "below high school," 0.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.16 and adjusted odds ratio for "high school only," 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.18 to 0.39). Employment was associated with higher proficiency (adjusted odds ratio, 2.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.18 to 4.32). Although home dialysis was associated with higher proficiency in the unadjusted analyses, we did not observe this association after adjustment for other factors. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients on dialysis surveyed were ready for, and proficient in, mobile health. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER DIALYSIS MHEALTH SURVEY,: NCT04177277.

Consequences of physical distancing emanating from the COVID-19 pandemic: An Australian perspective.

The sobering reality of the COVID-19 pandemic is that it has brought people together at home at a time when we want them apart in the community. This will bring both benefits and challenges. It will affect people differently based upon their age, health status, resilience, family support structures, and socio-economic background. This article will assess the impact in high income countries like Australia, where the initial wave of infection placed the elderly at the greatest risk of death whilst the protective measures of physical distancing, self-isolation, increased awareness of hygiene practices, and school closures with distance learning has had considerable impact on children and families acutely and may have ramifications for years to come.

Digital divide, skills and perceptions on digitalisation in the European Union-Towards a smart labour market.

The new technologies, the digitalisation of processes and automation of work will change the manner of doing business, working and living. The effects of digitalisation on the economy, society and quality of life imply significant challenges of the labour market. All the participants will be concerned: authorities, companies and ordinary people. The objective of this research is to analyse the perceptions of the EU citizens about digitalisation and to highlight the differences among specific socio-demographic groups. The analysis is grounded on a composite methodology, comprising several statistical and econometric methods that provide scientific support to achieved conclusions: statistical analysis (with the primary goal to shed light on the EU citizens' perceptions about their digital technology skills), TwoStep Cluster Analysis (TSCA) (with the purpose to identify the 'digital vulnerable groups' and then the 'digital vulnerable countries' in terms of the exposure to digital divide) and logistic regression (with the main aim to quantify the impact of the relevant factors on citizens' perceptions about digitalisation). We identified a group of respondents evaluating themselves as having meagre digital skills, very afraid that robots could steal their jobs and with low usage of the internet. They are elderly, with a low level of education, manual workers or not working, with a relatively low level of income and little Internet use. The originality of our approach is given by the fact that we focused on investigating if digital divide leads to the creation of vulnerable groups (citizens and/or countries) and if there are specific patterns in terms of the perception on being skilled in the use of digital technologies in daily life or at work and of the understanding that robots replace human on the labour market. We aim to find relevant factors for the labour market to assume targeted measures that should be taken for a better match of supply and demand on the labour market and for creating a smart labour market. It is highly needed to increase the people's confidence in their skills level and to make the most of digitalisation of the societies. The results show consistent patterns in term of socio-demographic characteristics and perception towards digitalisation. The latter will have a meaningful impact on the economy and the society in the European Union in the next period. That is why a positive attitude towards digitalisation is essential for transforming this relatively new challenge into an excellent opportunity for the future.

Can Digitization of Health Care Help Low-Resourced Countries Provide Better Community-Based Rehabilitation Services?

In the wake of globalization, proliferation of digital technologies (DTs) is rapidly changing many activities across sectors, including influencing health to "go digital." Harnessing opportunities of DTs can be a pathway for delivery of health services, such as community-based rehabilitation (CBR) to the vulnerable groups of populations, particularly those in countries with low resources where health systems are weak and experiencing a deficit of trained health workers necessary to effectively deliver a full spectrum of health services. This perspective explored how some DTs can be leveraged in delivery of CBR services in rural and remote areas of countries with low resources. This is described based on information access and exchange, social satisfaction, shortages of rehabilitation workforce, professional development, and capacity building. However, since seizing advantages of DTs can inevitably be associated with spillovers and limitations, including needs prioritization, skills and language limitations, internet addiction and censorship issues, professionalism and ethical dilemmas, and sustainability, if proper measures are not taken, a caution is made. Moreover, as DTs are revolutionizing various activities across sectors, including health, this is not meant as a substitute for traditional health care activities, including those delivered through CBR, but rather to augment their delivery in settings with low resources and elsewhere.

Las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TIC) como forma investigativa interdisciplinaria con un enfoque intercultural para el proceso de formación estudiantil / Information and Communication Technologies (TIC) as an interdisciplinary research form with an intercultural approach to the process of student training

Resumen El presente artículo manifiesta la importante concepción y uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TIC) como herramientas que han permitido desarrollar el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en la educación, facilitando tanto al docente como al alumnado la adquisición del conocimiento de forma más inmediata y amplia; el gran impacto del desarrollo tecnológico que se está originando en la actualidad ha favorecido lo que se denomina la nueva revolución social; en efecto, las TIC han generado grandiosos cambios en las organizaciones culturales, sociales, económicas y educativas. Estas manifiestan una serie de características fundamentales como una vía factible a todo tipo de información, establece una comunicación inmediata, ya sea sincrónica o asincrónica, en la automatización de las actividades, almacenamiento de numerosa información y la interacción entre computadores y usuarios. El docente cumple un rol fundamental en el conocimiento y uso de estas tecnologías, debido a la importancia didáctica que pueden tener las TIC empleadas adecuadamente en el aula de clase. Sin embargo, los docentes hoy en día no comprenden con eficacia la utilidad que puede significar el uso de las TIC en el desarrollo del proceso de formación de los estudiantes; esto se refleja en la calidad educativa. Por lo cual este manuscrito tiene como objetivo analizar las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación como forma investigativa interdisciplinaria con un enfoque intercultural para fortalecer el proceso de formación de los estudiantes.

This article shows the important conception and use of information technologies as tools that have allowed the development of the teaching-learning process in education, facilitating both the teacher and the students the acquisition of knowledge in a more immediate and comprehensive way; The great impact of the technological development that is currently taking place has favored what is called the new social revolution, ICTs have generated great changes in cultural, social, economic and educational organizations. These manifest a series of fundamental characteristics as a feasible way to all types of information, establishing an immediate communication, either synchronous or asynchronous, in the automation of activities, storage of numerous information and the interaction between computers and users. The teacher plays a fundamental role in the knowledge and use of these technologies, due to the didactic importance that ICT can have properly used in the classroom. However, today's teachers do not understand effectively the usefulness that the use of ICTs can have in the development of the student training process; this is reflected in the quality of education. Therefore, this manuscript aims to analyze Information and Communication Technologies as interdisciplinary research with an intercultural approach to strengthen the process of student training.

Citizens' use of digital media to connect with health care: Socio-ethical and regulatory implications.

Digital technologies promise to transform practices of health, medicine and health care and 'power' economies. In expectation of their presumed future benefits, governments in recent years have invested heavily in new technology initiatives and have sought to engender 'digital literacy' among citizens. This article introduces papers and expands on themes arising from a special issue that explores the socio-ethical and regulatory implications of citizens' use of digital media to connect with health care. We set the scene by examining the promissory discourse that attaches to digital technologies as applied to health care, and its role in shaping actions, and then consider the longer term prospects and implications of digitalisation for conceptions of citizenship and established categories and distinctions. As we argue, given the history of new technologies, the longer term implications of digitalisation are likely to differ significantly from those envisaged. Digital technologies promise radical positive disruption. Yet many uncertainties accompany their development and future applications and likely implications. Making reference to papers in the special issue and the wider literature, the article considers the prospects of digitalisation in medicine and health care in light of the colonisation of the Internet by powerful technology companies, the shift in capitalist economies from processes of production to technologies of prediction, evidence of inequalities in access to the Internet and related devices, and the growing number of data breaches involving personal health information. We draw attention to the failure of governments to engage citizens in substantive deliberations about digitalisation and its future potential implications and the ultimate democratic deficit that this represents. We ask, what does it mean to 'regulate' digital media in a context in which data are widely viewed as the 'new oil'? While we have no straightforward answers, we suggest that recent legislative efforts (e.g. General Data Protection Regulation in Europe) and growing calls for 'algorithmic accountability' have the potential to temper the more harmful aspects of digitalisation.