Equivalent weight: Application of the assessment method on real task conducted by railway workers wearing a back support exoskeleton.

Commonly used risk indexes, such as the NIOSH Lifting Index, do not capture the effect of exoskeletons. This makes it difficult for Health and Safety professionals to rigorously assess the benefit of such devices. The community requires a simple method to assess the effectiveness of back-support exoskeleton's (BSE) in possibly reducing ergonomic risk. The method introduced in this work is termed "Equivalent Weight" (EqW) and it proposes an interpretation of the effect built on the benefit delivered through reduced activation of the erector spinae (ES). This manifests itself as an apparent reduction of the lifted load perceived by the wearer. This work presents a pilot study where a practical application of the EqW method is used to assess the ergonomic risk in manual material handling (MMH) when using a back support exoskeleton (StreamEXO). The results are assessed by combining observational measurements from on-site testing with five different workers and quantitative measures of the muscle activity reduction achieved during laboratory evaluation with ten workers. These results will show that when lifting, lowering, and carrying a 19 kg load the StreamEXO can reduce risk by up to two levels (from "high" to "low") in the target sub-tasks. The Lifting index (LI) was reduced up to 64% when examining specific sub-tasks and the worker's movement conduction.

Embodimetrics: A Principal Component Analysis Study of the Combined Assessment of Cardiac, Cognitive and Mobility Parameters.

There is a growing body of literature investigating the relationship between the frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive Stroop task performance. We proposed a combined assessment integrating trunk mobility in 72 healthy women to investigate the relationship between cognitive, cardiac, and motor variables using principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, we assessed changes in the relationships among these variables after a two-month intervention aimed at improving the perception-action link. At baseline, PCA correctly identified three components: one related to cardiac variables, one to trunk motion, and one to Stroop task performance. After the intervention, only two components were found, with trunk symmetry and range of motion, accuracy, time to complete the Stroop task, and low-frequency heart rate variability aggregated into a single component using PCA. Artificial neural network analysis confirmed the effects of both HRV and motor behavior on cognitive Stroop task performance. This analysis suggested that this protocol was effective in investigating embodied cognition, and we defined this approach as "embodimetrics".

Assessment of Drivers' Mental Workload by Multimodal Measures during Auditory-Based Dual-Task Driving Scenarios.

Assessing drivers' mental workload is crucial for reducing road accidents. This study examined drivers' mental workload in a simulated auditory-based dual-task driving scenario, with driving tasks as the main task, and auditory-based N-back tasks as the secondary task. A total of three levels of mental workload (i.e., low, medium, high) were manipulated by varying the difficulty levels of the secondary task (i.e., no presence of secondary task, 1-back, 2-back). Multimodal measures, including a set of subjective measures, physiological measures, and behavioral performance measures, were collected during the experiment. The results showed that an increase in task difficulty led to increased subjective ratings of mental workload and a decrease in task performance for the secondary N-back tasks. Significant differences were observed across the different levels of mental workload in multimodal physiological measures, such as delta waves in EEG signals, fixation distance in eye movement signals, time- and frequency-domain measures in ECG signals, and skin conductance in EDA signals. In addition, four driving performance measures related to vehicle velocity and the deviation of pedal input and vehicle position also showed sensitivity to the changes in drivers' mental workload. The findings from this study can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of effective measures for mental workload assessment in driving scenarios and to the development of smart driving systems for the accurate recognition of drivers' mental states.

Preparing a task is sufficient to generate a subsequent task-switch cost affecting task performance.

This study investigated the nature of switch costs after trials on which the cued task had been either only prepared (cue-only trials) or both prepared and performed (completed trials). Previous studies have found that task-switch costs occur following cue-only trials, demonstrating that preparing-without performing-a task is sufficient to produce a subsequent switch cost. However, it is not clear whether switch costs after these different types of trial reflect an impact of task-switching upon task preparation or task performance on the current trial. The present study examined this question using a double-registration procedure with both cue-only and completed trials. Participants responded to both task-cue and target stimuli. In cue responses, a cost of switching task cues (cue-switch cost) but not of switching tasks (task-switch cost) followed both cue-only and completed trials. In target responses, a task-switch cost but no cue-switch cost followed both cue-only trials and completed trials, and this task-switch cost was larger following completed than cue-only trials. The presence of the task-switch cost in target responses following cue-only trials indicates a specific impact of previous preparation upon task performance, and the increased size of this cost following completed trials indicates an additional impact of previous performance. Together, these results suggest that both task preparation and task performance contribute to the subsequent task-switch cost affecting task performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Examining the cognitive processes underlying resumption costs in task-interruption contexts: Decay or inhibition of suspended task goals?

To examine whether an ongoing primary task is inhibited when switching to an interruption task, we implemented the n - 2 backward inhibition paradigm into a task-interruption setting. In two experiments, subjects performed two primary tasks (block-wise manipulation) consisting of a predefined sequence of three subtasks. The primary tasks differed regarding whether the last subtask switched or repeated relative to the penultimate subtask, resulting in n - 1 switch subtasks (e.g., ABC) and n - 1 repetition subtasks (e.g., ACC) as the last subtask of the primary task. Occasionally, an interruption task was introduced before the last subtask of a primary task, changing the last subtask of the primary task from a n - 1 switch subtask to a n - 2 switch subtask (e.g., AB → secondary task → C) and from a n - 1 repetition subtask to a n - 2 repetition subtask (e.g., AC → secondary task → C). In two experiments with different degrees of response-set overlap between the interruption task and the subtasks of the primary task, we observed that switching back from the interruption task to the primary task resulted in n - 2 switch costs in the first subtask after the interruption (i.e., worse performance in n - 2 switch subtasks than in n - 2 repetition subtasks). This n - 2 switch cost was replicated in a third experiment in which we used a predefined sequence of four subtasks instead of three subtasks. Our finding of n - 2 switch costs suggest that the last subtask performed before the interruption remains activated when switching to the interruption task.

A novel multisensory device for the assessment and rehabilitation of perceptual and attentional competencies.

The present study aims to assess a novel technological device suitable for investigating perceptual and attentional competencies in people with or without sensory impairment. The TechPAD is a cabled system including embedded sensors and actuators to enable visual, auditory, and tactile interactions and a capacitive surface receiving inputs from the user. The system is conceived to create multisensory environments, using multiple units controlled separately and simultaneously. We assessed the device by adapting a spatial attention task comparing performances in different cognitive load conditions (high or low) and stimulation (unimodal, bimodal, or trimodal). 28 sighted adults were asked to monitor both the central and peripheral parts of the device and to tap a target stimulus (either visual, auditory, haptic, or multimodal) as fast as they could. Our results suggest that this new device can provide congruent and incongruent multimodal stimuli and quantitatively measure parameters such as reaction time and accuracy, allowing to investigate perceptual mechanisms in multisensory environments.Clinical Relevance-The TechPad is a reliable tool for the assessment of spatial attention during interactive tasks. its application in clinical trials will pave the way to its role in multisensory rehabilitation.

Hidden Semi-Markov Models-Based Visual Perceptual State Recognition for Pilots.

Pilots' loss of situational awareness is one of the human factors affecting aviation safety. Numerous studies have shown that pilot perception errors are one of the main reasons for a lack of situational awareness without a proper system to detect these errors. The main objective of this study is to examine the changes in pilots' eye movements during various flight tasks from the perspective of visual awareness. The pilot's gaze rule scanning strategy is mined through cSPADE, while a hidden semi-Markov model-based model is used to detect the pilot's visuoperceptual state, linking the correlation between the hidden state and time. The performance of the proposed algorithm is then compared with that of the hidden Markov model (HMM), and the more flexible hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM) is shown to have an accuracy of 93.55%.

Perspectives of health workers engaging in task shifting to deliver health care in low-and-middle-income countries: a qualitative evidence synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are experiencing growing demand for healthcare services yet face a persistent shortage in access to specialist health workers (SHWs). Task shifting is an approach used to address this gap in service provision. Specific healthcare tasks are shifted to other, larger cadres of non-specialist health workers (NSHWs), including lay health workers with SHWs potentially taking on supervisory roles. Previous studies demonstrate that task shifting is both clinically and economically effective, however the impact of task shifting on health workers (HWs) is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this synthesis is to generate new knowledge about what influences HWs perspectives of benefits and costs of engaging in task shifting. METHODS: A qualitative evidence synthesis (QES) of peer-reviewed literature using databases CINAHL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Psych INFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Epistimonikos, Web of Science (science and social science citation index), Scopus LILACS, the African Index Medicus and Google Scholar. Eligible studies were those that included qualitative data about HWs perspectives of task shifting in LMICs. Information from eligible studies was extracted into a Google Sheet, and the data gathered were analysed thematically. RESULTS: Fifty-four studies were included in the QES. Results were organised under three themes, 'the cultural environment in which task shifting is employed', 'access to resources for task shifting' and 'alignment with personal values and beliefs, self-efficacy and personal emotional resilience'. CONCLUSION: This is the first review bringing together views about task shifting from the perspective of different cadres of HWs drawn from diverse healthcare, geographical and country settings in LMICs. Task shifting is a complex process which relies upon the active engagement of HWs. Taking into consideration factors that influence HWs perspectives, such as their personal characteristics, preparatory training, and ongoing access to resources, is important for informing how task shifted healthcare initiatives are designed and delivered to successfully widen access to healthcare in LMICs.

Automatic assessment of performance in the FLS trainer using computer vision.

BACKGROUND: Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) box trainer is a well-accepted method for training and evaluating laparoscopic skills. It mandates an observer that will measure and evaluate the trainee's performance. Measuring performance in the Peg Transfer task includes time and penalty for dropping pegs. This study aimed to assess whether computer vision (CV) may be used to automatically measure performance in the FLS box trainer. METHODS: Four groups of metrics were defined and measured automatically using CV. Validity was assessed by dividing participants to 3 groups of experience levels. Twenty-seven participants were recorded performing the Peg Transfer task 2-4 times, amounting to 72 videos. Frames were sampled from the videos and labeled to create an image dataset. Using these images, we trained a deep neural network (YOLOv4) to detect the different objects in the video. We developed an evaluation system that tracks the transfer of the triangles and produces a feedback report with the metrics being the main criteria. The metric groups were Time, Grasper Movement Speed, Path Efficiency, and Grasper Coordination. The performance was compared based on their last video (3 participants were excluded due to technical issues). RESULTS: The ANOVA tests show that for all metrics except one, the variance in performance can be explained by the experience level of participants. Senior surgeons and residents significantly outperform students and interns on almost every metric. Senior surgeons usually outperform residents, but the gap is not always significant. CONCLUSION: The statistical analysis shows that the metrics can differentiate between the experts and novices performing the task in several aspects. Thus, they may provide a more detailed performance analysis than is currently used. Moreover, these metrics calculation is automatic and relies solely on the video camera of the FLS trainer. As a result, they allow independent training and assessment.

Eye gaze metrics for skill assessment and feedback in kidney stone surgery.

PURPOSE: Surgical skill assessment is essential for safe operations. In endoscopic kidney stone surgery, surgeons must perform a highly skill-dependent mental mapping from the pre-operative scan to the intraoperative endoscope image. Poor mental mapping can lead to incomplete exploration of the kidney and high reoperation rates. Yet there are few objective ways to evaluate competency. We propose to use unobtrusive eye-gaze measurements in the task space to evaluate skill and provide feedback. METHODS: We capture the surgeons' eye gaze on the surgical monitor with the Microsoft Hololens 2. To enable stable and accurate gaze detection, we develop a calibration algorithm to refine the eye tracking of the Hololens. In addition, we use a QR code to locate the eye gaze on the surgical monitor. We then run a user study with three expert and three novice surgeons. Each surgeon is tasked to locate three needles representing kidney stones in three different kidney phantoms. RESULTS: We find that experts have more focused gaze patterns. They complete the task faster, have smaller total gaze area, and the gaze fewer times outside the area of interest. While fixation to non-fixation ratio did not show significant difference in our findings, tracking the ratio over time shows different patterns between novices and experts. CONCLUSION: We show that a non-negligible difference holds between novice and expert surgeons' gaze metrics in kidney stone identification in phantoms. Expert surgeons demonstrate more targeted gaze throughout a trial, indicating their higher level of proficiency. To improve the skill acquisition process for novice surgeons, we suggest providing sub-task specific feedback. This approach presents an objective and non-invasive method to assess surgical competence.

Stress and Workload Assessment in Aviation-A Narrative Review.

In aviation, any detail can have massive consequences. Among the potential sources of failure, human error is still the most troublesome to handle. Therefore, research concerning the management of mental workload, attention, and stress is of special interest in aviation. Recognizing conditions in which a pilot is over-challenged or cannot act lucidly could avoid serious outcomes. Furthermore, knowing in depth a pilot's neurophysiological and cognitive-behavioral responses could allow for the optimization of equipment and procedures to minimize risk and increase safety. In addition, it could translate into a general enhancement of both the physical and mental well-being of pilots, producing a healthier and more ergonomic work environment. This review brings together literature on the study of stress and workload in the specific case of pilots of both civil and military aircraft. The most common approaches for studying these phenomena in the avionic context are explored in this review, with a focus on objective methodologies (e.g., the collection and analysis of neurophysiological signals). This review aims to identify the pros, cons, and applicability of the various approaches, to enable the design of an optimal protocol for a comprehensive study of these issues.

Relating process and outcome metrics for meaningful and interpretable cannulation skill assessment: A machine learning paradigm.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The quality of healthcare delivery depends directly on the skills of clinicians. For patients on hemodialysis, medical errors or injuries caused during cannulation can lead to adverse outcomes, including potential death. To promote objective skill assessment and effective training, we present a machine learning approach, which utilizes a highly-sensorized cannulation simulator and a set of objective process and outcome metrics. METHODS: In this study, 52 clinicians were recruited to perform a set of pre-defined cannulation tasks on the simulator. Based on data collected by sensors during their task performance, the feature space was then constructed based on force, motion, and infrared sensor data. Following this, three machine learning models- support vector machine (SVM), support vector regression (SVR), and elastic net (EN)- were constructed to relate the feature space to objective outcome metrics. Our models utilize classification based on the conventional skill classification labels as well as a new method that represents skill on a continuum. RESULTS: With less than 5% of trials misplaced by two classes, the SVM model was effective in predicting skill based on the feature space. In addition, the SVR model effectively places both skill and outcome on a fine-grained continuum (versus discrete divisions) that is representative of reality. As importantly, the elastic net model enabled the identification of a set of process metrics that highly impact outcomes of the cannulation task, including smoothness of motion, needle angles, and pinch forces. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed cannulation simulator, paired with machine learning assessment, demonstrates definite advantages over current cannulation training practices. The methods presented here can be adopted to drastically increase the effectiveness of skill assessment and training, thereby potentially improving clinical outcomes of hemodialysis treatment.

Validation and effect of the NASA-TLX score on the assessment of the workload of pediatric robotic operations.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the validity of the NASA-TLX score in rating the workload of pediatric robotic operations. METHODS: The workload of 230 pediatric gastrointestinal and thoracic robotic operations was rated using the NASA-TLX score. The difference between the high workload group and the low workload group in each subscale of the NASA-TLX score was analyzed. The correlation of each subscale with the total workload score in the high workload group and low workload group was also analyzed. A logistic regression analysis was subsequently conducted to assess the effects of different factors (sex, age, weight, procedure duration, procedure specialties, combined malformation and blood loss) on the workload. RESULTS: The average NASA-TLX score was 56.5 ± 5.1 for the total group, 56.9 ± 5.0 for the gastrointestinal group and 54.6 ± 4.8 for the thoracic group, p = 0.007. The score of the high workload group was 62.7 ± 3.2, while it was 50.6 ± 2.7 for the low workload group (p < 0.001). The score on each subscale was also significantly different between the high and low workload groups. In the high workload group, a stronger correlation was observed between the total score and TD and Fr and a lower correlation with MD and Pe. In the low workload group, all six subscales showed a moderate correlation with the total score. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the procedure duration was an independent influencing factor for a higher workload score. CONCLUSIONS: NASA-TLX is a valid tool to rate the surgeon's workload in pediatric robotic surgery. A longer operative time contributes to a higher workload.

Dual task cost in adults with persistent concussion symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Persistent concussion symptoms (PCS) negatively affects common activities of daily living including deficits in both single and dual-task (DT) gait. DT gait deficits are present post-concussion; however, task prioritization and the effects of differing cognitive challenge remain unexplored in the PCS population. RESEARCH QUESTION: The purpose of this study was to investigate single and dual-task gait performance in individuals with persistent concussion symptoms and to identify task priorization strategies during DT trials. METHODS: Fifteen adults with PCS (age: 43.9+11.7 y.o.) and 23 healthy control participants (age: 42.1+10.3 y.o.) completed five trials of single task gait followed by fifteen trials of dual task gait along a 10-m walkway. The cognitive challenges consisted of five trials each of visual stroop, verbal fluency, and working memory cognitive challenges. Groups were compared on DT cost stepping characteristics with independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: There were significant overall gait Dual Task Cost (DTC)difference between groups for gait speed (p = 0.009, d=0.92) and step length (p = 0.023, d=0.76). Specific to each DT challenge, PCS participants were slower during Verbal Fluency (0.98 + 0.15 m/s and 1.12 + 0.12 m/s, p = 0.008; d=1.03), Visual Stroop (1.06 + 0.19 m/s and 1.20 + 0.12 m/s, p = 0.012, d=0.88), and Working Memory (1.02 + 0.15 m/s and 1.16 + 0.14 m/s, p = 0.006, d=0.96). There were significant cognitive DTC differences between groups for WM accuracy (p = 0.008, d=0.96), but not for VS accuracy (p = 0.841, d=0.061) or VF total words (p = 0.112, d=0.56). SIGNIFICANCE: The PCS participants displayed a posture-second strategy whereby gait performance generally decreased in the absence of cognitive changes. However, during the Working Memory DT, PCS participants had a mutual interference response whereby both motor and cognitive performance decreased suggesting the cognitive task plays a key role in the DT gait performance of PCS patients.

Effects of automated skill assessment on robotic surgery training.

BACKGROUND: Several automated skill-assessment approaches have been proposed for robotic surgery, but their utility is not well understood. This article investigates the effects of one machine-learning-based skill-assessment approach on psychomotor skill development in robotic surgery training. METHODS: N = 29 trainees (medical students and residents) with no robotic surgery experience performed five trials of inanimate peg transfer with an Intuitive Surgical da Vinci Standard robot. Half of the participants received no post-trial feedback. The other half received automatically calculated scores from five Global Evaluative Assessment of Robotic Skill domains post-trial. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups regarding overall improvement or skill improvement rate. However, participants who received post-trial feedback rated their overall performance improvement significantly lower than participants who did not receive feedback. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that automated skill evaluation systems might improve trainee self-awareness but not accelerate early stage psychomotor skill development in robotic surgery training.

The Portable Warrior Test of Tactical Agility: A Novel Functional Assessment That Discriminates Service Members Diagnosed With Concussion From Controls.

INTRODUCTION: Return-to-duty (RTD) readiness assessment for service members (SM) following concussion requires complex clinical considerations. The Portable Warrior Test of Tactical Agility (POWAR-TOTAL) is a functional assessment which improves on previous laboratory-based RTD assessments. METHODS: Sixty-four SM diagnosed with concussion and 60 healthy control (HC) SM participated in this study. Group differences were analyzed to validate the POWAR-TOTAL. The High-level Mobility Assessment Test (HiMAT) was used to examine concurrent construct validity. An exploratory logistic regression analysis examined predictive validity. RESULTS: The groups were demographically well-matched except for educational level. POWAR-TOTAL measures were statistically significantly different between the groups with moderate to large effect sizes. Concussed participants were less likely to be able to complete all trials of the POWAR-TOTAL. Motor scores correlated highly with HiMAT scores. POWAR-TOTAL motor task performance and membership in the control group was significantly associated with self-reported physical readiness to deploy. CONCLUSION: The POWAR-TOTAL is a clinically feasible, military relevant assessment that is sensitive to differences between concussed and HC SM. This analysis supports the discriminant and construct validity of the POWAR-TOTAL, and may be useful for medical providers evaluating RTD readiness for SM who have sustained a concussion.

Is better selective attention while standing possible without cost on postural sway?

While it is known that posture and cognition interact, the mechanism of this interaction is still uncertain. This interaction falls under the concept of sharing resources, implying that resources for processing are limited. Many studies were conducted to understand this interaction; however, none have investigated the attention network task (ANT) in two common static postures in young adults. The purpose of this study was to test whether a given posture benefits the components of attention without dual-task (DT) cost, when cognitive and postural tasks are not overly demanding. This study presents the results of 37 healthy young adults performing the ANT in two postural conditions. Our results showed ANT performance with faster reaction times while standing than sitting without cost on postural parameters. This study raises the question of the contribution of posture variations in daily life. Knowledge gained from this research may lead to a better understanding of the interaction between posture and attention. Using "simple" postures, we aim to show that posture might facilitate the achievement of the cognitive activity.

Percepções de psicólogos organizacionais sobre inclusão de pessoas com deficiência em empresas / Organizational psychologists' perceptions on the inclusion of people with disabilities in organizations / Percepciones de los psicólogos organizacionales sobre la inclusión de personas con discapacidad en las empresas

As dificuldades e barreiras enfrentadas no processo de inclusão de pessoas com deficiência (PcD) nas organizações incitam o desenvolvimento de pesquisas. Este estudo compreendeu a percepção de psicólogos organizacionais sobre a inclusão de PcD em empresas. Dezoito psicólogos atuantes na área de gestão de pessoas de empresas das sete regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul responderam a uma entrevista individual. A média de idade dos participantes foi de 33,17 anos, atuavam em empresas de diferentes segmentos, eram predominantemente do sexo feminino e possuíam pós-graduação em áreas relacionadas. Os relatos dos psicólogos alertaram para o fato de que, em suas graduações, o conteúdo sobre deficiência humana e, especificamente, inclusão no mercado de trabalho foi escasso ou inexistente. Essa lacuna na formação, de egressos de diferentes instituições de ensino superior, é relatada desde os anos de 1990. Para esses psicólogos, barreiras atitudinais e organizacionais são frequentemente enfrentadas no processo de inclusão, tais como o despreparo das empresas, gestores e colaboradores para receber as PcD, os poucos programas voltados a uma prática efetiva de inclusão e não somente ao cumprimento da legislação, além das dificuldades dos próprios profissionais em identificar os potenciais e as limitações que a PcD apresenta e de adaptá-la de maneira correta ao trabalho. O psicólogo organizacional pode contribuir para um processo adequado de inclusão por meio de práticas, tais como treinamentos e sensibilizações, que fomentem a informação e diminuam a discriminação e as dificuldades.(AU)

Difficulties and barriers to including people with disabilities (PwDs) in organizations drives research development. This study sought to understand how organizational psychologists perceived the inclusion of PwDs in organizations. Eighteen organizational psychologists who work in people management for companies in the seven regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul participated in an individual interview. Most interviewees were female, with average age of 33.17 years, had a postgraduate degree in the field, and worked in companies from different segments. During the interviews, the psychologists called attention to the little or nonexistent content on human disability and, specifically, inclusion in the labor market covered in the graduate course. This gap has been reported by graduates from different higher education institutions since the 1990s. According to the respondents, attitudinal and organizational barriers are often faced in the inclusion process, such as the unpreparedness of companies, managers, and employees to welcome PwD, the few programs aimed at an effective inclusion and not only to comply with the law, as well as the difficulties of the professionals themselves to identify the potentials and limitations that PwD present and to adapt them correctly to the work. Organizational psychologists can contribute to an adequate inclusion process by developing training and sensibilization activities that foster information and reduce discrimination and difficulties.(AU)

Las dificultades y barreras enfrentadas en el proceso de inclusión de personas con discapacidad (PcD) en las organizaciones fortalecen el desarrollo de la investigación. Este estudio entendió la percepción de los psicólogos organizacionales acerca de la inclusión de las PcD en las empresas. Dieciocho psicólogos que trabajan en el área de gestión de personas en empresas de las siete regiones del estado de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) respondieron a una entrevista individual. Los participantes tenían una edad promedio de 33,17 años, trabajaban en empresas de diferentes segmentos, eran predominantemente mujeres y tenían un posgrado en el área. Los informes de los psicólogos alertaron sobre el hecho de que el contenido sobre discapacidad humana y, específicamente, su inclusión en el mercado laboral era escaso o inexistente durante su formación académica. Esta brecha en la formación de los egresados de diferentes instituciones de educación superior se reporta desde los 1990. Para estos psicólogos, a menudo ocurren barreras organizacionales y de actitud en el proceso de inclusión de las PcD, como la falta de preparación de las empresas, gerentes y empleados para recibirlas, pocos programas destinados a una práctica efectiva de la inclusión, no solo al cumplimiento de la ley, y las dificultades de los profesionales para identificar las potencialidades y limitaciones y adecuarlas correctamente al trabajo. El psicólogo organizacional puede contribuir a un proceso de inclusión adecuado, con prácticas de capacitación y sensibilización que brindan información y reducen la discriminación y dificultades.(AU)

Educação permanente no sistema único de saúde: concepções de profissionais da gestão e dos serviços / Continuing permanent education in the brazilian national health system: conceptions from management and care professionals / Educación continua en el sistema único de salud brasileño: concepciones de los profesionales de gestión y servicios

Este artigo pretende compreender as concepções de profissionais da gestão e dos serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) sobre Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS), bem como seus desafios e potencialidades. Utilizou-se de grupo focal para coleta, seguido de análise lexical do tipo classificação hierárquica descendente com auxílio do software Iramuteq. Os resultados delinearam quatro classes: a) EPS - entendimentos e expectativas; b) entraves à EPS; c) ETSUS e EPS por meio de cursos e capacitações; e d) dispositivos de EPS: potencialidades e desafios. Os participantes apontaram equívocos de entendimentos acerca da EPS ao equipará-la à Educação Continuada (EC) voltada à transferência de conteúdo, com repercussões negativas na prática de EPS. Discute-se o risco em centralizar o responsável pela concretização dessa proposta, que deveria ser coletiva e compartilhada entre diferentes atores. Reivindica-se, portanto, uma produção colaborativa, que possa circular entre os envolvidos, de modo que cada um experimente esse lugar e se aproprie da complexidade de interações propiciadas pela Educação Permanente em Saúde.(AU)

This article aims to understand the conceptions of professionals from the management and services of the Unified Health System (SUS) on Permanent Education in Health (EPS), as well as its challenges and potential. A focus group was used for data collection, followed by a lexical analysis of the descending hierarchical classification type using the Iramuteq software. The results delineated four classes: a) EPS - understandings and expectations; b) obstacles to EPS; c) ETSUS and EPS by courses and training; and d) EPS devices: potentialities and challenges. Participants pointed out misunderstandings about EPS, when equating it with Continuing Education (CE) focused on content transfer, with negative repercussions on EPS practice. The risk of centralizing the person responsible for implementing this proposal, which should be collective and shared among different actors, is discussed. Therefore, a collaborative production is claimed for, which can circulate among those involved, so that each one experiences this place and appropriates the complexity of interactions provided by Permanent Education in Health.(AU)

Este artículo tiene por objetivo comprender las concepciones de los profesionales de la gestión y servicios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) sobre Educación Continua en Salud (EPS), así como sus desafíos y potencialidades. Se utilizó un grupo focal para la recolección de datos, seguido por un análisis léxico del tipo clasificación jerárquica descendente con la ayuda del software Iramuteq. Los resultados delinearon cuatro clases: a) EPS: entendimientos y expectativas, b) Barreras para EPS, c) ETSUS y EPS a través de cursos y capacitación, y d) Dispositivos EPS: potencialidades y desafíos. Los participantes informaron que existen malentendidos sobre EPS al equipararla a Educación Continua, con repercusiones negativas en la práctica de EPS, orientada a la transferencia de contenidos. Se discute el riesgo de elegir a un solo organismo como responsable de implementar esta propuesta colectiva, que debería ser colectiva y compartida entre los diferentes actores. Se aboga por un liderazgo colaborativo, que pueda circular entre los involucrados, para que cada uno experimente este lugar y se apropie de la complejidad de interacciones que brinda la Educación Continua en Salud.(AU)

A relação com o saber nas atividades lúdicas escolares / The relationship with knowledge in school recreational activities / La relación con el saber en las actividades lúdicas escolares

O brincar é uma atividade importante para o desenvolvimento infantil, porque melhora aspectos cognitivos, emocionais e físicos. Além disso, jogos e brincadeiras podem ser explorados como recurso educacional. Partindo do entendimento da ludicidade enquanto um processo subjetivo, este trabalho investigou a relação com o saber estabelecida durante as brincadeiras, buscando compreendê-las em suas dimensões epistêmica, social e identitária. Dezesseis estudantes do 5º ano do ensino fundamental foram entrevistados a partir de um roteiro baseado no instrumento "balanço do saber", proposto por Bernard Charlot. As questões foram adaptadas para possibilitar apreender o que as crianças dizem aprender durante as brincadeiras em que participam, com ênfase naquelas realizadas em sala de aula. Os resultados da análise de conteúdo realizada mostraram que, apesar de existirem conflitos sobre como se estabelecem as funções lúdica e educativa, quando a brincadeira infantil é utilizada como recurso pedagógico, os sujeitos podem identificar benefícios no processo de aprendizagem por meio dela. Aponta-se, também, a necessidade de considerar a condição social da criança no ambiente escolar para o sucesso ao utilizar essas atividades como práticas pedagógicas.(AU)

Child's play is an important activity for child development since it improves cognition, emotional, and physical aspects. Games can also be explored as an educational resource. Starting from the understanding that playfulness is a subjective process, this work has investigated the relationship to the knowledge stablished during games, aiming to understand it in its epistemic, social, and identitary dimensions. A group of 16 5th grade students were interviewed from a script based on the instrument "balance of knowledge," as proposed by Bernard Charlot. The questions were adapted to enable the apprehension of what children say they learn on the games they play, emphasizing those which are played in classrooms. The results of the content analysis performed have showed that, despite the conflicts on how both playful and educative functions are stablished when child's play is used as a pedagogic resource, the subjects can identify benefits on the process of learning with it. The need to consider the child's social condition in the school environment to reach success when using these activities as pedagogical practices is also pointed out.(AU)

Jugar es una actividad importante para el desarrollo de los niños, porque mejora aspectos cognitivos, emocionales y físicos. Por tanto, los juegos son explorados como recurso educativo. Partiendo de la comprensión de que lo lúdico es un proceso subjetivo, este trabajo analizó la relación con el saber que se establece durante el juego, con el objetivo de comprenderlo en sus dimensiones epistémica, social e identitaria. Se entrevistó a dieciséis estudiantes de quinto grado a partir de un guion basado en el instrumento "balance del saber" propuesto por Bernard Charlot. Las preguntas fueron adaptadas para permitir la aprehensión de lo que los niños dicen que aprenden en sus juegos, enfatizando los que se juegan en las aulas. Los resultados del análisis de contenido realizado mostraron que, a pesar de que existen conflictos sobre cómo se establecen ambas funciones lúdica y educativa cuando se utiliza el juego infantil como recurso pedagógico, los niños pueden identificar beneficios en el proceso de aprendizaje a través del juego. Se señala la necesidad de considerar la condición social del niño en el entorno escolar para alcanzar el éxito al utilizar estas actividades como prácticas pedagógicas.(AU)