RESUMO
The goals of this research were to develop a rapid single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-based biosensor and to employ it to commercial food products for Ara h1 detection. The SWCNT-based biosensor was fabricated with SWCNTs immobilized with antibody (pAb) through hybridization of 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (1-PBASE) as a linker. The resistance difference (ΔR) was calculated by measuring linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) using a potentiostat. Resistance values increased as the concentration of Ara h1 increased over the range of 1 to 105 ng/L. The specific binding of anti-Ara h1 pAb to antigen including Ara h1 was confirmed by both indirect ELISA kit and biosensor assay. The biosensor was exposed to extracts prepared from commercial processed food containing peanuts, or no peanuts, and could successfully distinguish the peanut containing foods. In addition, the application of present biosensor approach documented the precise detection of Ara h1 concentrations in commercially available peanut containing foods.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Plantas/análise , Arachis/química , Técnicas Biossensoriais , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/instrumentação , Análise de Alimentos/métodos , Manipulação de Alimentos , Glicoproteínas/análise , Nanotubos de Carbono , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Arachis/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Humanos , Limite de Detecção , Proteínas de Membrana , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Hipersensibilidade a Amendoim/etiologia , Hipersensibilidade a Amendoim/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade a Amendoim/prevenção & controle , Pirenos/química , Succinimidas/químicaRESUMO
SUMMARY: Background. Volumetric pollen traps are commonly used to assess pollen exposure. These traps are well suited for estimating the regional mean airborne pollen concentration but are likely not to provide an accurate index of personal exposure. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that hair sampling may provide different pollen counts from those from pollen traps, especially when the pollen exposure is diverse. Methods. We compared pollen counts in hair washes to counts provided by stationary volumetric and gravimetric pollen traps in 2 different settings: urban with volunteers living in short distance from one another and from the static trap and suburban in which volunteers live in a scattered environment, quite far from the static trap. Results. Pollen counts in hair washes are in full agreement with trap counts for uniform pollen exposure. In contrast, for diverse pollen exposure, .individual pollen counts in hair washes vary strongly in quantity and taxa composition between individuals and dates. These results demonstrate that the pollen counts method (hair washes vs. stationary pollen traps) may lead to different absolute and relative contributions of taxa to the total pollen count. Conclusions. In a geographic area with a high diversity of environmental exposure to pollen, static pollen traps, in contrast to hair washes, do not provide a reliable estimate of this higher diversity.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Alérgenos/análise , Antígenos de Plantas/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/instrumentação , Cabelo/química , Exposição por Inalação , Pólen , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/imunologia , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Alérgenos/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Desenho de Equipamento , Feminino , Cabelo/imunologia , Humanos , Exposição por Inalação/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pólen/efeitos adversos , Pólen/imunologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Rinite Alérgica Sazonal/diagnóstico , Saúde Suburbana , Saúde da População Urbana , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The ω5-gliadins are the major sensitizing allergens in wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA). In this study, two-dimensional immunoblot analysis was used to assess the allergenic potential of two transgenic wheat lines in which ω5-gliadin genes were silenced by RNA interference. Sera from 7 of 11 WDEIA patients showed greatly reduced levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity to ω5-gliadins in both transgenic lines. However, these sera also showed low levels of reactivity to other gluten proteins. Sera from three patients showed the greatest reactivity to proteins other than ω5-gliadins, either high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs), α-gliadins, or non-gluten proteins. The complexity of immunological responses among these patients suggests that flour from the transgenic lines would not be suitable for individuals already diagnosed with WDEIA. However, the introduction of wheat lacking ω5-gliadins could reduce the number of people sensitized to these proteins and thereby decrease the overall incidence of this serious food allergy.
Assuntos
Anafilaxia/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Gliadina/imunologia , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/imunologia , Triticum/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade a Trigo/imunologia , Adulto , Anafilaxia/sangue , Antígenos de Plantas/análise , Antígenos de Plantas/genética , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Farinha/análise , Alimentos Geneticamente Modificados , Gliadina/análise , Gliadina/genética , Glutens/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Masculino , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/química , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Triticum/química , Triticum/genética , Hipersensibilidade a Trigo/sangueRESUMO
The safety of food produced from genetically engineered (GE) crops is assessed for potential risks of food allergy on the basis of an international consensus guideline outlined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2003). The assessment focuses on evaluation of the potential allergenicity of the newly expressed protein(s) as the primary potential risk using a process that markedly limits risks to allergic consumers. However, Codex also recommended evaluating a second concern, potential increases in endogenous allergens of commonly allergenic food crops that might occur due to insertion of the gene. Unfortunately, potential risks and natural variation of endogenous allergens in non-GE varieties are not understood, and risks from increases have not been demonstrated. Because regulatory approvals in some countries are delayed due to increasing demands for measuring endogenous allergens, we present a review of the potential risks of food allergy, risk management for food allergy, and test methods that may be used in these evaluations. We also present new data from our laboratory studies on the variation of the allergenic lipid transfer protein in non-GE maize hybrids as well as data from two studies of endogenous allergen comparisons for three GE soybean lines, their nearest genetic soy lines, and other commercial lines. We conclude that scientifically based limits of acceptable variation cannot been established without an understanding of natural variation in non-GE crops. Furthermore, the risks from increased allergen expression are minimal as the risk management strategy for food allergy is for allergic individuals to avoid consuming any food containing their allergenic source, regardless of the crop variety.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/análise , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Alimentos Geneticamente Modificados , Proteínas de Plantas/imunologia , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/análise , Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Proteínas de Transporte/análise , Proteínas de Transporte/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Fatores de Risco , Gestão de Riscos , Sementes/genética , Sementes/imunologia , Glycine max/imunologia , Zea mays/imunologiaRESUMO
Peanut allergy affects up to 2% of consumers and is responsible for the majority of fatalities caused by food-induced anaphylaxis. Peanut-containing products must be clearly labelled. Manufacturers are not legally required to label peanut if its inclusion resulted from unintentional cross contact with foods manufactured in the same facility. However, the use of allergen advisory statements alerting consumers of the potential presence of peanut allergen has increased in recent years. In previous studies, the vast majority of foods with precautionary allergen statements did not contain detectable levels of peanut, but no data are available on Irish food products. Thirty-eight food products bearing peanut/nut allergen-related statements were purchased from multiple locations in the Republic of Ireland and analysed for the presence of peanut. Peanut was detected in at least one lot in 5.3% (2 of 38) of the products tested. The doses of peanut detected ranged from 0.14 mg to 0.52 mg per suggested serving size (0.035-0.13 mg peanut protein). No detectable levels of peanut were found in the products that indicated peanut/nuts as a minor ingredient. Quantitative risk assessment, based on the known distribution of individual threshold doses for peanut, indicates that only a very small percentage of the peanut-allergic population would be likely to experience an allergic reaction to those products while the majority of products with advisory labels appear safe for the peanut-allergic population. Food manufacturers should be encouraged to analyse products manufactured in shared facilities and even on shared equipment with peanuts for peanut residues to determine whether sufficient risk exists to warrant the use of advisory labelling. Although it appears that the majority of food products bearing advisory nut statements are in fact free of peanut contamination, advice to peanut allergy sufferers to avoid said foods should continue in Ireland and therefore in the wider European Union.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Plantas/análise , Arachis/química , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor , Análise de Alimentos , Contaminação de Alimentos , Rotulagem de Alimentos , Hipersensibilidade a Amendoim/dietoterapia , Antígenos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Arachis/efeitos adversos , Doces/efeitos adversos , Doces/análise , Qualidade de Produtos para o Consumidor/legislação & jurisprudência , Grão Comestível/efeitos adversos , Grão Comestível/química , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fast Foods/efeitos adversos , Fast Foods/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Manipulação de Alimentos , Rotulagem de Alimentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Humanos , Irlanda , Legislação sobre Alimentos , Limite de Detecção , Método de Monte Carlo , Medição de Risco , Sementes/efeitos adversos , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Food allergy represents an important food safety issue because of the potential lethal effects; the only effective treatment is the complete removal of the allergen involved from the diet. However, due to the growing complexity of food formulations and food processing, foods may be unintentionally contaminated via allergen-containing ingredients or cross-contamination. This affects not only consumers' well-being but also food producers and competent authorities involved in inspecting and auditing food companies. To address these issues, the food industry and control agencies rely on available analytical methods to quantify the amount of a particular allergic commodity in a food and thus to decide upon its safety. However, no "gold standard methods" exist for the quantitative detection of food allergens. Nowadays mostly receptor-based methods and in particular commercial kits are used in routine analysis. However, upon evaluation of their performances, commercial assays proved often to be unreliable in processed foods, attributed to the chemical changes in proteins that affect the molecular recognition with the receptor used. Unfortunately, the analytical outcome of other methods, among which are chromatographic combined with mass spectrometric techniques as well as DNA-based methods, seem to be affected in a comparable way by food processing. Several strategies can be employed to improve the quantitative analysis of allergens in foods. Nevertheless, issues related to extractability and matrix effects remain a permanent challenge. In view of the presented results, it is clear that the food industry needs to continue to make extra efforts to provide accurate labeling and to reduce the contamination with allergens to an acceptable level through the use of allergen risk management on a company level, which needs to be supported inevitably by a tailor-validated extraction and detection method.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/prevenção & controle , Inspeção de Alimentos/métodos , Tecnologia de Alimentos , Gestão de Riscos/métodos , Alérgenos/análise , Antígenos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Antígenos de Plantas/análise , União Europeia , Alimentos/normas , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Inspeção de Alimentos/normas , Inspeção de Alimentos/tendências , Rotulagem de Alimentos/normas , Tecnologia de Alimentos/tendências , Humanos , Legislação sobre AlimentosRESUMO
Miso paste (miso), a fermented soybean food, is popular in Japan and other Asian countries. However, the soybean is known to induce an allergenic response in some individuals. In the present study, we evaluated the allergenicity of various kinds of miso available in Japan. Total proteins were extracted from Amakuti-kome miso, Karakuti-kome miso, Mugi-miso and Mame-miso, and the protein profiles were analyzed. The major protein bands detected in the intact soybean extract were not present in any of the miso samples, which instead showed various low molecular weight protein bands of approximately 10-25 kDa. The existence levels of six major soybean allergens were determined by Western blotting using specific antibodies. We found that the allergen levels varied among miso and allergen types; however, allergen levels were consistently lower in miso than in the soybean extract. We obtained similar results for IgE-ELISA experiments using serum IgE from soybean allergy patients. Taken together, these results indicate that compared to soybean extract, various types of miso contain small quantities of intact soybean allergens. Additionally, several lines of evidence indicated that the allergen levels were exceptionally low in the dark-colored Karakuti-kome miso and Mame-miso, which are produced with relatively long fermentation periods, suggesting that the duration of fermentation might be a key factor in the hypoallergenicity of miso.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/análise , Antígenos de Plantas/análise , Dieta , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/efeitos adversos , Alimentos de Soja/efeitos adversos , Proteínas de Soja/efeitos adversos , Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Alérgenos/química , Alérgenos/metabolismo , Antígenos de Plantas/efeitos adversos , Antígenos de Plantas/química , Antígenos de Plantas/metabolismo , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Bacillus/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Dieta/etnologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Fermentação , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/sangue , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/dietoterapia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/análise , Imunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Japão , Peso Molecular , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/análise , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/isolamento & purificação , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Pigmentação , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Proteólise , Alimentos de Soja/análise , Alimentos de Soja/economia , Alimentos de Soja/microbiologia , Proteínas de Soja/análise , Proteínas de Soja/química , Proteínas de Soja/metabolismo , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Community exposures to environmental contaminants from industrial scale dairy operations are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of dairy operations on nearby communities by assessing airborne contaminants (particulate matter, ammonia, and cow allergen, Bos d 2) associated with dairy operations inside and outside homes. METHODS: The study was conducted in 40 homes in the Yakima Valley, Washington State where over 61 dairies operate. RESULTS: A concentration gradient was observed showing that airborne contaminants are significantly greater at homes within one-quarter mile (0.4 km) of dairy facilities, outdoor Bos d 2, ammonia, and TD were 60, eight, and two times higher as compared to homes greater than three miles (4.8 km) away. In addition median indoor airborne Bos d 2 and ammonia concentrations were approximately 10 and two times higher in homes within one-quarter mile (0.4 km) compared to homes greater than three miles (4.8 km) away. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that dairy operations increase community exposures to agents with known human health effects. This study also provides evidence that airborne biological contaminants (i.e. cow allergen) associated with airborne particulate matter are statistically elevated at distances up to three miles (4.8 km) from dairy operations.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/análise , Amônia/análise , Antígenos de Plantas/análise , Bovinos/imunologia , Exposição Ambiental , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Material Particulado/análise , Alérgenos , Animais , Indústria de Laticínios , Habitação , Humanos , Características de Residência , WashingtonRESUMO
Associations between house dust-associated beta-(1,3)-glucan exposure and airway inflammatory reactions have been reported, while such exposures in early childhood have been suggested to protect against asthma and wheezing. Most epidemiological studies have used reservoir dust samples and an inhibition enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for beta-(1,3)-glucan exposure assessment. The objective of this study was to develop inexpensive but highly sensitive enzyme immunoassays to measure airborne beta-(1,3)-glucans in low-exposure environments, like homes. Specificities of available anti-beta-(1,3)-glucan antibodies were defined by direct and inhibition experiments. Three suitable antibody combinations were selected for sandwich EIAs. beta-(1,3)-Glucans in passive airborne dust collected with an electrostatic dust fall collector (EDC) and floor dust from seven homes were measured with the three EIAs. Floor dust samples were additionally analyzed in the inhibition EIA. The sandwich EIAs were sensitive enough for airborne glucan measurement and showed different specificities for commercial glucans, while the beta-(1,3)-glucan levels in house dust samples correlated strongly. The feasibility of measuring glucans in airborne dust with the recently introduced EDC method was further investigated by selecting the most suitable of the three EIAs to measure and compare beta-(1,3)-glucan levels in the EDC and in floor and actively collected airborne dust samples of the previously performed EDC validation study. The EDC beta-(1,3)-glucan levels correlated moderately with beta-(1,3)-glucans in actively collected airborne dust and floor dust samples, while the glucan levels in the airborne dust and floor dust samples did not correlate. The combination of the newly developed beta-(1,3)-glucan sandwich EIA with EDC sampling now allows assessment in large-scale population studies of exposure to airborne beta-(1,3)-glucans in homes or other low-exposure environments.