As políticas públicas de saúde e a fragmentação do corpo feminino em útero e peito / Public health policies and the fragmentation of the female body into uterus and breast

Resumo Estudo qualitativo com abordagem de História Oral Temática, com o objetivo de compreender a atenção à saúde da mulher na visão de mulheres sem filhos, considerando as políticas públicas em saúde. Utilizou-se a técnica de snowball para definição das 19 mulheres participantes, sem filhos, idade entre 18 e 90 anos, que conheçam ou utilizem políticas públicas de saúde. As narrativas foram recolhidas por meio de entrevistas, com um roteiro semiestruturado, e submetidas ao método de análise de narrativas. Dentre os achados, encontram-se os discursos e as representações da maternidade, produzidos e veiculados nas políticas públicas de saúde, nas quais estão implícitas as características biológicas femininas na fragmentação do corpo feminino em útero e peito. Destaca-se ainda a percepção das mulheres sem filhos de que os programas e políticas de saúde, ao se concentrarem nos aspectos reprodutivos, reafirmam o ideal feminino de mulher-mãe, negligenciando outros aspectos e desconsiderando a mulher que escolhe a não maternidade. As representações do feminino concentram-se no corpo, alvo do poder, vinculando a condição de ser mulher à maternidade, baseado num determinismo biológico. Faz-se necessário reelaborar essas políticas, considerando as transformações no papel feminino e a liberdade de escolha da mulher na contemporaneidade.

Abstract Qualitative study with a Thematic Oral History approach, aiming to understand women's health care from the point of view of childless women, considering public health policies. The snowball technique was used to define the 19 participating women, without children, aged between 18 and 90 years, who know or use public health policies. The narratives were collected through interviews, with a semi-structured script, and submitted to the narrative analysis method. Among the findings, there are the discourses and representations of motherhood, produced and conveyed in public health policies, in which the biological characteristics of women are implicit in the fragmentation of the female body into uterus and breast. Also noteworthy is the perception of childless women that health programs and policies, by focusing on reproductive aspects, reaffirming the female ideal of a woman-mother, neglecting other aspects and disregarding the woman who chooses no maternity. The representations of the feminine focus on the body, the target of power, linking the condition of being a woman to motherhood, based on biological determinism. It is necessary to re-elaborate these policies, considering the transformations in the female role and women's freedom of choice in contemporary times.

Modelo de atención y gestión para áreas de salud / Care and management model for health areas

El modelo de atención y gestión es el conjunto de estrategias, normas, procedimientos, herramientas y recursos que permiten la organización y funcionamiento de la red de servicios de salud; garantiza el cumplimiento del derecho a la salud, el acceso a la atención integral, continua y de calidad al individuo, la familia y comunidad. Se basa en la gestión por procesos para la atención integral, integrada y continua, la medición y análisis de mejora continua; además de contribuir a reducir la segmentación y fragmentación del sistema de salud. Parte de lo que busca este modelo es fomentar la participación social e intersectorial, que son clave para gestionar un sistema de salud público efectivo y clave para el funcionamiento óptimo de los servicios de salud. Su objetivo primordial es el de establecer los procesos de atención y gestión que permita la organización y funcionamiento de la red de servicios de salud, basado en la atención primaria de salud para garantizar el cumplimiento del derecho a la salud, el acceso, cobertura y calidad de la atención integral, integrada y continua al individuo, familia y comunidad. El documento incluye un registro histórico de los proyectos previos a este modelo, así como su evolución desde 1997. E incluye una amplísima lista del marco jurídico nacional e internacional.

El derecho a la salud en el nuevo Modelo Integral de Atención de México / The right to health in the new Comprehensive Health Care Model in Mexico

Introducción: En México siempre se ha reconocido el derecho constitucional a la salud como uno de los más importantes derechos sociales, refrendado en las reformas del Sistema Nacional de Salud y de las cuales derivaron diferentes modelos de atención. Objetivo: Reconocer la vigencia ético-jurídica de ese derecho a la salud y su ejercicio efectivo en el nuevo Modelo Integral de Atención de Salud. Fuente de datos: Se revisaron 24 documentos nacionales e internacionales como Leyes, Reglamentos, Resoluciones, Informes de Organismos Internacionales y Conferencias Mundiales. Además, se escogieron seis artículos publicados en español, entre 1980-2014 relacionados con el derecho a la salud y los modelos de atención en salud. Síntesis de los datos: En el nuevo modelo de atención de salud presentado en el 2015 por la Secretaría de Salud de México, se establecen estrategias que aseguran el cumplimiento del derecho a la protección de la salud. Con el nuevo modelo, debe hacerse valer ese derecho objetivamente, alcanzar elevados niveles de cobertura y asegurar un acceso eficiente y eficaz a los servicios de salud que se brindan. La equidad se incorporó como uno de los principios del Modelo pero se reconoce que aún existen brechas para lograr la total cobertura y accesibilidad efectiva para los grupos sociales vulnerables. Conclusiones: La ejecución del Modelo Integral de Atención de Salud, recientemente implementado en varias entidades federativas del país, ofrece la oportunidad de asegurarles a todos los mexicanos ese derecho a la salud, que reconoce como un derecho humano(AU)

Introduction: In Mexico, the constitutional right to health has always been recognized as one of the most important social human rights, always endorsed in the reforms of the national health system and from which different models of health care were derived. Objective: To confirm the ethical-legal validity of this right to health and its effective exercise in the new Comprehensive Health Care Model. Data sources: 24 national and international documents were reviewed such as Laws, Rules, Resolutions, Reports of International Organizations and World Summits. In addition, six articles published in Spanish from 1980 to 2014 were selected, and those were all related with the right to health and the models of health care. Data syntesis: In the new model of health care presented by the Health Secretariat of Mexico in 2015, it is established that there will be strategies which secure the fulfillment of the right to protect the health. This right should be objectively enforced with this new model, and also to reach high levels of coverage and to secure an efficient and effective access to the health services provided. Equity was added as one of the principles of the model, but it is admitted that still exist gaps to accomplish universal coverage and effective accessibility of vulnerable social groups. Conclusions: The implementation of the new Comprehensive Health Care Model (that was carried out recently in several federative entities of the country) offers the chance to ensure the right to health for all Mexicans and this is recognized as a human righ(AU)

Medicare Program; Advancing Care Coordination Through Episode Payment Models (EPMs); Cardiac Rehabilitation Incentive Payment Model; and Changes to the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement Model (CJR). Final rule.

This final rule implements three new Medicare Parts A and B episode payment models, a Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) Incentive Payment model and modifications to the existing Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement model under section 1115A of the Social Security Act. Acute care hospitals in certain selected geographic areas will participate in retrospective episode payment models targeting care for Medicare fee-forservice beneficiaries receiving services during acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, and surgical hip/femur fracture treatment episodes. All related care within 90 days of hospital discharge will be included in the episode of care. We believe these models will further our goals of improving the efficiency and quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries receiving care for these common clinical conditions and procedures.

Reflexões sobre práticas psi-jurídicas na triagem da Defensoria Pública Paulista / Reflections on psycho-legal practices in the triage of the Public Defender's Office of São Paulo / Reflexiones acerca de las prácticas psi-jurídicas en la selección de la Defensoría Pública Paulista

Neste artigo, apresentamos alguns desdobramentos da pesquisa de doutorado na qual estudamos encontros psi-jurídicos na Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo, tomando a experiência dos Centros de Atendimento Multidisciplinar (CAMs) como objeto. Por meio da metodologia qualitativa da pesquisa-intervenção que contou com a elaboração de diários e de narrativas, empreendemos o acompanhamento das práticas profissionais que envolviam o trabalho conjunto de defensores, assistentes sociais e psicólogos na Defensoria Pública, entre 2011 e 2013. Aqui, privilegiamos mostrar a triagem, espaço no qual é feito o primeiro atendimento às pessoas que buscam assistência jurídica, que nos possibilitou nos aproximar da gestão dos pedidos e de como eles se transformam em demandas jurídicas, não jurídicas e psicossociais. Para tanto, utilizamos informações das fichas dos encaminhamentos feitos a um CAM nos anos de 2010 e 2011, com situações vivenciadas no percurso da pesquisa. Os operadores conceituais do estudo se apoiam no pensamento foucaultiano e na Análise Institucional francesa. A triagem mostrou que se privilegia a partilha tradicional entre os saberes, tendendo-se a (re)produzir uma assistência jurídica "desintegrada" e disciplinarizada, oferecendo-se um modo familialista de resposta às problemáticas apresentadas pela população. No entanto as questões de saúde mental emergem como algo que escapa às divisões, produzindo desvios no processo de trabalho. Acreditamos que esses modos de saber-fazer engendram uma assistência jurídica que tende à atenção integral, constituindo-se numa experiência de pensar-saber-fazer entre profissões que não se submete aos protocolos e divisões já instituídos.

In this article, we presented some developments of the doctoral research in which were studied psycho-legal encounters at the Defensoria Pública do Estado de São Paulo (Public Defender's Office of the State of São Paulo), taking the experience of the Centros de Atendimento Multidisciplinar (Multidisciplinary Assistance Centers­CAMs, acronym in Portuguese) as subject. Through a qualitative intervention-research methodology based on diaries and narrative construction, we have monitored professional practices involving the joint work of defenders, social workers and psychologists at the Public Defender's Office, between 2011 and 2013. Here, we decided to focus on the triage, space where the first assistance to people who look for legal help is performed, which allowed us to get in contact with the management of requests and the way they become legal, non-legal and psycho-social demands. In order to do that, we used information from referral forms sent to a CAM in the years 2010 and 2011, along with situations experienced in the course of this research. The theoretical references of this study are Foucault's thought and French Institutional Analysis. The triage showed that a traditional division between knowledges is utilized, which tends to (re)produce an "unintegrated" and disciplined legal assistance, providing a familialist mode of response to the problems presented by the population. However, mental health issues emerge as something that escapes divisions, producing shifts in the work process. We believe these ways of knowing-how-to-do generate a legal assistance that tends to be more oriented to comprehensive care, constituting anexperience of thinking-knowing-doing between professions that does not submit to protocols and divisions already established.

En este artículo, presentamos algunas evoluciones de la investigación de Doctorado de en la que estudiamos los encuentros psi-jurídicos en la Defensoría Pública del Estado de São Paulo, teniendo la experiencia de los Centros de Atendimiento Multidisciplinar (CAMs) como objeto. Por intermedio de la metodología cualitativa de la investigación-intervención que incluyó la elaboración de diarios y narrativas, se llevó a cabo el estudio de prácticas profesionales en la Defensoría Pública, entre 2011 y 2013. Aquí, centramos en la que muestra el espacio de selección, en el que se hace la primera atención a las personas que buscan asistencia jurídica, lo que hizo posible acercarse a la gestión de pedidos y respecto a cómo ellos se convierten en exigencias jurídicas, no jurídicas y psicosociales. Para eso, utilizamos informaciones de los registros de derivaciones al CAM, locus de la investigación en 2010 y 2011 y del informe elaborado por la Asesoría Técnica Psicosocial (ATP), cuyos datos presentan el trabajo de equipos de CAM en 2011, además de las situaciones vividas en el camino de la investigación. Los operadores conceptuales del estudio se basan en el pensamiento de Foucault y en el Análisis Institucional francesa. La selección mostró favorecer la división tradicional entre los saberes, tendiendo a (re)producir una asistencia jurídica "desintegrada", disciplinarizada y despolitizada, que ofrece una forma familialista de la respuesta a los problemas presentados por la población. Sin embargo, las cuestiones de salud mental emergen como algo que escapa a las divisiones, produciendo desvíos en el proceso de trabajo. Creemos que estos modos de conocimientos engendran una asistencia jurídica que tiende a la atención integral, constituyéndose en una experiencia de pensar-saber-hacer entre profesiones que no está sujeta a los protocolos y las divisiones ya establecidos.

Medicare Program; Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement Payment Model for Acute Care Hospitals Furnishing Lower Extremity Joint Replacement Services. Final rule.

This final rule implements a new Medicare Part A and B payment model under section 1115A of the Social Security Act, called the Comprehensive Care for Joint Replacement (CJR) model, in which acute care hospitals in certain selected geographic areas will receive retrospective bundled payments for episodes of care for lower extremity joint replacement (LEJR) or reattachment of a lower extremity. All related care within 90 days of hospital discharge from the joint replacement procedure will be included in the episode of care. We believe this model will further our goals in improving the efficiency and quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries with these common medical procedures.

Ryan White CARE Act Part D: matches and gaps in political commitment and local implementation.

This article demonstrates the opportunities for and challenges of the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act Part D to implementing its mandate for comprehensive family-centered systems of care for women, infants, children, and youth with HIV/AIDS. Part D legislation should promote practices addressing families with models for basic security, judiciously embrace those universal public health policies aiming to improve children's overall welfare, and consistently repudiate those policies infringing on human rights of women infected with HIV, or ignoring their children's basic needs. The proposed revisions to Part D implementation may renew its political commitment to serving the needs of families who are HIV affected.

Odontologia e Saúde Suplementar: marco regulatório, políticas de promoção da saúde e qualidade da atenção / Dentistry and supplementary health: regulatory framework, health promotion policies and quality of care

A partir do marco regulatório e de um panorama da odontologia na saúde suplementar, este artigo discute as especificidades do setor odontológico no que se refere às políticas de promoção da saúde e qualidade da atenção à saúde propostas pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS). A atuação do Estado na saúde suplementar se dá a partir das leis 9.656/98, que define relações entre operadoras, produtos e seus beneficiários e 9.961/2000, que cria a ANS. Concomitantemente, houve elevado crescimento da odontologia no setor, por conta de mudanças no exercício liberal da profissão, trazendo a necessidade de conhecer a lógica de organização dos serviços quanto à assistência prestada e ao modelo de atenção praticado. A ANS desenvolve ações para estimular as operadoras na implantação de programas de promoção da saúde, na busca por um modelo de atenção integral. Ao mesmo tempo, promove a Política de Qualificação na saúde suplementar, com ênfase na dimensão assistencial, porém na odontologia o enfoque da avaliação ainda é o atendimento individual e fragmentado. Por fim, o grande desafio da odontologia passa pelo seu fortalecimento enquanto política de saúde pública, acessível a toda a população, e pela qualificação da atenção odontológica na saúde suplementar.

Based on the regulatory framework and an overview of dentistry in supplementary health, this paper discusses the specifics of the dental sector with respect to health promotion policies and quality of health care services proposed by the National Supplementary Health Agency (ANS). The State's activities in supplementary health are based on law 9.656/98, which defines the relations between operators, products and their beneficiaries, and law 9.961/2000, which created the ANS. Concomitantly there was a great increase in dentistry in the private health plan market, because of changes in the practices of the profession. This required the need to know the logic of the organization of the services regarding the assistance provided and the model of care. The ANS develops measures to encourage operators to implement health promotion programs, striving for an integral care model. At the same time, it promotes the qualification policy of supplementary health care, with emphasis on the scope of care, though in dentistry the focus of evaluation is still individual and fragmented care. Indeed, the great challenge of dentistry is making it a public health policy, accessible to all, and the qualification of dental care in supplementary health.

[Dentistry and supplementary health: regulatory framework, health promotion policies and quality of care]. / Odontologia e Saúde Suplementar: marco regulatório, políticas de promoção da saúde e qualidade da atenção.

Based on the regulatory framework and an overview of dentistry in supplementary health, this paper discusses the specifics of the dental sector with respect to health promotion policies and quality of health care services proposed by the National Supplementary Health Agency (ANS). The State's activities in supplementary health are based on law 9.656/98, which defines the relations between operators, products and their beneficiaries, and law 9.961/2000, which created the ANS. Concomitantly there was a great increase in dentistry in the private health plan market, because of changes in the practices of the profession. This required the need to know the logic of the organization of the services regarding the assistance provided and the model of care. The ANS develops measures to encourage operators to implement health promotion programs, striving for an integral care model. At the same time, it promotes the qualification policy of supplementary health care, with emphasis on the scope of care, though in dentistry the focus of evaluation is still individual and fragmented care. Indeed, the great challenge of dentistry is making it a public health policy, accessible to all, and the qualification of dental care in supplementary health.

Overcoming fragmentation in health care: chronic care in Austria, Germany and The Netherlands.

The growing recognition of care fragmentation is causing many countries to explore new approaches to healthcare delivery that can bridge the boundaries between professions, providers and institutions and so better support the rising number of people with chronic health problems. This paper examines the role of the regulatory, funding and organisational context for the development and implementation of approaches to chronic care, using examples from Austria, Germany and the Netherlands. We find that the three countries have implemented a range of policies and approaches to achieve better coordination within and across the primary and secondary care interface and so better meet the needs of patients with chronic conditions. This has involved changes to the regulatory framework to support more coordinated approaches to care (Austria, Germany), coupled with financial incentives (Austria, Germany) or changes in payment systems (the Netherlands). What is common to the three countries is the comparative 'novelty' of policies and approaches aimed at fostering coordinated care; however, the evidence of their impact remains unclear.

[Interaction between the social and the health systems. SESPAS Report 2012]. / La interacción del sistema social y el sanitario. Informe SESPAS 2012.

Act 39/2006, of 14th December, for the Promotion of Personal Autonomy and the Care of Dependent Individuals establishes the basic conditions for the promotion of personal autonomy and the care of the dependent through the creation of the System of Autonomy and Care of Dependent Individuals and constitutes an excellent opportunity to make progress in the development of a health care space. The aim of healthcare integration is to move from a fragmented framework, in which individuals apply for and receive health benefits and care benefits separately, to a new model of shared responsibility. Since the 1980s, several national and regional projects of healthcare cooperation have been developed. However, although substantial efforts have been made in some autonomous regions of Spain, healthcare coordination seems to predominate over integration in the health setting.

[Decentralization of workers' health surveillance in the city of Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil: a process evaluation]. / A descentralização da vigilância da saúde do trabalhador no Município de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil: uma avaliação do processo.

This study evaluates the decentralization of workers' health surveillance to district teams in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 1990 to 2006. The history and context of this process were retrieved from documents at the Municipal Health Department in order to establish evaluation criteria and define facilitating factors and obstacles in guideline implementation, as well as to measure the gap between guidelines and reality. The evaluation used qualitative techniques with stakeholders' focus groups. The results showed that decentralization was defined according to the prevailing political options and according to the principles of the Unified National Health System (SUS). Facilitating factors included the increase in technical capability and integration among the teams, and obstacles included excessively centralized planning with limited participation, insufficient resources, and lack of clarity between the services concerning roles and responsibilities. The discussion of these results with health system administrators, social actors, and participating health professionals has contributed to the analysis and organization of transformative measures in regional public practices in workers' health surveillance.