Processos de reflexividade dos psicólogos do esporte e coaches: um estudo fenomenológico / Reflexivity processes of sport psychologists and coaches: a phenomenological study / Procesos de reflexividad de psicólogos del deporte y coaches: un estudio fenomenológico

O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e compreender fenomenologicamente, por meio de relato de Psicólogos de Esporte (PE) e de Coaches, em sua vivência prática, como ocorrem os processos reflexivos em sua atuação, conforme apreendidos a partir de relatos de experiências. O método de investigação escolhido foi a fenomenologia, pois oferece os recursos necessários para tal mergulho junto à experiência reflexiva. A amostra intencional foi delineada por PE e Coaches (profissionais de Educação Física que recorrem ao Coaching) em atividade em esportes de alto rendimento, que tenham atuado ou estejam atuando em modalidades esportivas coletivas e/ou individuais. Realizaram-se nove entrevistas (cinco com PE, quatro com Coaches). O acesso ao objeto desse estudo se deu por meio de entrevistas em profundidade e semiestruturadas, orientadas pela escuta suspensiva. As questões disparadoras foram formuladas com base no Procedimento Estruturado de Reflexão adaptado. Para análise das entrevistas, realizou-se uma síntese de cada relato, seguindo-se de cruzamento intencional. Como resultados, percebeu-se que PE e Coaches trazem algumas similaridades no que se refere aos modos de refletir sobre sua prática. No entanto, as experiências que eles fazem desses processos reflexivos é que podem tomar rumos distintos. Os(as) PE amparam-se na regulamentação da profissão e resguardam-se em seus apontamentos, trazendo suas experiências e reflexões sobre os processos vividos. Os(as) Coaches trazem em suas explanações um trabalho coerente, organizado e compatível com o método do Coaching. Problematizar os processos reflexivos desses profissionais permite diferenciar qualitativa e eticamente suas atuações, possibilitando o fomento multiprofissional no esporte.(AU)

The aim of this study consists in phenomenologically identifying and understanding, by the report of Sport Psychologists (SP) and coaches, in their practical experience, how would be the reflexive processes that take place in their performance, as learned from reports of their experiences. The research method chosen was phenomenology, since it offers the necessary resources for such a dive along with the reflective experience. The intentional sample was outlined by SP and coaches (Physical Education professionals who use coaching) active in high performance sports, who have or are working in collective and/or individual sports. Nine interviews were conducted (five with SP, four with coaches). Access to the object of this study took place by in-depth and semi-structured interviews, guided by suspensive listening. The triggering questions were formulated based on the adapted Structured Reflection Procedure. For the analysis of the interviews, a synthesis of each report was carried out, followed by the intentional crossing. As results, it was noticed that SP and coaches bring some similarities regarding the ways of reflecting on their practice. However, their experiences of these reflective processes are that they can take different directions. The SP are based on the regulation of the profession and guard themselves in their notes, bringing their experiences and reflections on the processes experienced. Coaches bring in their explanations a coherent, organized, and compatible work with the coaching method. Problematizing the reflective processes of these professionals allows to differentiate their actuation qualitatively and ethically, making the multiprofessional phenomenon in sport possible.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio consiste en identificar y comprender fenomenológicamente, a partir de la experiencia práctica de psicólogos del deporte (PD) y coaches, cómo serían los procesos reflexivos que se llevan a cabo en su rendimiento, tal y como se desprende de los informes de experiencias. El método de investigación elegido fue la fenomenología, ya que ofrece los recursos necesarios junto con la experiencia. La muestra intencional fue delineada por PD y coaches (profesionales de la educación física que utilizan el coaching) activos en deportes de alto rendimiento, que tienen o están trabajando en deportes colectivos e/o individuales. Se realizaron nueve entrevistas (cinco con PD, cuatro con coaches). El acceso al objeto de este estudio fue entrevistas en profundidad y semiestructuradas, guiadas por escuchas suspensivas. Las preguntas se formularon desde el procedimiento de reflexión estructurado adaptado. Para el análisis de las entrevistas, se hizo una síntesis de cada informe, seguida del cruce intencional. Como resultados, se notó que los PD y coaches tienen algunas similitudes con respecto a las formas de reflexionar sobre su práctica. Sin embargo, las experiencias que hacen de estos procesos pueden tomar diferentes direcciones. Los(las) PD se basan en la regulación de la profesión y se protegen en sus notas, aportando sus experiencias y reflexiones sobre los procesos vividos. Los(las) coaches plantean en sus explicaciones un trabajo coherente, organizado y compatible con el método de Coaching. Problematizar los procesos reflexivos de estos profesionales permite diferenciar sus acciones de manera cualitativa y ética, además de posibilitar la promoción multiprofesional en el deporte.(AU)

O inventário de envolvimento paterno revisado: inclusão de pais com filhos pré-escolares / The inventory of father involvement revised: inclusion of fathers with preschool children / El inventario de envolvimiento paterno revisado: inclusión de padres de preescolares

Apesar da importância do envolvimento paterno, sua avaliação persiste desafiadora. No Brasil, o Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (IFI-BR) vem se mostrando adequado para uso com pais de crianças de 5 a 10 anos. Entretanto, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento infantil e de intervenções preventivas, seria importante avaliar o envolvimento paterno quando as crianças são mais novas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivos: identificar limitações do IFI-BR, quando usado com pais de crianças entre 2 e 10 anos, e avaliar itens para o IFI-BR-revisado. No Estudo 1, 434 pais com filhos no Ensino Infantil ou Fundamental 1 responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico e ao IFI-BR. Com base em análises de dados omissos, estrutura interna e precisão, modificações foram sugeridas, visando à manutenção da estrutura interna original do instrumento. No Estudo 2, 572 pais com filhos na mesma faixa etária responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico e à versão modificada do IFI-BR. Foram comparadas as frequências de dados omissos e estimativas de precisão para os itens originais e modificados, selecionando aqueles que melhor representavam essa amostra de pais para compor a versão revisada do IFI-BR. Esses resultados indicaram evidências adequadas de validade, com base no conteúdo da versão revisada do IFI-BR, quando utilizada para avaliar a qualidade do envolvimento paterno de pais brasileiros com filhos do Ensino Infantil ao Fundamental 1. Após verificadas evidências de validade adicionais, essa versão revisada do IFI-BR poderá ser utilizada, por exemplo, em estudos longitudinais e na avaliação de intervenções precoces com pais.(AU)

Despite the importance assigned to father involvement, evaluating this construct remains a challenge. In Brazil, the Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (IFI-BR) has showed satisfactory evidence of validity for fathers of children between 5 and 10 years old. From the perspective of child development and preventive interventions, however, evaluating father involvement with younger children is essential. Hence, this study sought to: identify limitations of the IFI-BR for fathers of children between 2 and 10 years old, and evaluate items for a revised IFI-BR. In Study 1, 434 fathers of children in early childhood and primary school settings answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the IFI-BR. Based on analyses of missing data, internal structure, and reliability, modifications were suggested to maintain the original internal structure. In Study 2, 572 fathers of children in the same age range answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the modified IFI-BR. After comparison between values for missing data and reliability of the original and modified items, the items that best represented the broader sample of fathers were selected to compose the revised IFI-BR. Results indicated adequate evidence of content validity for the revised IFI-BR when used to assess the involvement of Brazilian fathers with children in early childhood education and primary school settings. After additional evidence has been verified, this revised IFI-BR can be used, for example, in longitudinal studies and to evaluate early interventions with fathers.(AU)

La participación paterna es importante, pero su evaluación sigue siendo desafiadora. En Brasil, el Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (IFI-BR) demuestra ser adecuado para aplicar a padres de niños de 5 a 10 años de edad. No obstante, desde la perspectiva del desarrollo infantil y de las intervenciones preventivas, sería importante evaluar la participación de los padres de niños más jóvenes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivos: identificar limitaciones del IFI-BR cuando se aplica a padres de niños entre los 2 y 10 años y evaluar ítems para el IFI-BR-revisado. En Estudio 1, 434 padres con hijos en el jardín de infantes o escuela primaria respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el IFI-BR. Con base en el análisis de datos faltantes, estructura interna y exactitud, se sugirieron modificaciones para mantener la estructura interna original del instrumento. En Estudio 2, 572 padres respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y la versión modificada del IFI-BR. Se compararon las frecuencias de datos faltantes y estimaciones de exactitud para los ítems originales y modificados, seleccionando aquellos que representaban mejor a esta muestra de padres para la versión revisada del IFI-BR. Estos resultados indicaron evidencia adecuada de validez, basada en el contenido de la versión revisada del IFI-BR, cuando se utilizó para evaluar la calidad de la participación de padres brasileños con niños en el jardín de infantes y en la escuela primaria. Después de verificada la evidencia adicional de validez, la versión revisada del IFI-BR se puede utilizar, por ejemplo, en estudios longitudinales y en la evaluación de intervenciones precoz con los padres.(AU)

A disciplina psicologia do esporte nos cursos de psicologia e educação física / Sports psychology in psychology and physical education courses / La materia psicología del deporte en los cursos de psicología y educación física

Este discute a representatividade da disciplina Psicologia do Esporte nos cursos de Psicologia e Educação Física em instituições de ensino superior reconhecidas pelo MEC e situadas na região Sul do país. Foi realizado um estudo documental, com base nos currículos das Instituições. Os resultados revelaram que no Sul do Brasil 21,02% dos cursos de Psicologia, 41,96% dos cursos de bacharelado em Educação Física e apenas 14,83% dos cursos de licenciatura em Educação Física apresentam a disciplina Psicologia do Esporte em sua grade curricular. Observou-se que a disciplina é ofertada mais frequentemente em regime obrigatório nos cursos de bacharelado em Educação Física. Nos cursos de Psicologia, quando ofertada, costuma ser optativa. Os resultados evidenciam uma maior oferta da disciplina para os estudantes de Educação Física, em relação aos de Psicologia, o que pode estar relacionado ao próprio contexto de surgimento da disciplina e sua popularização no meio acadêmico. Para que esse panorama possa mudar e se possa oferecer uma formação adequada no curso de Psicologia para fomentar essa opção de carreira, há necessidade de se repensar o currículo e o próprio perfil do egresso, de forma a dar mais oportunidade aos estudantes para que conheçam as bases teóricas e os campos de aplicação da Psicologia do Esporte. Tal lacuna pode acarretar a fragilização da disseminação desse conhecimento aos estudantes de graduação e a consequente ocupação do mercado de trabalho.(AU)

This study discusses the representativeness of Sports Psychology in Psychology and Physical Education courses at higher education institutions from Southern Brazil. A documentary study was conducted based on the institutions' curricula. Results show that 21.02% of the Psychology major, 41.96% of the bachelor's in Physical Education, and only 14.83% of the license in Physical Education offer Sports Psychology in their curricula. Sports Psychology is most often offered as a compulsory subject in the bachelor's program in Physical Education, whereas Psychology courses offer it mainly as an elective. Physical Education students have greater contact with the discipline when compared with Psychology students, which may be explained by its context of development and popularization in the academic environment. To change this scenario and offer adequate education in the Psychology programs to foster this career option, institutions must rethink their curriculum and the graduate profile itself. This would give students better opportunity to get to know its theoretical bases and fields of application. Such a gap can hinder the dissemination of this knowledge to undergraduate students and the consequent labor market occupation.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es discutir la representatividad de la materia Psicología del Deporte en los cursos de Psicología y Educación Física en instituciones de educación superior de la región Sur de Brasil, reconocidas por el Ministerio de Educación (MEC). Se realizó un estudio documental, basado en los planes de estudio de las instituciones. Los resultados revelaron que, en el Sur de Brasil, el 21,02% de los cursos de Psicología, el 41,96% de los cursos de licenciatura en Educación Física y sólo el 14,83% de los cursos de profesorado en Educación tienen la materia Psicología del Deporte en sus planes de estudio. Se observó que la materia Psicología del Deporte se ofrece con mayor frecuencia como asignatura obligatoria en los cursos de licenciatura en Educación Física. Cuando se ofrece en los cursos de Psicología, es una materia optativa. Los resultados muestran una mayor oferta para los estudiantes de Educación Física en comparación con Psicología, lo que puede estar relacionado con el contexto del surgimiento de la Psicología del Deporte como materia y su popularización en el ámbito académico. Para que este escenario cambie y sea posible ofrecer una formación adecuada en el curso de Psicología con el fin de fomentar esta opción de carrera, es necesario repensar el plan de estudios y el perfil del egresado, así los estudiantes tendrán más oportunidades de conocer sus bases teóricas y sus campos de actuación. Tal brecha puede debilitar la difusión de este conocimiento a los estudiantes de grado y la consecuente ocupación en el mercado laboral.(AU)

Onde estão os melhores corredores do Brasil? / Where are the best road runners in Brazil?

A análise do desempenho esportivo deve ser feita através de uma perspectiva que contemple a influência de diversos fatores. Neste contexto, fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos do estado apresentam-se, também, como preditores no desempenho esportivo, sobretudo em esportes que aparentemente são considerados "baratos e de fácil acesso" como é o caso da corrida de rua. Sendo assim, o propósito do trabalho é apresentar uma descrição da distribuição dos melhores corredores de rua a nível nacional, e verificar a relação entre a representatividade no ranking e variáveis relacionadas ao estado, sendo elas: índice de desenvolvimento humano, tamanho da população, rendimento mensal e produto interno bruto. Para verificação da distribuição dos corredores no país, foi verificada a frequência de atletas no ranking, conforme estado. A correlação de Sperman foi utilizada para verificar a relação existente entre as variáveis relacionadas ao estado e a presença dos corredores no ranking, sendo considerado p<0,05. Foi observada uma maior representatividade das regiões Sudeste e Sul, comparativamente às demais regiões do Brasil, para além do fato de que houve correlação positiva e significativa entre as variáveis "tamanho da população" e "produto interno bruto" com os estados representados no ranking. Deste modo, conclui-se que àquelas regiões que possuem melhores valores desses indicadores são mais propensas a obterem uma maior quantidade de atletas no ranking por fatores como: maior número de atletas praticantes da modalidade e fatores econômicos que sustentam os seus praticantes durante a dedicação ao esporte e que culminam em uma maior representatividade relativamente às demais regiões. (AU)

The analysis of sport performance should be performed through different predictors. Taking this into account, socioeconomic and demographic factors from the state where the person lives can be seeing as relevant determinants of the sport performance, especially in sports considered as "cheap and accessible", such as road running race. The purpose of the present study is to describe the distribution of the best road runners in Brazil, and to verify the relationship between the representativeness in the national ranking with variables related to the state, namely: human development index, state population size, monthly income, and gross domestic product. To determine the road runners' distribution across the country, the frequency of the runners presented in the ranking was reported according to Brazilian states. The Sperman correlation (r) was computed to verify the relationship between state predictors and the presence of runners in the ranking, with the significance level of p<0.05. It was observed a higher representativeness of the South and Southeast regions, compared with the other Brazilian geographical regions; in addition, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the variables "state population size" and "gross domestic product" with the states presented in the ranking. In conclusion, those regions with higher values in these indicators are more prone to have more runners in the ranking, given the highest number of subjects enrolled in this sport as well as socioeconomic factors that support the athletes during their practice, leading to a higher representativeness of this regions in relation to the other ones. (AU)

Fatores associados com o desempenho de jovens atletas de atletismo / Factors associated with performance in young track and field athletes

O presente estudo teve objetivo de verificar os fatores sociais e comportamentais associados com o desempenho na competição de atletas adolescentes de Atletismo de Santa Catarina. Participaram deste estudo 74 atletas adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos com me diana de idade de 17,0 (16,0-18,0) anos. Os participantes responderam questões sociodemográficas (sexo, idade e classe social), questões sobre a frequênci a e duração das sessões de treinamento, experiência no esporte, experiência na competição, incentivo finan ceiro (Bolsa-Atleta) e status social subjetivo na equipe. Além disso, desempenho na competição foi obtido a partir da consulta de registros dos resultados oficiais da principal competição esportiva para adolescentes do Estado de Santa Catarina. O teste de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para verificar correlação entre as variáveis. Para comparação entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste U de Mann Whitney. Verificou-se que os medalhistas eram os atletas que apresentaram maior experiência no esporte (p=0,033) e na competição (p=0,011) e maior duração das sessões de treinamento (p=0,002), comparados aos não medalhistas da competição. Além disso, foram observadas correlações significativas entre o desempenho e as variáveis de experiência no esporte (rho = -0,298; p = 0,011), status social subjetivo na equipe (rho = -0,316; p = 0,006), experiência na competição (rho = -0,377; p = 0,001) e média da duração dos treinos (rho = -0,316; p = 0,006). Por último, observaram-se melhores desempenhos os atletas que receberam Bolsa-Atleta comparados aos atletas que não receberam o benefício (p<0,001). Conclui-se que além das variáveis de treinamento no Atletismo apresentarem grande relevância para o resultado na competição, o status social e políticas públicas de incentivo ao esporte também apresentam parcela de contribuição para o sucesso no resultado da competição.(AU)

Abstract: The present study aimed to verify the social and behavioural factors associated with the performance in the competition of adolescent track and field athletes from Santa Catarina. 74 adolescent athletes aged 15 to 19 years participated in this study with a median age of 17.0 (16.0-18.0) years. Participants answered sociodemographic questions (gender, age and social class), questions about the frequency and duration of training sessions, sports experience, competition experience, financial incentive (Bolsa-Atleta) and subjective social status in the team. In addition, performance in the competition was obtained by consulting the records of the official results of the main sports competition for adolescents in the State of Santa Catarina. Spearman's correlation test was used to verify correlation between variables. Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the groups. It was found that the medalists were the athletes who had more experience in sport (p = 0.033) and competition (p = 0.011) and longer training sessions (p = 0.002), compared to non-medalists in the competition. In addition, significant correlations were observed between performance and sport experience variables (rho = -0.298; p = 0.011), subjective social status in the team (rho = -0.316; p = 0.006), experience in competition (rho = -0.377; p = 0.001) and average training duration (rho = -0.316; p = 0.006). Finally, athletes who received Bolsa-Atleta improved performance compared to athletes who did not receive the benefit (p <0.001). It is concluded that in addition to the variables of training in Athletics present great relevance for the result in the competition, the social status and public policies of incentive to the sport also present part of contribution for the success in the result of the competition.(AU)

Breaking the athletics world record in the 100 and 400 meters: an alternative method for assessment.

BACKGROUND: The top 10 athletes in the International Association of Athletic Federations in 100-m and 400-m ranking for each sex were assessed for their history of race times before achieving their personal record (PR). The main goal of this study was to create a new method for optimal performance improvement rate assessment for coaches and athletes aiming the World Record. METHODS: The difference between PR ('current' season) and the best race time in the last season was defined as the first season improvement rate (1-SIR), whereas the average improvement rate in the last and preceding seasons was the multi-season improvement rate (M-SIR). 1-SIR and M-SIR were calculated for each athlete. RESULTS: The sex comparison for the 100 m event showed a significant difference in the M-SIR in favor of women. No statistical differences were identified for the 400 m event, with a trivial effect in both 1-SIR and M-SIR. CONCLUSIONS: As a practical applicability, graph plots were designed to help verifying the improvement rate of athletes and to evaluate whether a long-term training strategy induced an acceptable performance improvement or whether some adjustments needed and check within the plots if the improvement rate is within the average of the top-10 athletes of their event.

Dupla carreira: dilemas entre esporte e escola / Dual career: dilemmas between sport and school

RESUMO Este artigo analisa os modelos de conciliação das rotinas na dupla carreira, esportiva e escolar, no Programa Bolsa Atleta do Governo Federal, com estudantes-atletas contemplados pelos resultados obtidos no ano de 2011. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa quantitativa realizada por meio de uma entrevista estruturada aplicada a 131 atletas das modalidades de atletismo, judô e natação, sendo 64 do sexo feminino e 67 do masculino. Os resultados evidenciam que: 1) as diferentes modalidades esportivas exigem dos seus atletas tempo e dedicação distintos; 2) processo de iniciação nas três modalidades exigem diferentes formas de investimentos; 3) menor escolaridade dos pais e atletas do atletismo, assim como, classe social mais baixa. Diante dos obstáculos da dupla carreira, atletas, clube, escola e famílias passam adotar táticas de conciliação e mesmo burla dos programas de suporte à formação esportiva.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the models for the reconciliation of career, sports and school routines in the Federal Government Athletic Scholarship Program, with students-contemplators and results obtained in 2011. Characterization as a quantitative research carried out by means of a structured interview invested in 131 athletes of the modalities of athletics, judo and swimming, being 64 female and 67 male. They show the following results: 1) as different sports modalities; 2) initiation process in the temporary variables of the forms of investment; 3) lower schooling of parents and athletes in athletics, as well as lower social class. In the face of the obstacles of the dual career, athletes, clubs, schools and families are adopting tactics of conciliation and even mockery of programs to support sports training.

Jogos escolares da rede pública do estado da bahia: análise das edições 2009 a 2017 / Bahia state public schools championship: analysis of editions from 2009 to 2017

RESUMO A partir da análise documental de 210 relatórios dos Jogos Escolares da Rede Pública da Bahia (JERP), este estudo teve por objetivo descrever a evolução histórica do JERP de 2009 a 2017, considerando as modalidades comuns e inovadoras ofertadas, número de escolares, número de escolas, número de professores e recursos financeiros descentralizados. Verificamos que as modalidades inovadoras foram numericamente superiores às modalidades comuns e apresentaram maior diversificação das práticas esportivas; o número de escolares, escolas e professores na primeira etapa dos jogos (dentro das escolas) foi superior a terceira etapa (regional), além de aumentar ao longo dos anos em ambas as etapas; e que o valor financeiro descentralizado tendeu a crescer no período histórico analisado. Concluímos que o JERP se apresenta como uma oportunidade dos alunos vivenciarem diferentes modalidades esportivas, entretanto esta oportunidade é ressaltada apenas na primeira etapa. Em relação aos recursos financeiros descentralizados para o JERP, parece não haver planejamento prévio com relação a proporção destes recursos e a proporção de escolares participantes deste programa. Sugerimos maior concentração de recursos em competições locais do que estaduais, uma vez que atendem mais crianças e jovens e favorecem a valorização da diversificação de modalidades e respeito à cultura esportiva local.

ABSTRACT Based on the documentary analysis of 210 reports of the Scholars Games of the Bahia State Public System (JERP), this study aimed to describe the historical evolution of the JERP from 2009 to 2017 considering the common and innovative modalities offered, number of school children, number of schools , number of teachers and decentralized financial resources. It was verified that the innovative modalities were numerically superior to the common modalities and presented a greater diversification of the sports practices; the number of students, schools, and teachers in the games' first stage (inside of the schools) was superior to the third stage (regional), besides increase over the years in both stages; and that the decentralized financial value tended to grow in the historical period analyzed. It is concluded that the JERP presents itself as an opportunity for students to experience different sports modalities, however this opportunity is highlighted only in the first stage. Regarding the decentralized financial resources for the JERP, there seems to be no prior planning regarding the proportion of these resources and the proportion of students participating in this program. We suggest a higher concentration of resources in local rather than state competitions, since the local competitions serve more children and young people and support the modalities diversification and respect to the local sports culture.

Mini-Mental State Examination in Brazil: An Item Response Theory Analysis / Miniexame do Estado Mental Brasileiro: Análise com Teoria de Resposta ao Item / Miniexamen del Estado Mental Brasileño: Análisis con la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem

Abstract The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is currently used to the track cognitive status of older adults in Brazil. Studies on its psychometric properties are lacking, especially ones that use Item Response Theory. The objective was to assess the difficulty of the items in a Brazilian version of MMSE using the Rasch model and to identify possible differential item functioning (DIF), considering schooling, age and sex of the sample of Brazilian older adults. This study used the answers of 2.734 older adults to the 30 items of MMSE. It was found that four items in the seven series were the most difficult, and items nine, 13, 22 and 23 were the easiest. The skill of respondents was higher than the items' difficulty level. DIF was observed for schooling, sex and age in, respectively, 27, 18 and 16 items. It is concluded that the use of MMSE in Brazilian older adults should be cautious due to the large number of biased items, mainly due to schooling.

Resumo O Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) tem sido utilizado para rastrear status cognitivo de idosos brasileiros. Há poucos estudos sobre suas propriedades psicométricas, especialmente com Teoria de Resposta ao Item. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a dificuldade dos itens de uma versão brasileira do MEEM por meio do modelo de Rasch e identificar possível funcionamento diferencial dos itens (DIF), considerando escolaridade, idade e sexo dos integrantes de amostra de idosos da comunidade. Foram utilizadas as respostas de 2.734 idosos aos 30 itens do MEEM. Constatou-se que quatro itens do sete seriado foram os mais difíceis e os itens nove, 13, 22 e 23, os mais fáceis. O nível de habilidade das pessoas foi maior do que o nível de dificuldade dos itens. Observou-se DIF para escolaridade, sexo e idade, respectivamente 27, 18 e 16 itens. Conclui-se que o uso do MEEM em idosos da comunidade deve ser cauteloso devido ao grande número de itens enviesados, principalmente pela escolaridade.

Resumen El Miniexamen del Estado Mental (MMSE) se ha utilizado para rastrear el estado cognitivo de los ancianos brasileños. Sin embargo, no hay estudios sobre sus propiedades psicométricas, especialmente utilizando la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la dificultad de los ítems de una versión brasileña del MMSE utilizando el modelo de Rasch, así como identificar el posible funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems (DIF), considerando el nivel de estudios, la edad y el sexo de los ancianos participantes de la muestra. Se utilizaron las respuestas de 2.734 ancianos a los 30 ítems del MMSE. Se evidenció que cuatro ítems de siete series fueron los más difíciles, y los ítems 9, 13, 22 y 23 los más fáciles. El nivel de habilidad de las personas fue más alto que el nivel de dificultad de los ítems. Se observó que el DIF para nivel de estudios, sexo y edad fueron 27, 18 y 16 ítems, respectivamente. Se concluye que el uso del MMSE en los ancianos de la comunidad debe ser cauteloso debido a la gran cantidad de ítems sesgados, principalmente por el nivel de estudios.

Factors Influencing the Early Development of World-Class Caribbean Track and Field Athletes: A Qualitative Investigation.

This qualitative investigation sought to explore through a socio-cultural lens the perceived early training and competition environment, and support network of world-class Caribbean track and field athletes and the influence on their sport engagement and progression during early childhood and adolescence. Sixteen world-class track and field athletes (8 males and 8 females; M age = 29, SD = 5 years) from 6 English-speaking Caribbean islands took part in semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis was performed on the transcribed data. Three superordinate themes were identified as key factors that influenced the early sporting development of world-class Caribbean athletes: (1) conducive sporting environment, (2) functional social support network, and (3) key organizational input. Findings revealed that perceived high levels of deliberate play activity in childhood (6 - 12 years) and an intense track and field competition culture in adolescence (13 - 20 years) were conducive to the continued engagement and progression of world-class Caribbean track and field athletes at the junior level. Furthermore, world-class athletes perceived themselves to be positively influenced by the support received from their immediate social support network and key organizations during this period. This study showed that a conducive sporting environment coupled with optimal social and organizational support may have encouraged world-class Caribbean athletes to remain engaged in track and field and to successfully progress within the sport at the junior level. Findings shed light on the sporting culture at the junior level within the Caribbean region and provide insight into key environmental factors that can influence and foster the development of future World Champions and Olympians.

Better Economy on Indoor Track Compared to Treadmill Running With 1% Inclination.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in metabolic responses between the track and the treadmill (1% inclination) running. The latter is recommended for use in laboratory settings to mimic outdoor running. Method: Seventeen male endurance athletes (mean 25.8, s = 3.8 years) performed 4-min running bouts on an indoor track and the treadmill. Results: At all speeds (11, 13, and 15 km·h-1) athletes showed better economy on the track running compared to the treadmill expressed as oxygen (7.9%, 5.2%, and 2.8%) and caloric (7.0%, 5.3%, and 2.6%) unit cost. Rating of perceived exertion was evaluated substantially higher at all speeds on the treadmill (F(1,16) = 31.45, p < .001, η2p = .663) compared to running on the track. Participants presented lower heart rate (F(1,16) = 13.74, p = .002, η2p = .462) on the track at the speed of 11 and 13 km·h-1 compared to the treadmill, but not at 15 km·h-1 (p = .021). Conclusions: We conclude that constant inclination (i.e.. 1%) during the treadmill test might not be suitable to reproduce comparable effort to running on the track; rather, there is an optimal treadmill inclination for different intensities to reproduce similar effort compared to the track running.

Assessment of critical velocity in track and treadmill: physiological profiles and relationship with 3000-meter performance / Avaliação da velocidade crítica de corrida em pista e esteira: perfis fisiológicos e relações com o desempenho em 3000 metros

The present study aiming to verify the interference of different conditions (treadmill vs. track) on critical velocity (CV) values, as well as on the correlation to the 3000-meter performance (v3000m), and thus infer about the specificity of each values as training parameter for this distance. Seven runners (15.3±1.4 years) were submitted to a maximal progressive test (1.0 km×h-1 increments per minute until exhaustion) to assess V̇O2max and maximal aerobic velocity (vV̇O2max). Subsequently, CV was estimated from three running performances at each test condition, with exercise intensities adjusted for different time limits (tLim) at 900, 2100 and 3300 meters in track or at 90, 95 and 115% of vV̇O2max in treadmill. From linear adjustments, using stepwise method, CV was assessed on treadmill (CVTREADMILL) and track (CVTRACK), and both compared by the Mann-Whitney test. The sample-adjusted dispersion coefficient (R2adj) analyzed the variance of v3000m with CVTRACK, CVTREADMILL and vV̇O2max. In all analyses, significance was set at P≤0.05. In progressive test, V̇O2max reached 54.2±5.2 mLO2×kg-1×min-1 and vV̇O2max reached 16.8±1.9 km×h-1. No differences were observed between CVTREADMILL and CVTRACK (14.0±1.8 vs. 12.3±3.2 km×h-1, P=0.46). Correlations were observed for v3000m with CVTREADMILL (R2adj ~0.94), CVTRACK (R2adj ~0.99) and vV̇O2max (R2adj ~0.90), all showing P=0.001. It could be concluded that no influence was observe on the ability to achieve identical CV values from different assessment conditions. The correlation to the v3000 meters suggested better specificity of CVTRACK than CVTREADMILL for training prescription and performance control.

O presente estudo averiguou se as diferenças nas circunstâncias (esteira vs. pista) de avaliação da velocidade crítica (VC) interferem no valor e na relação com a desempenho em 3000 metros (v3000m) e, assim, indicar a especificidade de cada valor como parâmetro de treinamento para esta distância. Sete corredores (15,3±1,4 anos) submeteram-se a um teste progressivo máximo (incrementos de 1,0 km×h-1×min-1, até a exaustão) para avaliação do V̇O2max e velocidade aeróbia máxima (vV̇O2max). A seguir, a VC foi estimada a partir do desempenho de corrida em três diferentes intensidades do exercício, em cada ambiente de avaliação, registrando-se o tempo-limite (tLim) nas distâncias de 900, 2100 e 3300 metros na pista, e à 90, 95 e 115% vV̇O2max em esteira. Ajustes lineares, pelo método "stepwise", forneceram os parâmetros VC em esteira (VCESTEIRA) e pista (VCPISTA), que foram comparados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. O coeficiente de dispersão ajustado à amostra (R2aj) averiguou a variância de v3000m com VCPISTA, VCESTEIRA e vV̇O2max. Em todas as análises adotou-se .≤0,05. No teste progressivo, o V̇O2max atingiu 54,2±5,2 mLO2∙kg-1∙min-1 e a vV̇O2max foi 16,8±1,9 km×h-1. Não se observaram diferenças entre VCESTEIRA e VCPISTA (14,0±1,8 vs. 12,3±3,2 km∙h-1, P=0,46). Houveram correlações entre v3000m com VCESTEIRA (R2aj ~0,94), VCPISTA (R2aj~0,99) e vV̇O2max (R2aj ~0,90), todas com P=0,001. Conclui-se que o contexto de avaliação não interfere na consistência do valor de VC. Porém, quanto à relação com v3000 metros, a VCPISTA apresenta melhor especificidade, tornando-a mais autêntica que VCESTEIRA para a prescrição do treino e monitoramento do desempenho.

Financial support for paralympic athletes in brazil / O suporte financeiro para atletas paralímpicos no brasil

ABSTRACT Brazilian Paralympic sport is growing rapidly due to its results and to more people with disabilities desiring to join it. The purpose of this study is to describe the importance of financial support for Brazilian Paralympic athletes' careers. It is characterized as a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Information was collected through a semi-structured interview. Twenty Paralympians, from both Athletics and Swimming modalities, participated of this research, all of them contemplated by Ministry of Sports grant programs - Bolsa Atleta and Bolsa Atleta Pódio. Results show financial support being indicated as fundamental by all interviewed participants (n = 20, 100%). Many are the funding actions, especially from Brazilian Paralympic Committee and Brazilian Ministry of Sports, which provide better conditions for athlete development and can also guarantee the advent of new generations of Paralympic competitors in Brazil.

RESUMO O esporte paralímpico brasileiro cresce aceleradamente em razão de seus resultados e mais pessoas com deficiência buscam ingressar no esporte. O objetivo do estudo é descrever a importância do suporte financeiro para a carreira esportiva dos atletas paralímpicos brasileiros. Caracteriza-se como descritivo e abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de informações foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada. Participaram 20 atletas paralímpicos das modalidades Atletismo e Natação, contemplados pela Bolsa-Pódio do Programa Bolsa-Atleta do Ministério do Esporte - Brasil. Os resultados demonstram que o Suporte Financeiro é apontado como fundamental por todos os atletas investigados (n=20; 100%). Muitas são as ações de suporte financeiro que têm favorecido os atletas brasileiros, partindo principalmente do Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro e Ministério do Esporte, essas ações proporcionam melhores condições para o desenvolvimento dos atletas e também podem garantir o surgimento de novas gerações de atletas paralímpicos no país.

[A NEW FIELD-TEST FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF THE HUMAN ANAEROBIC AND REPEATED SPRINTS CAPABILITY - RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY].

PURPOSE: To examine the reliability and validity of a newly developed anaerobic and repeated sprint (RST0 performance capability. METHODS: A total of 35 untrained adolescent schoolchildren (age range 16-18 years) performed four tests: The newly developed 4 x 30 m RST, the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) and 200 m and 50 m sprint runs. The reliability of the test was assessed by comparing the test and retest performances of the test. The validity of the 4x30m RST was evaluated by computing the relationships among the various indices of the four studied anaerobic tests, and by comparing the effect of a well-defined anaerobic training program on the performance of the four anaerobic tests. RESULTS: Strong and highly significant relationships were found between the mean (MP) and peak (PP) values of the 4x30 m RST (r = 0.88; p < 0.001), and between the MP of the RST and the two short sprints (50m and 200m) (r = 0.81 and 0.94, respectively; p < 0.011. Somewhat weaker, but still significant relationships were observed between the 4x30 RST and the WAnT indices (r's range = 0.56-0.64; p < 0.05). Such relationships suggest that the energetics of all four tests are closely related. Compared with baseline, the training group demonstrated similar and significant improvement in all four anaerobic tests. No such changes were detected for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The anaerobic system plays a dominant role in the performance of the new 4x30m RST. Furthermore, the new field test is highly reliable and was found to be valid for quantifying gross anaerobic and repeated sprints performance. Therefore, it can be used in pursuing athletes in a wide range of sports, as well as in some relevant occupations.

Assessment of balance among adolescent track and field athletes.

Track and field events place different demands on athletes and may have an effect on balance. This study investigated the effects of event specialty, gender, and leg dominance on balance among adolescent track and field athletes. Forty healthy adolescent track and field athletes (male = 23, female = 17) categorised into three different groups (sprinter = 20, distance runners = 13, throwers = 7) had their single leg static balance measured with the eyes open and the eyes closed using an AMTI force platform. Dependent variables included average displacement (cm) of the centre of pressure (COP) in the anterior/posterior direction and medial/lateral directions, the average velocity of the COP (cm/s) and the 95% ellipse area (cm(2)). Variables were analysed using a 3 (event specialty) × 2 (gender) × 2 (leg) ANOVA with repeated measures on the leg variable (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the average displacement of the COP in the medial/lateral direction for both the eyes open and closed condition, with the non-dominant leg demonstrating greater displacement than the dominant leg. This might increase the risk of injury for the non-dominant leg, but additional data should be collected and analysed on both dynamic balance and performance.

A Novel Application for Cognitive Evaluation in Mountain Ultramarathons: Olfactory Assessment.

OBJECTIVE: Olfactory function, a cognitive impairment biomarker, was evaluated in mountain ultramarathon (MUM) runners during the Tor des Géants race (332.5 km with an overall altitude gain of 24,000 m; altitude range 330-3296 m above the sea). METHODS: An Odor Identification Test was administered before (T0; n = 53), at 148.7 kms (T1; n = 32) and after the race (T2; n = 28). The effect of dehydration and sleep deprivation on olfactory function was assessed. Olfactory function was also assessed in non-MUM athletes and sedentary controls (C) at rest. RESULTS: A majority of the athletes completed the olfactory test at all time intervals. Olfactory function decreased throughout the race (T0: 13.8 ± 1.9, T1: 13.7 ± 1.6, T2: 13.1 ± 1.8; T0 vs T2 P = .01). There was no relationship with race time or sleep deprivation on the sense of smell throughout the competition. However, there was a combined effect with decreased olfaction during the second half of the race, while a poor relationship was seen between olfaction and total body water at midterm (T1: rs = -0.427; P = .019), but not at baseline or after the race. MUM athletes had similar olfactory scores to C (13.8 ± 1.9 vs 13.7 ± 1.4) and non-MUM (13.8 ± 1.9 vs 13.9 ± 1.6) athletes. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study showed the feasibility of olfactory evaluation as a minimally invasive cognitive impairment assessment. The test can be used in logistically difficult environments, adding scientific value to this promising method. Although olfaction decreased after prolonged physical activity, further studies are warranted to make the relationship between cognition and external factors (eg, sleep deprivation, dehydration) more clear.

Injury Scheme Claims in Gaelic Games: A Review of 2007-2014.

CONTEXT: Gaelic games (Gaelic football and hurling) are indigenous Irish sports with increasing global participation in recent years. Limited information is available on longitudinal injury trends. Reviews of insurance claims can reveal the economic burden of injury and guide cost-effective injury-prevention programs. OBJECTIVE: To review Gaelic games injury claims from 2007-2014 for male players to identify the costs and frequencies of claims. Particular attention was devoted to lower limb injuries due to findings from previous epidemiologic investigations of Gaelic games. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Open-access Gaelic Athletic Association Annual Reports from 2007-2014 were reviewed to obtain annual injury-claim data. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Gaelic Athletic Association players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Player age (youth or adult) and relationships between lower limb injury-claim rates and claim values, Gaelic football claims, hurling claims, youth claims, and adult claims. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2014, €64 733 597.00 was allocated to 58 038 claims. Registered teams had annual claim frequencies of 0.36 with average claim values of €1158.4 ± 192.81. Between 2007 and 2014, average adult claims were always greater than youth claims (6217.88 versus 1036.88), while Gaelic football claims were always greater than hurling claims (5395.38 versus 1859.38). Lower limb injuries represented 60% of all claims. The number of lower limb injury claims was significantly correlated with annual injury-claim expenses (r = 0.85, P = .01) and adult claims (r = 0.96, P = .01) but not with youth claims (r = 0.69, P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Reducing lower limb injuries will likely reduce injury-claim expenses. Effective injury interventions have been validated in soccer, but whether such changes can be replicated in Gaelic games remains to be investigated. Injury-claim data should be integrated into current elite injury-surveillance databases to monitor the cost effectiveness of current programs.

Performance trade-offs and individual quality in decathletes.

Many constraints of organismal design at the cell and organ level, including muscle fiber types, musculoskeletal gearing and control-surface geometry, are believed to cause performance trade-offs at the whole-organism level. Contrary to this expectation, positive correlations between diverse athletic performances are frequently found in vertebrates. Recently, it has been proposed that trade-offs between athletic performances in humans are masked by variation in individual quality and that underlying trade-offs are revealed by adjusting the correlations to 'control' quality. We argue that quality is made up of both intrinsic components, due to the causal mapping between morpho-physiological traits and performance, and extrinsic components, due to variation in training intensity, diet and pathogens. Only the extrinsic component should be controlled. We also show that previous methods to estimate 'quality-free' correlations perform poorly. We show that Wright's factor analysis recovers the correct quality-free correlation matrix and use this method to estimate quality-free correlations among the 10 events of the decathlon using a dataset of male college athletes. We found positive correlations between all decathlon events, which supports an axis that segregates 'good athletes' from 'bad athletes'. Estimates of quality-free correlations are mostly very small (<0.1), suggesting large, quality-free independence between events. Because quality must include both intrinsic and extrinsic components, the physiological significance of these adjusted correlations remains obscure. Regardless, the underlying architecture of the functional systems and the physiological explanation of both the un-adjusted and adjusted correlations remain to be discovered.

Outcomes for ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction: a retrospective review using the KJOC assessment score with two-year follow-up in an overhead throwing population.

BACKGROUND: Injury to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) often results in valgus elbow instability requiring reconstruction. No standardized and validated outcome measure has compared outcomes between surgical techniques and institutions in the overhead throwing athlete. The aim of this study was to use the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic shoulder and elbow score (KJOC score) to report functional outcomes in overhead throwing athletes undergoing UCL reconstruction. We predict that the KJOC score in our general throwing population will provide an accurate assessment of postoperative outcomes consistent with previously published reports. METHODS: A retrospective review of 33 patients undergoing UCL reconstruction was carried out during a 5-year period between 2004 and 2009. Minimum follow-up was 2.2 years with an average of 3.7 years. All surgeries were performed by fellowship-trained surgeons using either the docking (n = 12) or modified Jobe technique (n = 21). Age, sport, position, and return to play status were obtained. The KJOC score was administered to assess final functional outcome. RESULTS: A total of 33 athletes underwent UCL reconstruction-30 baseball players and 3 javelin throwers. Of these, 27 (82%) returned to their sport at their previous level in an average of 12.25 months. The overall average KJOC score was 76. Athletes who returned to their previous level of play had a mean KJOC score of 77. Those who were unable to return to play had a mean score of 69. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates consistent outcomes for UCL reconstruction using the KJOC shoulder and elbow score compared with previously reported data.

Health in elite sports from a salutogenetic perspective: athletes' sense of coherence.

OBJECTIVE: Considering the high number of stressors encountered in the context of elite sports, a high sense of coherence (SOC) is crucial to allow athletes to maintain their health from both short- and long-term perspectives. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate SOC in a population of elite athletes, focusing on identification of subsets of athletes with particularly high and low SOC scores, and any related predictors. The elite athletes' SOC scores were also evaluated for differences with those of the general population of Germany; whether a correlation between SOC and subjective health existed was additionally examined. METHOD: In total, 698 male and female elite athletes, drawn from Germany's highest-level national track and field squads, and first and second division handball teams, completed a survey that included the SOC-L9 Scale and measures of subjective health, sociodemographic information, and the number of injury lay-offs experienced during the athletes' careers to date. RESULTS: Classification tree analysis reveals six contrast groups with varying SOC scores. Several interacting factors determine the group to which an athlete belongs. Together with overuse injuries, additional factors are age, gender, and completed/not completed apprenticeship/degree. Female athletes aged between 19 and 25, who had already been subject to lay-offs due to overuse injuries, comprise the group with the lowest SOC scores. Overall, the SOC of elite athletes is slightly lower than in the general population. In accordance with other studies, a stronger SOC is also correlated significantly with better global subjective health. CONCLUSION: The identification of contrast groups with varying SOC scores contributes to the development of more targeted salutogenetic health promotion programs. Such programs would ideally include learning modules pertaining to coping with overuse injuries, as well as social support systems aiming to effectively combine education and elite sport.