Information technology for brain banking.

Implementing and maintaining the information technology (IT) infrastructure of a brain bank can be a daunting task for any brain bank coordinator, particularly when access to both funds and IT professionals is limited. Many questions arise when attempting to determine which IT products are most suitable for a brain bank. The requirements of each brain bank must be assessed carefully to ensure that the chosen IT infrastructure will be able to meet those requirements successfully and will be able to expand and adapt as the size of the brain bank increases. This chapter provides some valuable insights to be considered when implementing the IT infrastructure for a brain bank and discusses the pros and cons of various approaches and products.

A new viewpoint: running a nonprofit brain bank as a business.

It has become clear over the past decades that studying postmortem human brain tissue is one of the most effective ways to increase our knowledge of the pathogenesis and etiology of neuropathologic and psychiatric diseases. Many breakthroughs in neuroscience have depended on the availability of human brain tissue. However, the process of brain banking presents many different challenges, including the high cost that is associated with collecting the samples and with providing the diagnostics, storage, and distribution. Funding is generally from research and facility grants and donations but all are irregular, uncertain, and only cover the costs for a determined period of time. For professional brain banks with extensive prospective donor programs and that are open-access it can be very beneficial to draft a business plan to achieve long-term sustainability. Such a business plan should identify the interests of the stakeholders and address the implementation of cost efficiency and cost recovery systems.

Scaling Safe Access to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Past, Present, and Future.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Universal stool banks (USBs) have emerged as a potential model for scaling access to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). In this review, we outline the historical barriers constraining access to FMT, the evidence on methods and outcomes of USBs, and potential future directions for expanding access. RECENT FINDINGS: Key historical barriers to FMT access include regulatory uncertainty, operational complexity of sourcing screened donor material, and logistical challenges of delivering fresh treatment preparations. USBs have demonstrated that FMT can be delivered safely at scale by centralizing donor selection, material processing, and safety monitoring. More evidence is needed to optimize USB methods, including for donor screening, material processing, and novel delivery modalities. USBs have catalyzed broad access to FMT in North America and Europe. Future directions include developing evidence regarding oral preparations, harmonizing guidelines, disseminating best practice protocols, establishing long-term safety profiles, and expanding access to geographic areas of unmet need.

Banking brain tissue for research.

Well-characterized human brain tissue is crucial for scientific breakthroughs in research of the human brain and brain diseases. However, the collection, characterization, management, and accessibility of brain human tissue are rather complex. Well-characterized human brain tissue is often provided from private, sometimes small, brain tissue collections by (neuro)pathologic experts. However, to meet the increasing demand for human brain tissue from the scientific community, many professional brain-banking activities aiming at both neurologic and psychiatric diseases as well as healthy controls are currently being initiated worldwide. Professional biobanks are open-access and in many cases run donor programs. They are therefore costly and need effective business plans to guarantee long-term sustainability. Here we discuss the ethical, legal, managerial, and financial aspects of professional brain banks.

Female fertility preserving practices at a pediatric unit: a challenge of multiprofessional and multidisciplinary cooperation.

INTRODUCTION: Being able to have children could have an important positive effect on the future lives of pediatric cancer survivors. Working at a cancer institute makes us responsible for filling the gaps in our knowledge in this area of patient care. METHODS: We describe our activities in a series of young females diagnosed with cancer and evaluated for fertility preservation options. We discuss the developed skills and organization as well as the practical difficulties encountered in managing fertility preservation. RESULTS: Since September 2012, laparoscopy and cryopreservation of cortical ovarian tissue has been performed in 16 girls (with ovary transposition in 3, and after several cycles of chemotherapy in 5) and egg banking in 4 young women (before chemotherapy in 2 and several years after treatment in 2). CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations on fertility preservation indicate that discussing the problems early on is crucial to future success. It is unthinkable to simply provide information and offer the opportunity to choose a fertility preserving technique without helping and accompanying patients and their families in their decisions and choices on the matter.

Global update: England and Wales.

As Ben Sykes, an Executive Director of the UK National Stem Cell Network (UKNSCN), highlighted in his Brief History of Stem Cell Research, Funding and Regulation in the UK in last year's World Stem Cell Report, the UK ranks very high among the world leaders in stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Science funding has not been immune to the budget cuts and tough austerity measures that the British government implemented recently and deep cuts may force the country to lose its competitive edge in a number of research areas. However, in spite of such an environment, stem cell research and regenerative medicine has continued to thrive and have a strong impact worldwide. While one would expect to find stem cell research concentrated to key centers in Cambridge, London and Edinburgh, in fact there is exciting research going on across the country, as this report highlights.

The 6th Asia cancer forum: what should we do to place cancer on the global health agenda? Sharing information leads to human security.

This forum discussed issues relating to the inclusion of cancer on the global health agenda, with the ultimate aim of achieving human security for all people. The forum discussed what methods are available to the cancer community in attempts to create a common data system for the rapidly growing Asian region. Discussions also focused on the preparations that can be made to consider and respond to the obstacles to the creation of an Asia-wide data and information network. It was also noted that in order to create a cancer information network, support would need to be provided to low- and middle-income countries and efforts made to ensure that data are comparable.

[Dutch government invests in existing biobanks]. / Overheid investeert fors in bestaande biobanken.

Modern research, aimed at discovering factors that influence health and disease, requires large collections of data and samples. Collaboration between biobanks is therefore essential. The Dutch hub in the network of biobanks, the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL), is one of the major Dutch biobanking initiatives. It is sponsored by the Dutch government through the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). BBMRI-NL sets up collaboration between approximately 150 existing clinical and population biobanks in the Netherlands, and forms the link with the European BBMRI initiative. BBMRI-NL aims at enrichment and harmonization of existing Dutch biobanks, at data management and analysis, and at laying the legal, social and ethical foundations, in order to improve access and inter-operability, and to render the information and organization up to date. Other major Dutch initiatives are String of Pearls and LifeLines. Together these will create the conditions needed for Dutch researchers to further develop their strong position in the international biobanking field.

Preparing for growth: current capacity and challenges in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation programs.

During the past decade, the demand for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has grown dramatically, and there are expectations that this will continue or even accelerate over the next decade. This prompts a variety of questions about the ability of the health care system to accommodate the increased demands on transplantation centers; for example, what is the current patient capacity of transplantation programs, and how much elasticity do they have to accept a larger volume of patients? An informal survey of a sample of medical directors of transplantation programs found that existing facilities might be able to increase their patient volume by about 7%. Expanding much beyond that limit will require an infusion of resources to enlarge current programs and/or establish new programs.

Banco de encéfalos humanos: uma ferramenta importante para o estudo do envelhecimento cerebral / Banco de encéfalos humanos: una herramienta importante para el estudio del envejecimiento del cerebro / Bank of human encephala: an important tool for the study of brain aging

Para o melhor entendimento dos processos relacionados a senescência e à senilidade cerebral, o estudo do tecido cerebral é mandatório, tanto nos seus aspectos macroscópicos quanto microscópicos, sobretudo quando os dados encontrados na análise anátomo– patológica podem ser correlacionados com as condições clínico – funcionais dos indivíduos. De modo a propiciar ferramentas para o estudo do envelhecimento cerebral, foi criado o Banco de Encéfalos Humanos do Grupo de Estudos em Envelhecimento Cerebral da FMUSP (BEHGEEC), em 2003. O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever a experiência do GEEC na criação e implementação de um banco deencéfalos humanos com fins de ensino e pesquisa e para tanto, relata a experiência do GEEC desde sua criação até seu funcionamento, apontando os procedimentos de coleta e processamento dos casos incluídos e suas rotinas de estudo, ensino e pesquisa. Palavras-chave: Encéfalo. Bancos de tecidos. Envelhecimento

For a better understanding of processes related to senescence and to brain senility, the study of brain tissue is mandatory, regarding both the microscopic and the macroscopic aspects, over all when data found in anatomopathological analysis may be correlated to clinical-functional conditions of individuals. In order to make available tools for the study of brain aging, the Bank of HumanEncephala of the Group of Studies in Brain Aging of FMUSP was created (BEHGEEC) in 2003. The present study aims to describe the experience of GEEC in the creation and implementation of a bank of human encephala with purposes of teaching and research and for this it narrates the experience of GEEC since its creation until its functioning, pointing to procedures of collection and processing of cases and its routines of study, teaching and research. Keywords: Brain. Tissue banks. Aging

Para una mejor comprensión de los procesos relacionados con la senectud y con la senilidad del cerebro, el estudio del tejido del cerebro es obligatorio, respecto a los aspectos microscópicos y a los macroscópicos, sobre todo cuando los datos encontrados en el análisis anatomopatológica se pueden correlacionar a las condiciones clínico-funcionales de los individuos. Para hacer las herramientas disponibles para el estudio del envejecimiento del cerebro, el banco de encéfalos humanos del grupo de estudios en el envejecimientodel cerebro de FMUSP (BEHGEEC) fue creado en 2003. Este estudio intenta describir la experiencia de GEEC en la creación y puesta en práctica de un banco de encéfalos humanos con propósitos de enseñanza y de investigación y para esto narra la experiencia de GEEC desde su creación hasta su funcionamiento, señalando a los procedimientos de la colección y del procesamiento de casos y a sus rutinasde estudio, enseñanza y investigación.Palabras llave: Encéfalo. Bancos de tejidos. Envejecimiento

The impact of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) program on radiation and tissue banking in Singapore.

The National University Hospital (NUH) Tissue Bank was established in October 1988. The National University of Singapore (NUS) was officially appointed by IAEA to be the IAEA/NUS Regional Training Centre (RTC) for RCA Member States for training of tissue bank operators on September 18, 1996. In the first five years since its establishment the National University Hospital Tissue Bank concentrated its work on the sterile procurement and production of deep frozen femoral heads and were used in patients for bone reconstruction. The cost of producing these tissues were about SGD$ 250 per femoral head although cost fees were initially charged at SGD$ 50 per femoral head. The most important activity carried out by Singapore within the IAEA was training. Between November 1997 and April 2007, a total of nine courses were conducted by RTC with a total of 180 tissue bank operators registered, 133 from Asia and the Pacific region (13 countries, including 2 from Iran), 14 from Africa (Zambia, Libya, Egypt, Algeria, and South Africa), 6 from Latin America (Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Peru, and Uruguay), 9 from Europe (Greece, Slovakia, Poland, and Ukraine), and 2 from Australia. The last batch (ninth batch) involved 20 students registered in April 2007 and will be due to sit for the terminal examination in April 2008.

Human tissue monitoring and specimen banking: opportunities for exposure assessment, risk assessment, and epidemiologic research.

A symposium on Human Tissue Monitoring and Specimen Banking: Opportunities for Exposure Assessment, Risk Assessment, and Epidemiologic Research was held from 30 March to 1 April 1993 in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. There were 117 registered participants from 18 states and 5 foreign countries. The first 2 days featured 21 invited speakers from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, various other government agencies, and universities in the United States, Canada, Germany, and Norway. The speakers provided a state-of-the-art overview of human exposure assessment techniques (especially applications of biological markers) and their relevance to human tissue specimen banking. Issues relevant to large-scale specimen banking were discussed, including program design, sample design, data collection, tissue collection, and ethical ramifications. The final group of presentations concerned practical experiences of major specimen banking and human tissue monitoring programs in the United States and Europe. The symposium addressed the utility and research opportunities afforded by specimen banking programs for future research needs in the areas of human exposure assessment, risk assessment, and environmental epidemiology. The third day of the symposium consisted of a small workshop convened to discuss and develop recommendations to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regarding applications and utility of large-scale specimen banking, biological monitoring, and biological markers for risk assessment activities.

Current trends in the use of allograft skin for patients with burns and reflections on the future of skin banking in the United States.

Cadaveric allograft skin can play a critical role in the care of patients with massive burns. It is difficult, however, to estimate current use and levels of enthusiasm for allograft skin in the United States. We report on a survey of 40 skin banks and 140 United States burn center medical directors as listed in the American Burn Association's Directory of Burn Care Resources for North America 1991-1992. Response rate was 45% for skin banks and 38% for burn directors. Overall, 12% of admitted patients were treated with allograft skin at the responding burn centers. Sixty-nine percent of burn center directors preferred to use fresh skin, although only 47% of skin banks were able to supply fresh cadaver skin. Tabulated survey results and a review and discussion of future directions in skin banking and replacement research are discussed in this paper and were presented to the Tissue Bank Special Interest group at the 1993 American Burn Association annual meeting.

The New England Organ Bank--lessons from running a regional organ bank.

1. The NEOB is a very large organ procurement organization (OPO) recovering multiple organs and tissues on behalf of 15 transplant centers serving 11.5 million people scattered over 6 states. 2. The database maintained by the New England Organ Bank (NEOB) demonstrates a changing pattern of donors within our region. Trauma is decreasing as a cause of death and the age of donors is steadily increasing. 3. A flexible system for the allocation and distribution of kidneys is described. This system emphasizes waiting time as the primary criterion for allocation. This emphasis has not disadvantaged the highly sensitized patient and is equitable for minority recipients. The use of the longest waiting unsensitized patient to assign donors to transplant centers maintains the patient-based nature of the system, while allowing transplant centers to recover kidneys for their own patients and reducing ischemic time. The system is highly adaptable to a variety of local situations. 4. Extensive public education and research projects not feasible for small organizations are made possible through the resources available to a large OPO.

The establishment of an ear bank.

Tympanic membrane and ossicle homografts have been successfully used in reconstructive ear surgery during the last 12 years. Ear banks have proven to be practical to insure a regular supply of high quality homografts for the otologic surgeon. The most important aspects in establishing an ear bank include the procurement of temporal bone cores, the establishment of homograft dissection technique, and attention to preservation and distribution procedures and the problems of maintenance.