Welfare Quality® for dairy cows: towards a sensor-based assessment.

This Research Reflection addresses the possibilities for Welfare Quality® to evolve from an assessment method based on data gathered on punctual visits to the farm to an assessment method based on sensor data. This approach could provide continuous and objective data, while being less costly and time consuming. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies enabling the monitorisation of Welfare Quality® measures are reviewed and discussed. For those measures that cannot be assessed by current technologies, some options to be developed are proposed. Picturing future dairy farms, the need for multipurpose and non-invasive PLF technologies is stated, in order to avoid an excessive artificialisation of the production system. Social concerns regarding digitalisation are also discussed.

New York State dairy farmers' perceptions of antibiotic use and resistance: A qualitative interview study.

Antibiotic resistance is a global problem affecting both human and animal health. Ensuring the strategic and effective use of antibiotics is paramount to combatting the emergence and spread of resistance. This study explored New York State (NYS) dairy farmers' perceptions regarding antibiotic use in dairy farming and antibiotic resistance. Dairy farmers' perceptions were assessed through semi-structured, in-person interviews. Twenty interviews with farm owners and/or managers of 15 conventional and five USDA certified organic dairy farms with 40 to 2,300 lactating cows were conducted. Thematic analysis was used to assess, compare and contrast transcripts for farmers' characterization of their beliefs, values, and concerns. Conventional dairy farmers had a low level of concern about the possible impacts of on-farm antibiotic resistance on human health and believed their antibiotic use was already judicious. Generally, they believed their cattle's health would suffer if antibiotic use were further curtailed. Conventional farmers expressed frustration over the possibility of more stringent governmental, milk cooperative, buyer, or marketer requirements for antibiotic use and associated animal welfare in the future. They attributed expanding regulations in part to misinformed consumer preferences, that farmers felt were influenced by the marketing of organic dairy products. Organic dairy farmers were generally more concerned about issues related to antibiotic resistance than conventional farmers. Both conventional and organic farmers placed emphasis on disease prevention through herd health management rather than treatment. In conclusion, the conventional NYS dairy farmers in this study were skeptical of the need for and benefits of reduced antibiotic use on their dairy farms. Interventions for farmers, delivered by a trusted source such as a veterinarian, that provide training about proper antibiotic use practices and information of possible financial benefits of refining antibiotic use may hold promise.

Rabbit meat production and consumption: State of knowledge and future perspectives.

Since the 1970s, in some European countries rabbit meat production has progressively become a highly specialized industry, which has made Europe the second (after China) largest rabbit meat producer in the world. However, the industry is currently facing a critical period due to structural weaknesses, progressive and constant reductions in consumption, and raising criticism related to welfare conditions and other ethical issues. This trend is questioning the future of the rabbit meat industry, which could lead to the loss of knowledge and technical expertise acquired over decades of major investments and research efforts (a valuable cultural and professional heritage for future generations). In the present review, we provide an overview of the rabbit meat industry, market and value chain, we depict consumer's attitude towards rabbit meat, highlighting strengths and weaknesses, and factors driving their current purchase behavior. Finally, we will attempt to outline possible strategies to ensure a sustainable future for the production of rabbits for commercial meat purposes.

An extended theory of planned behavior to predict consumers' willingness to buy mobile slaughter unit meat.

The current study investigated the determinants of consumers' intention to purchase meat from mobile slaughter units (MSU). The theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the value belief norm theory (VBN) were used as conceptual lenses to guide this investigation. We conducted a survey among 329 respondents in the Netherlands who buy meat for themselves and/or for others. The results indicated that (1) TPB and VBN explain a high proportion of the variance in consumers' intention to buy MSU meat, and that (2) an extended TPB that includes peoples' attitude, personal norm, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control turned out to be the best model to predict willingness to buy MSU meat. Further implications for future research and practice are discussed.

A decade of extraordinary progress: biosciences in the Greater Kansas City region.

The Greater Kansas City region has made significant progress as a national center for animal health and the biosciences. Each of our stakeholder institutions have continued to make significant advances in key programs, which collectively have elevated the region's bioscience effort, with total R&D expenditures approaching $500M. In considering the future, through collaborative efforts the region will continue to advance and build upon the major successes, while seeking additional opportunities to leverage regional and institutional strengths. Further progress will be reported at the KCALSI website.

Bem-estar de animais de produção: das necessidades animais às possibilidades humanas / Farm animal welfare: animal needs and human possibilities

O formidável aumento da produtividade animal nos últimos 50 anos, como resultado dos avanços na saúde, nutrição, genética animal e nas instalações e equipamentos, trouxeram inquestionáveis benefícios para a sociedade humana. Entretanto, algumas mudanças no alojamento, genética e forma de alimentação dos animais têm levado a questionamentos éticos relacionados ao ambiente, aos resíduos presentes nos alimentos de origem animal e à qualidade de vida dos animais envolvidos nesse processo. Dentre as espécies zootécnicas que mais têm sido afetadas com um processo de intensificação da produção, está o suíno. Por outro lado, pela sua eficiência na conversão alimentar, é uma espécie que tende a crescer em importância, o que justifica a necessidade de desenvolver conhecimentos que permitam criar esses animais com bem-estar. No Brasil e em outros países da América Latina, a produção de espécies silvestres vem aumentando em função de vários fatores como demanda por carnes exóticas e por artigos de couro diferenciados em países europeus e asiáticos. Entretanto, o conhecimento zootécnico das espécies silvestres ainda é muito precário, o que leva a uma tendência à adoção de técnicas, manejos, instalações e programas sanitários consagrados para o uso com espécies domésticas nas criações de animais silvestres. Como se pode prever, em muitos casos com consequências desastrosas. Neste trabalho abordaremos o bem-estar de algumas espécies animais silvestres criadas no Brasil e dos suínos, especialmente em relação às possibilidades de solucionar parte dos problemas de bem-estar animal através de técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental.

The huge increase in productivity in livestock production in the last 50 years, as a result of advances in health, nutrition, genetics, animal and plant and equipment, has brought unquestionable benefits to human society. However, some changes in housing, genetics and animal nutrition have led to ethical questioning, mostly of issues related to the environment, residues in food of animal origin and the quality of life of those animals involved. The pig is one of the species that have been most affected by the process of intensification of production. On the other hand, due to their high feed conversion efficiency, it is a species that tends to grow in importance, which means that there is a need to develop practices that improve the welfare of these animals. In Brazil and other Latin American countries the production of wild species is increasing due to several factors such as demand for exotic meats and leather products in different European and Asian countries. However, knowledge of wildlife under managed systems is still very poor, which leads to a tendency to adopt techniques, management, facilities and health programs developed for domestic species. As expected, in many cases this brings disastrous consequences. In this paper we discuss the welfare of some wild animals reared in Brazil and of pigs, especially regarding the possibility of improving animal welfare through environmental enrichment techniques.

Animal welfare: European legislation and future perspectives.

Although animals are central to the life of all societies, substantial differences exist in the level of understanding or attitudes toward animal-welfare issues between agrarian and urban societies in developing or industrial countries. These differences are largely dependent on people's degree of contact with animals. Other than domestic species, people in industrialized nations tend to have limited contact with farm and wild animals. With this reduced or lack of daily animal contact, there can be a parallel lack of understanding of or appreciation for animal-welfare issues. As a result, different nations have adopted various policies, procedures, and laws to ensure that their societies protect the welfare of animals. In this article, we chronicle 30 years of actions by European nations through the European Commission to enact legislation that ensures uniform standards of animal-welfare practices to protect farm animals, animals used in research, and wild animals held in captivity.

Evaluation of current equine welfare issues in Ireland: causes, desirability, feasibility and means of raising standards.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Significant potential threats to the health and welfare of horses exist in Ireland when supply exceeds demand and the identification system for horses is not yet robust. OBJECTIVES: To secure engagement with stakeholder groups and determine their perception of equine welfare in Ireland and encourage the development of inclusive, rather than imposed, policy solutions. METHODS: A 3 round, web-based Policy Delphi incorporating novel vignette methodology was conducted from November 2007-March 2008 to canvass opinion (in both quantitative and qualitative forms) on the perceived most significant equine welfare issues. Vignettes (narratives depicting potential compromise to equine welfare) were employed. Quantitative data were collected in the form of scoring on a 9 point Likert scale with labelled end-points, qualitative information as text subsequently analysed for themes. RESULTS: All 44 respondents completed all rounds. Major equine welfare issues were identified as welfare of horses during the disposal process and at unregulated gatherings. Assessed quantitatively on a 9 point Likert scale (0 = minimal; 8 = maximal), respondents scored the desirability and feasibility of improving standards, median 8 and 6, respectively, for both issues identified. Basic themes identified in respondents' quotes as reasons to raise equine welfare standards were ideological, protection of animal welfare, safe-guarding the reputation of the equine industry and safety (of people, horses and environment). Themes for reasons for low standards were societal norms, fiscal pressures, indolence, indifference and ignorance. Themes underpinning potential means for achieving meaningful change (solutions) were legislation, enforcement, education/training, fiscal remedies, increasing awareness and a combination of these. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanisms aimed at raising standards must be based on an understanding of motivational drivers for currently low standards. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The challenge is to translate the findings and this heightened awareness into meaningful change to the benefit of horses and those who care for them.

Science-based assessment of animal welfare: farm animals.

Animal welfare is to do with the feelings experienced by animals: the absence of strong negative feelings, usually called suffering, and (probably) the presence of positive feelings, usually called pleasure. In any assessment of welfare, it is these feelings that should be assessed. Because feelings are subjective, they cannot be investigated directly. However, there are indirect methods by which animals can be 'asked' what they feel about the conditions under which they are kept and the procedures to which they are subjected. These methods involve preference tests, followed up by motivational tests to assess how important the animal's choice is. Measurements of impaired biological functioning, particularly those connected to decreased health and increased physiological stress responses, can provide good corroborating evidence that welfare is compromised.

Science-based assessment of animal welfare: companion animals.

Human history reveals that the way in which humans treat animals is based on their views of themselves as well as of the living environment around them. These views may vary from an assumption of human superiority to one of equality between humans and animals. Recent trends affecting companion-animal welfare are: modern philosophies on animal issues, the specialised and varied roles that companion animals play in modern societies, new results from animal neuroscience, human-animal interaction studies and the new profession of companion animal ethology. This paper concludes that applied ethology could provide science-based criteria to assess companion-animal welfare. Due to the integral part that companion animals play in human societies, the paper is divided into an animal component that deals with the animal's basic needs and its ability to adapt, and a human component assessing the living environment of animals as provided by humans and responsible companion-animal ownership. The greatest challenge for future research is to find ways to disseminate knowledge of companion animal ethology to companion animal owners.

Science-based assessment of animal welfare: laboratory animals.

The use of animals in experimental research parallels the development of medicine, which had its roots in ancient Greece. The increasing demand for high-standard animal models, together with a critical view of the way animals are used, has led to the development of a multidisciplinary branch of science we now know as 'laboratory animal science'. The guiding principles are replacement, reduction and refinement (the Three Rs), first proposed by Russell and Burch in 1959. When animals are used, the people involved have an obligation to safeguard their welfare and minimise discomfort; this will also generally be beneficial for both the animal and the experimental outcome. The ability of an animal to cope with the environment and exert control over its life seems to be crucial for animal welfare. In this paper, attention is paid to the assessment of welfare, environmental factors affecting welfare, legislative requirements and future trends such as the production and use of genetically modified animals.

Science-based assessment of animal welfare: wild and captive animals.

Science-based assessment of animal welfare in wild and captive animals has, during the past ten years, benefited from increased interest in and research into consciousness, emotions, stress and pain. Because it is impossible to make a detailed physiological study in free-living animals, reliance must be placed on behaviour and Darwinian fitness, which have been shown to correlate to welfare. Only in captive animals can more detailed physiological studies be made, and then not without difficulty. In short, the welfare of an animal is shown to be compromised if the animal exhibits similar behaviour to that of animals whose physiological responses have been confirmed as indicating poor welfare, and if its Darwinian fitness is compromised in similar ways to such animals.

Science-based assessment of welfare: aquatic animals.

Terrestrial animal welfare has been a matter for exploration for many years. In contrast, approaches towards improving the welfare and humane treatment of aquatic animals are relatively new, as is the thinking behind them. Several issues complicate the process of addressing the welfare of aquatic animals in a consistent manner. These include the following: - the huge diversity among aquatic animals, the majority of which are poikilothermic vertebrates and invertebrates - understanding the practices involved in fisheries, aquaculture and aquatic animal production, and their purpose - the relative paucity of scientific information - understanding the philosophical approaches, policies, guidance and regulations that may influence the provision of optimal welfare and humane practices for aquatic animals. In this paper, the authors attempt to provide an overview of all these elements, relating what is known and understood about these issues for the primary group used in aquaculture and fisheries, finfish, and exploring the factors that may influence the concepts and practices of aquatic animal welfare. These factors seem to be the foundation of all welfare approaches and include: - ethical and moral concepts of animal welfare and humane treatment - whether animals experience suffering from the potentially adverse practices used in their maintenance, management and use - the public and institutional understandings of these issues and their results. These are discussed with the hope that future developments in, and approaches to, aquatic animal welfare will be of use to society, industries and the public.

The present state of national animal welfare policy.

Animal welfare is expected to increase in importance as a political and marketing issue. There is a vigorous debate about what, besides the absence of physical pain, is necessary for acceptable animal welfare. This paper focuses on the present state of animal welfare policy at the national level.