RESUMO
Importance: Neighborhood deprivation has been associated with increased breast cancer mortality among White women, but findings are inconsistent among Black women, who experience different neighborhood contexts. Accounting for interactions among neighborhood deprivation, race, and other neighborhood characteristics may enhance understanding of the association. Objective: To investigate whether neighborhood deprivation is associated with breast cancer mortality among Black and White women and whether interactions with rurality, residential mobility, and racial composition, which are markers of access, social cohesion, and segregation, respectively, modify the association. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based cohort study used Georgia Cancer Registry (GCR) data on women with breast cancer diagnosed in 2010 to 2017 and followed-up until December 31, 2022. Data were analyzed between January 2023 and October 2023. The study included non-Hispanic Black and White women with invasive early-stage (I-IIIA) breast cancer diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 and identified through the GCR. Exposures: The Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI), assessed in quintiles, was derived through principal component analysis of 2011 to 2015 block group-level American Community Survey (ACS) data. Rurality, neighborhood residential mobility, and racial composition were measured using Georgia Public Health Department or ACS data. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was breast cancer-specific mortality identified by the GCR through linkage to the Georgia vital statistics registry and National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the association between neighborhood deprivation and breast cancer mortality. Results: Among the 36â¯795 patients with breast cancer (mean [SD] age at diagnosis, 60.3 [13.1] years), 11â¯044 (30.0%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 25â¯751 (70.0%) were non-Hispanic White. During follow-up, 2942 breast cancer deaths occurred (1214 [41.3%] non-Hispanic Black women; 1728 [58.7%] non-Hispanic White women). NDI was associated with an increase in breast cancer mortality (quintile 5 vs 1, HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.19-1.55) in Cox proportional hazards models. The association was present only among non-Hispanic White women (quintile 5 vs 1, HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.21-1.79). Similar race-specific patterns were observed in jointly stratified analyses, such that NDI was associated with increased breast cancer mortality among non-Hispanic White women, but not non-Hispanic Black women, irrespective of the additional neighborhood characteristics considered. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, neighborhood deprivation was associated with increased breast cancer mortality among non-Hispanic White women. Neighborhood racial composition, residential mobility, and rurality did not explain the lack of association among non-Hispanic Black women, suggesting that factors beyond those explored here may contribute to breast cancer mortality in this racial group.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Neoplasias da Mama , Características de Residência , População Branca , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Mama/etnologia , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Georgia/epidemiologia , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Adulto , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Coortes , Sistema de Registros , Disparidades nos Níveis de SaúdeRESUMO
Background: Individuals' sense of belonging (SoB) to their neighborhood is an understudied psychosocial factor that may influence the association between neighborhood characteristics, health, and disparities across socio-demographic groups. Methods: Using 2014-2016 data from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin (SHOW, N = 1,706), we conduct a detailed analysis of SoB and health in an American context. We construct OLS and logistic regressions estimating belonging's association with general, physical, and mental health. We explore geographic, racial, and socioeconomic variation to understand both the differential distribution of SoB and its heterogeneous relationship with health. Results: A higher SoB is positively associated with better physical, mental, and general health. White participants report higher SoB than Black participants, yet the association between SoB and mental health is strongest among participants of color and urban residents. Conclusion: Sense of belonging to neighborhood significantly predicts many facets of health, with place and individual characteristics appearing to moderate this relationship. Racial, geographic, and socioeconomic disparities in belonging-health associations raise important questions about who benefits from the social, economic, and physical aspects of local communities.
Assuntos
Características de Residência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nível de Saúde , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Saúde Mental/estatística & dados numéricos , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Grupos Raciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Wisconsin , Negro ou Afro-Americano , BrancosRESUMO
Rationale: The share of Black or Latinx residents in a census tract remains associated with asthma-related emergency department (ED) visit rates after controlling for socioeconomic factors. The extent to which evident disparities relate to the within-city heterogeneity of long-term air pollution exposure remains unclear. Objectives: To investigate the role of intraurban spatial variability of air pollution in asthma acute care use disparity. Methods: An administrative database was used to define census tract population-based incidence rates of asthma-related ED visits. We estimate the associations between census tract incidence rates and 1) average fine and coarse particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), and 2) racial and ethnic composition using generalized linear models controlling for socioeconomic and housing covariates. We also examine for the attenuation of incidence risk ratios (IRRs) associated with race/ethnicity when controlling for air pollution exposure. Measurements and Main Results: Fine and coarse particulate matter and SO2 are all associated with census tract-level incidence rates of asthma-related ED visits, and multipollutant models show evidence of independent risk associated with coarse particulate matter and SO2. The association between census tract incidence rate and Black resident share (IRR, 1.51 [credible interval (CI), 1.48-1.54]) is attenuated by 24% when accounting for air pollution (IRR, 1.39 [CI, 1.35-1.42]), and the association with Latinx resident share (IRR, 1.11 [CI, 1.09-1.13]) is attenuated by 32% (IRR, 1.08 [CI, 1.06-1.10]). Conclusions: Neighborhood-level rates of asthma acute care use are associated with local air pollution. Controlling for air pollution attenuates associations with census tract racial/ethnic composition, suggesting that intracity variability in air pollution could contribute to neighborhood-to-neighborhood asthma morbidity disparities.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar , Asma , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Material Particulado , Humanos , Asma/epidemiologia , Asma/etnologia , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência/estatística & dados numéricos , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Incidência , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Dióxido de Enxofre , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/efeitos adversos , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We aim to assess the associations between the change in neighborhood socioeconomic score (SES) between birth and 6 years and childhood weight status and body composition from 6 to 13 years. METHODS: Data for 3909 children from the Generation R Study, a prospective population-based cohort in the Netherlands were analyzed. The change in neighborhood SES between birth and 6 years was defined as static-high, static-middle, static-low, upward, and downward mobility. Child body mass index (BMI), overweight and obesity (OWOB), fat mass index (FMI) and lean mass index (LMI) were measured at age 6, 10, and 13 years. The associations were explored using generalized estimating equations. The effect modification by child sex was examined. RESULTS: In total, 19.5% and 18.1% of children were allocated to the upward mobility and downward mobility neighborhood SES group. The associations between the change in neighborhood SES and child weight status and body composition were moderated by child sex (p < 0.05). Compared to girls in the static-high group, girls in the static-low group had relatively higher BMI-SDS (ß, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.24, 0.09-0.40) and higher risk of OWOB (RR, 95% CI: 1.98, 1.35-2.91), together with higher FMI-SDS (ß, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.14-0.41) and LMI-SDS (ß, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.03-0.33). The associations in boys were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: An increased BMI and fat mass, and higher risk of OWOB from 6 to 13 years were evident in girls living in a low-SES neighborhood or moving downward from a high- to a low-SES neighborhood. Support for children and families from low-SES neighborhoods is warranted.
Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Obesidade Infantil , Classe Social , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Criança , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Adolescente , Países Baixos/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Pré-Escolar , Índice de Massa Corporal , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Peso Corporal/fisiologiaRESUMO
Disparities exist in the access to living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in the United States. However, the association of neighborhood-level social determinants of health (SDoH) on the receipt of LDLT is not well-established. This was a retrospective cohort study of adult liver transplant recipients between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2021 at centers performing LDLT using the United Network for Organ Sharing database, which was linked through patients' ZIP code to a set of 24 neighborhood-level SDoH measures from different data sources. Temporal trends and center differences in neighborhood Social Deprivation Index (SDI), a validated scale of socioeconomic deprivation ranging from 0 to 100 (0=least disadvantaged), were assessed by transplant type. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association of increasing SDI on receipt of LDLT [vs. deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT)]. There were 51,721 DDLT and 4026 LDLT recipients at 59 LDLT-performing centers during the study period. Of the 24 neighborhood-level SDoH measures studied, the SDI was most different between the 2 transplant types, with LDLT recipients having lower SDI (ie, less socioeconomic disadvantage) than DDLT recipients (median SDI 37 vs. 47; p < 0.001). The median difference in SDI between the LDLT and DDLT groups significantly decreased from 13 in 2005 to 3 in 2021 ( p = 0.003). In the final model, the SDI quintile was independently associated with transplant type ( p < 0.001) with a threshold SDI of ~40, above which increasing SDI was significantly associated with reduced odds of LDLT (vs. reference SDI 1-20). As a neighborhood-level SDoH measure, SDI is useful for evaluating disparities in the context of LDLT. Center outreach efforts that aim to reduce disparities in LDLT could preferentially target US ZIP codes with SDI > 40.
Assuntos
Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Transplante de Fígado , Doadores Vivos , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Humanos , Transplante de Fígado/estatística & dados numéricos , Doadores Vivos/estatística & dados numéricos , Doadores Vivos/provisão & distribuição , Estados Unidos , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Idoso , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Obtenção de Tecidos e Órgãos/estatística & dados numéricos , Doença Hepática Terminal/cirurgia , Doença Hepática Terminal/diagnóstico , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
People's preferences regarding their neighborhood environment can vary depending on their socioeconomic status and the cities where they live. This study aims to discern the relationship between neighborhood environment factors and single-family detached house sales by sale price and by central and noncentral cities. We analyzed sale prices in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area from 2015 to 2020. The neighborhood environment was assessed using flood/sediment risk and neighborhood walkability measured by net residential density, intersection density, and facility density (walking opportunity). Flood and sediment risk is a major concern that restricts the available land and is included as a negative aspect of the neighborhood environment, taking the topographic features into consideration. A comparison of the results showed that the preference for neighborhood walkability varies by socioeconomic status as well as by target cities. For most facility types, the number of walking opportunities within walking distance from houses was found to be positively related to the sale price of single-family detached houses in all quantiles. The relationship of house price with population and intersection density was found to vary depending on the price level, with a negative relationship with the sale price of relatively more expensive houses being exhibited. People who considered buying houses with relatively higher sale prices were found to devalue houses located in flood/sediment-hazardous areas more. However, it was also found that the negative relationship was slightly mitigated in the highest quantile of sale prices for houses in areas with a moderate flood risk (maximum flooding depth: 3-5 m). Plains near rivers with amenities offer high walkability but pose a flood risk, resulting in a trade-off between flood risk and neighborhood walkability. The findings suggest the use of indices representing diverse preferences in accordance with the target socioeconomic status when policymakers assess the neighborhood environment.
Assuntos
Desastres , Planejamento Ambiental , Habitação , Características da Vizinhança , Humanos , Cidades , Características de Residência , Classe Social , Caminhada , Habitação/economia , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
We investigated the association between discrimination, neighborhood unsafety, and household food insecurity (FI) among Nigerian adults, as well as the gender-specific differences in these associations. Our analysis utilized data from the 2021 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), comprising 56,146 Nigerian adults aged 15-49 (17,346 males and 38,800 females). For bivariate analysis, we employed the Rao-Scott chi-square test to examine the relationship between predictors (discrimination, neighborhood unsafety, and a composite variable of both) and the outcome variable (FI). Food insecurity was assessed using both a dichotomous measure (food insecure vs. food secure) and a multinomial variable (food secure, mild FI, moderate FI, and severe FI). To model the association between predictors and FI while controlling for potential confounding factors, we utilized weighted binary and multinomial logistic regression. Among Nigerian adults, the prevalence of having ever experienced FI was 86.1%, with the prevalence of mild FI, moderate FI, and severe FI being 11.5%, 30.1%, and 44.5%, respectively. In the binary model, experiencing discrimination (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.19-1.55), living in an unsafe neighborhood (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.14-1.54), and facing both discrimination and unsafe neighborhood conditions (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.57-2.48) were significantly associated with FI. In the multinomial model, discrimination, neighborhood unsafety, and experiencing both remained associated with moderate and severe FI. In the gender-specific models, discrimination and neighborhood unsafety were found to be significantly associated with FI in women but not in men. This study underscores the importance of implementing policies and programs that address the underlying causes of food insecurity, with specific attention to discrimination and neighborhood safety concerns, particularly for Nigerian women.
Assuntos
População Negra , Insegurança Alimentar , Alimentos , Características da Vizinhança , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Discriminação Social , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Correlação de Dados , Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Políticas , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Discriminação Social/estatística & dados numéricos , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nigéria/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The association of historical redlining policies, a marker of structural racism, with contemporary heart failure (HF) risk among White and Black individuals is not well established. METHODS: We aimed to evaluate the association of redlining with the risk of HF among White and Black Medicare beneficiaries. Zip code-level redlining was determined by the proportion of historically redlined areas using the Mapping Inequality Project within each zip code. The association between higher zip code redlining proportion (quartile 4 versus quartiles 1-3) and HF risk were assessed separately among White and Black Medicare beneficiaries using generalized linear mixed models adjusted for potential confounders, including measures of the zip code-level Social Deprivation Index. RESULTS: A total of 2 388 955 Medicare beneficiaries (Black n=801 452; White n=1 587 503; mean age, 71 years; men, 44.6%) were included. Among Black beneficiaries, living in zip codes with higher redlining proportion (quartile 4 versus quartiles 1-3) was associated with increased risk of HF after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities (risk ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.04-1.12]; P<0.001). This association remained significant after further adjustment for area-level Social Deprivation Index (risk ratio, 1.04 [95% CI, 1.002-1.08]; P=0.04). A significant interaction was observed between redlining proportion and Social Deprivation Index (Pinteraction<0.01) such that higher redlining proportion was significantly associated with HF risk only among socioeconomically distressed regions (above the median Social Deprivation Index). Among White beneficiaries, redlining was associated with a lower risk of HF after adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities (risk ratio, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.89-0.99]; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Historical redlining is associated with an increased risk of HF among Black patients. Contemporary zip code-level social determinants of health modify the relationship between redlining and HF risk, with the strongest relationship between redlining and HF observed in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged communities.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Cardíaca , Medicare , Características da Vizinhança , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , População Negra , Comorbidade , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etnologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/psicologia , Medicare/economia , Medicare/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , População Branca , Estresse Financeiro/economia , Estresse Financeiro/epidemiologia , Estresse Financeiro/etnologia , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/etnologia , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The autonomy of young women in healthcare decision-making has been reported to be lower, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. This study was conducted to estimate the magnitude and the factors associated with autonomy in healthcare decision-making among youth in East African countries. DESIGN AND SETTING: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 11 East African countries (Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Comoros, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe) conducted from 2011 to 2019. PARTICIPANTS: Weighted sample of 24 135 women aged 15-24 years. PRIMARY OUTCOMES: Healthcare decision-making autonomy. METHODS: A multi-level logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with women's autonomy in making decisions about their healthcare. Statistical significance was determined using an adjusted OR with 95% CI at a p value less than 0.05. RESULTS: Healthcare decision-making autonomy among youth in East Africa was 68.37% (95% CI 68%, 70%). In a multivariable analysis older aged youths (20-24 years) (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.27; 95% CI 1.19, 1.36), youths having an occupation (AOR=1.34; 95% CI 1.25, 1.53), having employed husband (AOR=1.12 95% CI 1.00, 1.26), exposure to media (AOR=1.18 95% CI 1.08, 1.29), rich wealth index 1.18 (AOR=1.18 95% CI 1.08, 1.29), female household head, youths having secondary and higher education, youths whose husband had secondary and higher education, and country were significant predictors of healthcare decision making autonomy. CONCLUSION: Almost one-third of young women have no autonomy in healthcare decision-making. Older youth, being educated, having an educated husband, having an occupation, having an employed husband, exposure to media, female household head, rich wealth index and country are significant predictors for being autonomous in healthcare decision-making. Public health interventions should target uneducated and unemployed youth, poor families and those without media exposure to increase autonomy in health decisions.
Assuntos
Tomada de Decisões , População da África Oriental , Características da Vizinhança , Autonomia Pessoal , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Atenção à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , População da África Oriental/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise Multinível , Tanzânia , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , África Oriental/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Prior research has established the greater exposure of African Americans from all income groups to disadvantaged environments compared to whites, but the traditional focus in studies of neighborhood stratification obscures heterogeneity within racial/ethnic groups in residential attainment over time. Also obscured are the moderating influences of broader social changes on the life-course and the experiences of Latinos, a large and growing presence in American cities. We address these issues by examining group-based trajectory models of residential neighborhood disadvantage among white, Black, and Latino individuals in a multi-cohort longitudinal research design of over 1,000 children from Chicago as they transitioned to adulthood over the last quarter century. We find considerable temporal consistency among white individuals compared to dynamic heterogeneity among nonwhite individuals in exposure to residential disadvantage, especially Black individuals and those born in the 1980s compared to the 1990s. Racial and cohort differences are not accounted for by early-life characteristics that predict long-term attainment. Inequalities by race in trajectories of neighborhood disadvantage are thus at once more stable and more dynamic than previous research suggests, and they are modified by broader social changes. These findings offer insights on the changing pathways by which neighborhood racial inequality is produced.
Assuntos
Coorte de Nascimento , Etnicidade , Características da Vizinhança , Grupos Raciais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Criança , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Grupos Raciais/etnologia , Grupos Raciais/estatística & dados numéricos , Características de Residência/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores Raciais , Adolescente , Brancos/estatística & dados numéricos , Chicago/epidemiologia , Chicago/etnologia , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
In the U.S., preterm birth disproportionately impacts certain racial/ethnic groups, with Black women experiencing preterm birth at a rate 50% higher than other groups. Among the numerous factors that likely contribute to these increased rates are neighborhood characteristics, such as food environment. In this mixed-methods case study, we evaluated how pregnant women living in a predominately minority, lower income community with high preterm birth rates navigate and perceive their food environment. Qualitative interviews were performed to assess perceptions of food environment (n = 7) along with geographic and observational assessments of their food environment. Participants traveled an average of 2.10 miles (SD = 1.16) and shopped at an average of 3 stores. They emphasized the importance of pricing and convenience when considering where to shop and asserted that they sought out healthier foods they thought would enhance their pregnancy health. Observational assessments of stores' nutrition environment showed that stores with lower nutritional scores were in neighborhoods with greater poverty and a higher percent Black population. Future policies and programmatic efforts should focus on improving nutrition during pregnancy for women living in communities with high rates of poor birth outcomes. Availability, affordability, and accessibility are key aspects of the food environment to consider when attempting to achieve birth equity.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Consumidor/estatística & dados numéricos , Abastecimento de Alimentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Mortalidade Infantil , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Gestantes/psicologia , Adulto , População Negra/psicologia , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Mortalidade Infantil/etnologia , Pobreza/psicologia , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravidez , Gestantes/etnologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Volunteering can play an important role in active aging. The resource theory of volunteering posits that volunteerism depends on human, social, and cultural capital. Benefits of volunteering have been documented at the micro-, meso-, and macrolevels, positively affecting individual older people as well as their local communities and society at large. Taking a process-oriented theoretical approach, this study focused on the mesolevel factor of the environment with the purpose of determining the relationship between perceived neighborhood safety and volunteerism over the course of a decade and the extent to which this relationship differs by gender and race. Longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study in the United States of America between 2008 and 2018 were used (N = 72,319 adults 60 years and older). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) with robust standard errors were employed while controlling for a number of covariates. A third of the sample volunteered in the past year (33%). The probability of volunteering among older adults who rated their perceived neighborhood safety as excellent was greater compared with those who rated their perceived neighborhood safety as fair/poor after controlling for all other model covariates (ME: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.05). Among males rating their perceived neighborhood safety as excellent, the probability of volunteering was higher (ME: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.07). Among females, the probability of volunteering was higher among those who perceived their neighborhood safety to be excellent (ME: 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.05) or very good (ME: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.04). White respondents who rated their neighborhood safety as excellent (ME: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.07) or very good (ME: 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.06) had a higher probability of volunteerism. Results were not significant among Black respondents and those who described their race as "other." This study's process-oriented theoretical approach indicates that initiatives aimed at improving neighborhood safety and older adults' perceptions of neighborhood safety could increase social capital and lead older adults to engage in more volunteering, providing benefits at micro-, meso-, and macrolevels-to older individuals, their local communities, and society at large.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/psicologia , Envelhecimento Saudável/psicologia , Voluntários/psicologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Feminino , Previsões/métodos , Envelhecimento Saudável/fisiologia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Percepção , Características de Residência , Aposentadoria , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial/economia , Reembolso de Seguro de Saúde , Falência Renal Crônica/economia , Características da Vizinhança/estatística & dados numéricos , Diálise Renal/economia , Seguro de Saúde Baseado em Valor , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Falência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Falência Renal Crônica/terapia , Medicaid , Medicare , Racismo , Estados Unidos , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: In recent years, several new medications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes have been released and some evidence indicates sociodemographic disparity in their utilisation. We sought to investigate sociodemographic disparities in receipt of diabetes medications across Australia. METHODS: This study included 1,203,317 people with type 2 diabetes registered on the Australian National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS) followed from 2007 to 2015. The NDSS was linked to the Australian pharmaceutical claims database. We investigated trends in diabetes medication dispensing and variation in dispensing by sociodemographic strata. RESULTS: Compared with individuals in the least disadvantaged areas, those in the most disadvantaged quintile were less likely to receive dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) in the first year of availability (OR [95% CI] for most vs least disadvantaged: 0.78 [0.75, 0.82], 0.65 [0.60, 0.71] and 0.89 [0.84, 0.95], respectively). These disparities dissipated over time for DPP4is and SGLT2is but remained significant for GLP-1RAs. The OR (95% CI) of receiving DPP4is, GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is in the first year of availability for people in remote areas vs major cities was 0.46 (0.39, 0.54), 0.46 (0.35, 0.61) and 0.71 (0.59, 0.84), respectively. These disparities remained significant through to 2015. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: People with diabetes in more disadvantaged areas are less likely to receive newer diabetes medications, although this effect decreased over time. However, there are considerable and persistent differences in receipt of newer diabetes medications between major cities and remote areas of Australia. Graphical abstract.