Energy expenditure and dietary intake in professional female football players in the Dutch Women's League: Implications for nutritional counselling.

In contrast to male football players, research on the nutritional requirements of female football players is limited. This study aimed to assess total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in professional female football players, along with body composition, physical activity and dietary intake. This observational study included 15 professional football players playing in the highest Dutch Women's League. TDEE was assessed by doubly labelled water over 14 days, along with resting metabolic rate (RMR; ventilated hood), fat-free mass (FFM; dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and dietary intake (24-h recalls). Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) was derived from subtracting RMR and estimated diet-induced thermogenesis (10%) from TDEE. TDEE was 2882 ± 278 kcal/day (58 ± 5 kcal/kg FFM) and significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with FFM (r = 0.62). PAEE was 1207 ± 213 kcal/d. Weighted energy intake was 2344 kcal [2023-2589]. Carbohydrate intakes were 3.2 ± 0.7, 4.4 ± 1.1 and 5.3 ± 1.9 g/kg body mass for rest, training and match days, respectively, while weighted mean protein intake was 1.9 ± 0.4 g/kg body mass. In conclusion, the energy requirements of professional female football players are moderate to high and can be explained by the substantial PAEE. To fuel these requirements, sports nutritionists should consider shifting the players' focus towards prioritizing adequate carbohydrate intakes, rather than emphasizing high protein consumption.

Neither Beetroot Juice Supplementation nor Increased Carbohydrate Oxidation Enhance Economy of Prolonged Exercise in Elite Race Walkers.

Given the importance of exercise economy to endurance performance, we implemented two strategies purported to reduce the oxygen cost of exercise within a 4 week training camp in 21 elite male race walkers. Fourteen athletes undertook a crossover investigation with beetroot juice (BRJ) or placebo (PLA) [2 d preload, 2 h pre-exercise + 35 min during exercise] during a 26 km race walking at speeds simulating competitive events. Separately, 19 athletes undertook a parallel group investigation of a multi-pronged strategy (MAX; n = 9) involving chronic (2 w high carbohydrate [CHO] diet + gut training) and acute (CHO loading + 90 g/h CHO during exercise) strategies to promote endogenous and exogenous CHO availability, compared with strategies reflecting lower ranges of current guidelines (CON; n = 10). There were no differences between BRJ and PLA trials for rates of CHO (p = 0.203) or fat (p = 0.818) oxidation or oxygen consumption (p = 0.090). Compared with CON, MAX was associated with higher rates of CHO oxidation during exercise, with increased exogenous CHO use (CON; peak = ~0.45 g/min; MAX: peak = ~1.45 g/min, p < 0.001). High rates of exogenous CHO use were achieved prior to gut training, without further improvement, suggesting that elite athletes already optimise intestinal CHO absorption via habitual practices. No differences in exercise economy were detected despite small differences in substrate use. Future studies should investigate the impact of these strategies on sub-elite athletes' economy as well as the performance effects in elite groups.

Preoperative nutrition-enhanced recovery after surgery protocol for thoracic neoplasms.

OBJECTIVES: Because patients' preoperative nutritional status influences the outcomes, we have used a preoperative nutrition program for surgical patients for a 2-year period and compared the results with those from a cohort treated in the previous 2 years. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed curative thoracic neoplasm resections from July 15, 2016, to July 15, 2018, in patients who had received a preoperative nutritional-enhanced recovery after surgery (N-ERAS) protocol. The protocol consisted of 5 days of an oral immunonutrition drink 3 times daily, daily receipt of probiotics, and a carbohydrate-loading drink the night before surgery. The historical control cohort (standard group) included those patients who had undergone surgery by the same surgeon during the previous 24 months. We excluded patients who had undergone esophageal, diagnostic, benign, emergency, or palliative procedures. Nonparametric and parametric statistical tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The data from 462 patients were analyzed: 229 N-ERAS patients and 233 standard patients. No significant demographic or caseload differences were found between the 2 groups. The major significant outcome differences included fewer postoperative complications (30 [13.1%] in the N-ERAS group vs 60 [25.8%] in the standard group; P < .001) and shorter hospital stays (3.8 ± 1.9 days for the N-ERAS group vs 4.4 ± 2.6 days for the standard group; P = .001). Use of the N-ERAS protocol resulted in a 16% reduction ($2198; P < .001) in the mean direct hospital costs/patient. Consequently, for the N-ERAS cohort, the hospital was likely saved $503,342 during the 2-year period for the 229 patients just by using the N-ERAS protocol. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic surgeons should consider using the nontoxic, patient-compliant N-ERAS protocol for their patients, with an expectation of improved clinical results at lower hospital costs-an important consideration when exploring methods to decrease costs because hospitals are increasingly being paid by a negotiated prospective bundled payment reimbursement model.

Assessment of energy availability and associated risk factors in professional female soccer players.

This study aimed to assess energy availability (EA), alongside possible risk factors of reduced or low EA of professional female soccer players during a competitive season. Thirteen players (age: 23.7 ± 3.4 y, stature: 1.69 ± 0.08 m, body mass: 63.7 ± 7.0 kg) engaged in a 5-day (two rest days, one light training, heavy training and match day) monitoring period. Energy intake (EI) and expenditure during exercise (EEE) were measured. EA was calculated and categorised as optimal, reduced or low (>45, 30-45, <30 kcal·kg FFM-1·day-1, respectively). Relationships between EA and bone mineral density, resting metabolic rate (RMR), plasma micronutrient status, biochemical markers and survey data were assessed. EA was optimal for 15%, reduced for 62% and low for 23% of players. Higher EA was observed on rest days compared to others (P<0.05). EA was higher for the light compared to the heavy training day (P<0.001). EEE differed significantly between days (P<0.05). EI (2124 ± 444 kcal), carbohydrate (3.31 ± 0.64 g·kg·day-1) and protein (1.83 ± 0.41 g·kg·day-1) intake remained similar (P>0.05). Survey data revealed 23% scored ≥8 on the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire and met criteria for low RMR (ratio <0.90). Relationships between EA and risk factors were inconclusive. Most players displayed reduced EA and did not alter EI or carbohydrate intake according to training or match demands. Although cases of low EA were identified, further work is needed to investigate possible long-term effects and risk factors of low and reduced EA separately to inform player recommendations.

Effect of low- and high-carbohydrate diets on swimming economy: a crossover study.

BACKGROUND: Swimming economy refers to the rate of energy expenditure relative to swimming speed of movement, is inversely related to the energetic cost of swimming, and is as a key factor influencing endurance swimming performance. The objective of this study was to determine if high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) and low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diets affect energetic cost of submaximal swimming. METHODS: Eight recreational swimmers consumed two 3-day isoenergetic diets in a crossover design. Diets were tailored to individual food preferences, and macronutrient consumption was 69-16-16% and 16-67-18% carbohydrate-fat-protein for the HCLF and LCHF diets, respectively. Following each 3-day dietary intervention, participants swam in a flume at velocities associated with 50, 60, and 70% of their maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max). Expired breath was collected and analyzed while they swam which enabled calculation of the energetic cost of swimming. A paired t-test compared macronutrient distribution between HCLF and LCHF diets, while repeated-measures ANOVA determined effects of diet and exercise intensity on physiological endpoints. RESULTS: Respiratory exchange ratio was significantly higher in HCLF compared to LCHF (p = 0.003), but there were no significant differences in the rate of oxygen consumption (p = 0.499) or energetic cost of swimming (p = 0.324) between diets. Heart rate did not differ between diets (p = 0.712), but oxygen pulse, a non-invasive surrogate for stroke volume, was greater following the HCLF diet (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: A 3-day high-carbohydrate diet increased carbohydrate utilization but did not affect swimming economy at 50-70% VO2max. As these intensities are applicable to ultramarathon swims, future studies should use higher intensities that would be more relevant to shorter duration events.

A High-Fat Diet Increases Gut Microbiota Biodiversity and Energy Expenditure Due to Nutrient Difference.

A high-fat diet (HFD) can easily induce obesity and change the gut microbiota and its metabolites. However, studies on the effects of high-fat diets on the host have drawn inconsistent results. In this study, the unexpected results showed that the refined HFD increased gut microbiota diversity and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), causing an increase in energy metabolism. Further analysis revealed these changes were caused by the different fiber content in these two diets. Male C57BL/6J mice (4-5 weeks old) were fed either HFD or refined low-fat diet (LFD) for 14 weeks. The metabolic rates, thermogenesis, gut microbiome, and intestinal SCFAs were tested. The HFD triggered obesity and disturbed glucose homeostasis. Mice fed HFD ingested more fiber than mice fed LFD (p < 0.0001), causing higher intestinal SCFA concentrations related to the increased abundances of specific bacteria in the HFD group. Also, the HFD increased metabolic heat and up-regulated thermogenesis genes uncoupling protein 1(Ucp-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (Pgc-1α) expression in the brown adipose tissue (BAT). It was revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing that the HFD increased gut microbial diversity, which enriched Desulfovibrionaceae, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, and Mucispirillum, meanwhile, reduced the abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Faecalibaculum, and Blautia. The predicted metabolic pathways indicated HFD increased the gene expression of non-absorbed carbohydrate metabolism pathways, as well as the risks of colonization of intestinal pathogens and inflammation. In conclusion, the HFD was obesogenic in male C57BL/6J mice, and increased fiber intake from the HFD drove an increase in gut microbiota diversity, SCFAs, and energy expenditure. Meanwhile, the differences in specific nutrient intake can dissociate broad changes in energy expenditure, gut microbiota, and its metabolites from obesity, raising doubts in the previous studies. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether differences in specific nutrient intake will interfere with the results of the experiments.

Trends in Beverage Consumption and Related Demographic Factors and Obesity among Korean Children and Adolescents.

It is well known that reducing consumption of sugar is a global public health priority. Beverages were the primary source of total sugar intake from processed foods. However, there are few studies investigating the trend of beverage consumption among children and adolescents in Korea. We examined the overall trend in beverage consumption among 11,996 participants aged 10-18 years who were enrolled in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (1998-2018). Further, we examined the effect of beverage types on beverage consumption-related demographic factors and obesity among 6121 participants using the recent 24 h dietary recall data (2010-2018) that captured the consumption of fruit and vegetable juices, soft drinks, milk and milk-based products and alcoholic beverages. Demographic characteristics, including sex, age, body mass index, household income level and residential area, were considered. Consumers' overall beverage intake and the percentage of energy derived from fruit and vegetable juices and soft drinks steadily increased from 1998 to 2016-2018 (p-trend < 0.0001); in contrast, dairy product consumption declined since 2010-2012. The main sources of beverage-based calories were fruit and vegetable juices (107.5 kcal/day), soft drinks (145.2 kcal/day), dairy products (181.8 kcal/day) and alcoholic beverages (103.5 kcal/day). Also, Korean adolescents aged 16-18 years consumed more soft drinks, fewer dairy products and higher alcoholic drinks than other age groups; particularly, boys consumed more energy from beverages (p < 0.0001). The odds ratios of obesity prevalence tended to be higher for soft drink consumption than for other beverages but this was not significant. The consumption of fruit and vegetable juices and milk and milk products showed a marginal association with a reduced risk of obesity prevalence. Since beverage consumption has increased steadily among Korean children and adolescents, appropriate interventions are needed. In the future, data from a larger sample of Korean children and adolescents are necessary to identify significant differences and longitudinal studies are necessary to examine the causalities.

Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids Are Positively Associated with Adiposity Measures in Chinese Adults.

Epidemiological studies suggest a positive association between obesity and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by microbial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, while animal models suggest increased energy harvest through colonic SCFA production in obesity. However, there is a lack of human population-based studies with dietary intake data, plasma SCFAs, gut microbial, and anthropometric data. In 490 Chinese adults aged 30-68 years, we examined the associations between key plasma SCFAs (butyrate/isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate measured by non-targeted plasma metabolomics) with body mass index (BMI) using multivariable-adjusted linear regression. We then assessed whether overweight (BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2) modified the association between dietary-precursors of SCFAs (insoluble fiber, total carbohydrates, and high-fiber foods) with plasma SCFAs. In a sub-sample (n = 209) with gut metagenome data, we examined the association between gut microbial SCFA-producers with BMI. We found positive associations between butyrate/isobutyrate and BMI (p-value < 0.05). The associations between insoluble fiber and butyrate/isobutyrate differed by overweight (p-value < 0.10). There was no statistical evidence for an association between microbial SCFA-producers and BMI. In sum, plasma SCFAs were positively associated with BMI and that the colonic fermentation of fiber may differ for adults with versus without overweight.

Assessment of eating behaviours in adult residents of Greece and Poland - an original research.

BACKGROUND: The length and the quality of life are determined by, among other things, environmental factors. The place of residence is associated with certain differences in nutritional culture, with food traditions and customs being of great importance. Also, the location of a given country in a specific climate zone has an impact on the choice of food products and their preparation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyse eating behaviours among adult residents of Greece and Poland as well as to investigate to what extent these behaviours are impacted by the place of residence of respondents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 633 randomized respondents at the age of 50 or older (312 Greeks and 321 Poles) were included in the study. The author's questionnaire was used in the research. RESULTS: A total of 41.07% of respondents, including 31.09% of Greeks and 50.78% of Poles, declared having 4-5 meals per day. Fish was consumed 1-2 times a week by 29.27% of respondents, including 23.40% of Greeks and 15.26% of Poles. Whole wheat bread was consumed several times daily by 20.7% of respondents, including 19.55% of Greeks and 21.81% of Poles. Coarse groats and pasta were consumed a few times weekly by 23.06% of respondents, including 25.64% of Greeks and 20.56% of Poles. CONCLUSIONS: Eating behaviours in adult Poles and Greeks are varied, with healthier eating habits in the latter group. There are significant differences between the intake of food products rich in fibre and omega-3 fatty acids by residents of Greece and Poland.

Dietary Fibre for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of mortality worldwide. The importance of diet in optimising cardiovascular health has been illustrated in various studies. The role of dietary fibre in CVD prevention remains debatable. Dietary fibre helps to reduce total cardiovascular risk by engendering better cholesterol level and blood pressure, for example. The observed benefits, particularly for CVD mortality, seem to correlate with the level of dietary fibre intake in a dose-response fashion. Total aversion to foods with carbohydrates could potentially restrict the sources of dietary fibre that are available, particularly whole grain products which are recommended in the Mediterranean diet and the Eat-Lancet report on healthy diets. Further high-quality nutrition research is required to discern the absolute benefits of dietary fibre for CVD prevention. This may have implications for total healthcare expenditure, by means of public health and prevention policy that would serve to reduce the global burden of CVD.

Nonalcoholic Beverages as Sources of Nutrients in the Average Polish Diet.

The aim of the study was to analyze the sources of energy, carbohydrates, 10 minerals, and 9 vitamins from nonalcoholic beverages in the average Polish diet. For the analysis, we used data from the 2016 Household Budget Survey conducted on the representative sample of the Polish population (36,886 households, n = 99,230). According to the source of data, we included four subgroups in analyzed food category: fruit juices, vegetable juices and mixed, mineral and spring waters, and other nonalcoholic beverages. We used the cluster analysis to assess the impact of sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the households on the structure of supplying energy and nutrients from each subgroup of the nonalcoholic beverages. Our analyses have shown that nonalcoholic beverages are primarily important in providing several nutrients: vitamin C (15.9% of the total vitamin C supply), vitamin B6 (8.9% of vitamin B supply), folates (8.5% of folate supply), carbohydrates (6.8% of carbohydrate supply), calcium (5.9% of calcium supply), and magnesium (5.5% of magnesium supply). The analysis of the consumption structure of this category of food showed that the subgroup of other nonalcoholic beverages brings more than three-fourth of carbohydrates (77%), vitamin B6 and folates (76% each), and 43% of vitamin C supplied by nonalcoholic beverages. More than half (51%) of vitamin C provided by nonalcoholic beverages comes from fruit juices and the remaining 6% comes from other juices (vegetable and mixed). In the case of minerals, mineral and spring waters consumption is important as it accounts for 65% of the calcium supply and 55% of the magnesium in nonalcoholic beverages category. The share of individual subgroups of beverages in the supply of ingredients in the diet is significantly differentiated by four socioeconomic characteristics of households: family life phase, age, socioeconomic type of household, and number of people in the household. This is particularly evident in the case of other nonalcoholic beverages, that the share of this subgroup in the energy and carbohydrates supply in the households of young people, employees (both blue-collar and white-collar workers), and families with children increases to 10%. Our results show that in order to reduce the intake of free sugars and increase the intake of deficient minerals, which is crucial in preventing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), it is necessary to encourage consumers to replace sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with water and eat fruits instead of drinking juice.

Application of Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Assessment of Individual Carbohydrate Requirement during Ultramarathon Race.

BACKGROUND: The current study intended to evaluate the feasibility of the application of continuous glucose monitoring to guarantee optimal intake of carbohydrate to maintain blood glucose levels during a 160-km ultramarathon race. METHODS: Seven ultramarathon runners (four male and three female) took part in the study. The glucose profile was monitored continuously throughout the race, which was divided into 11 segments by timing gates. Running speed in each segment was standardized to the average of the top five finishers for each gender. Food and drink intake during the race were recorded and carbohydrate and energy intake were calculated. RESULTS: Observed glucose levels ranged between 61.9-252.0 mg/dL. Average glucose concentration differed from the start to the end of the race (104 ± 15.0 to 164 ± 30.5 SD mg/dL). The total amount of carbohydrate intake during the race ranged from 0.27 to 1.14 g/kg/h. Glucose concentration positively correlated with running speeds in segments (P < 0.005). Energy and carbohydrate intake positively correlated with overall running speed (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that continuous glucose monitoring could be practical to guarantee optimal carbohydrate intake for each ultramarathon runner.

Phenotypes and concentration of PON1 in cardiovascular disease: The role of nutrient intake.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is considered to play a crucial role as an anti-atherosclerotic factor. The PON1 activity is affected by genetic polymorphisms, environmental factors, age, sex, lifestyle, pharmaceutical drugs, and dietary factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between macro- and micronutrients as well as PON1 concentration and activities in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cardiovascular risk factors but no CVD (CRF), and in healthy controls (control group). METHODS AND RESULTS: A case-control study was carried out with 356 volunteers from the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico. Clinical parameters, lipid profile, PON1 activities (AREase, LACase, CMPAase and PONase), and PON1 concentration were evaluated. There was a differential intake of macro- and micronutrients among the study groups. The intake of proteins and carbohydrates was higher in the CVD group than in the CFR and control groups (p < 0.05). AREase, LACase, and CMPAase activities and PON1 concentration were lowest in the CVD group. CONCLUSION: LACase and CMPAase activities, as well as PON1 concentration, could be included in the battery of CVD predictive biomarkers in the Mexican population.

Race, Natriuretic Peptides, and High-Carbohydrate Challenge: A Clinical Trial.

RATIONALE: Lower NP (natriuretic peptide) levels may contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Blacks have lower NP levels than middle-aged and older white adults. A high-carbohydrate challenge causes an upregulation of a negative ANP regulator microRNA-425 (miR-425), which reduces ANP (atrial-NP) levels in whites. OBJECTIVES: We designed a prospective trial to study racial differences in (1) NP levels among young adults, (2) NP response to a high-carbohydrate challenge, and (3) explore underlying mechanisms for race-based differences. METHODS AND RESULTS: Healthy self-identified blacks and whites received 3 days of study diet followed by a high-carbohydrate challenge. Gene expression from whole blood RNA was assessed in the trial participants. Additionally, atrial and ventricular tissue samples from the Myocardial Applied Genomics Network repository were examined for NP system gene expression. Among 72 healthy participants, we found that B-type-NP, NT-proBNP (N-terminal-pro-B-type NP), and MRproANP (midregional-pro-ANP) levels were 30%, 47%, and 18% lower in blacks compared with whites (P≤0.01), respectively. The decrease in MRproANP levels in response to a high-carbohydrate challenge differed by race (blacks 23% [95% CI, 19%-27%] versus whites 34% [95% CI, 31%-38]; Pinteraction<0.001), with no change in NT-proBNP levels. We did not observe any racial differences in expression of genes encoding for NPs (NPPA/NPPB) or NP signaling (NPR1) in atrial and ventricular tissues. NP processing (corin), clearance (NPR3), and regulation (miR-425) genes were ≈3.5-, ≈2.5-, and ≈2-fold higher in blacks than whites in atrial tissues, respectively. We also found a 2-and 8-fold higher whole blood RNA expression of gene encoding for Neprilysin (MME) and miR-425 among blacks than whites. CONCLUSIONS: Racial differences in NP levels are evident in young, healthy adults suggesting a state of NP deficiency exists in blacks. Impaired NP processing and clearance may contribute to race-based NP differences. Higher miR-425 levels in blacks motivate additional studies to understand differences in NP downregulation after physiological perturbations. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03072602. Unique identifier: NCT03072602.

The assessment of satisfaction of energy demand and of chosen macro - and micro-element content in the daily food rations of women diagnosed with schizophrenia with varied nutritional states. / Ocena realizacji potrzeb energetycznych oraz udzialu wybranych makro- i mikroskladników w calodziennych racjach pokarmowych kobiet z rozpoznaniem schizofrenii o zróznicowanym stopniu odzywienia.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess the degree of satisfaction of the daily demand for energy and chosen nutrients in the diets of women with schizophrenia, depending on the nutritional state of the subjects, assessed on the basis of the chosen anthropometric and metabolic parameters. METHODS: The study covered 102 women aged 21-64 (50 women diagnosed with schizophrenia and 52 healthy volunteers) aged 21-64 years. A 24-hour diet recall was used in the quantitative nutritional assessment. The anthropometric and biochemical measurements and the body composition analysis were used in the assessment of the nutritional state. RESULTS: The food rations of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were characterized by a significantly higher intake of saturated fatty acids and a lower intake of vitamin C, B12, folates, and sodium as compared to healthy women. It was noted at the same time that the food rations of patients from both groups provided too low amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, folates, potassium, calcium, iron, and dietary fiber. Too high intake was observed in the case of vitamin A, B2, B6, sodium, and phosphorus in both groups. Total fat body mass of women with schizophrenia was significantly correlated with intake of saturated fatty acids, whereas the visceral adipose tissue content was significantly correlated with the carbohydrate intake, and the subcutaneous adipose tissue content - with the total fat and saturated fatty acids intake. CONCLUSIONS: The diet of women diagnosed with schizophrenia did not deviate from the diet of healthy persons, although the nutritional mistakes that were made by them suggest to choose the nutritional therapy individually for each patient, after carrying out a detailed nutritional interview.

Health determinants in adults in Chimbote, Peru: A descriptive study. / Determinantes de la salud en adultos de la ciudad de Chimbote, Perú: estudio descriptivo.

OBJETIVE: To describe health determinants in adults from the jurisdictions of the North and South Pacific Health Networks in the city of Chimbote. METHODS: A non-controlled descriptive study was carried out. Health determinants were classified in the following categories: bio-socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle, and social and community support. For the descriptive analysis of categorical variables, relative and absolute frequencies were used. RESULTS: A total of 1 496 adults were included in the study. In the bio-socioeconomic determinants category, 62.2% were women and 53.3% were older adults. In the lifestyle determinants category, 52.4% did not smoke and had not ever smoked regularly, 50.5% did not consume alcoholic bever-ages, and 66.9% had 6 to 8 hours of sleep. In the social/community support determinants category, 53% had been treated at a health facility in the previous 12 months, 47.5% considered the distance between the health facility where they were treated and their home to be average, and 64.6% had public health insurance (SIS) from Perus Ministry of Health (MINSA). CONCLUSION: Most participants completed high school but this level of education did not result in access to higher-scale salaries. In addition, most partici-pants owned their own homes as well as access to basic services but lived in overcrowded conditions. A sedentary lifestyle and high-carbohydrate diet were predominant in this sample, highlighting the need for education to improve health.

OBJETIVO: Describir los determinantes de la salud en adultos de la jurisdicción de la Red de Salud Pacifico Norte y Sur de la ciudad de Chimbote. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo no controlado. Los determinantes de la salud fueron descritos mediante las dimensiones: del entorno biosocioeconómico, de los estilos de vida y de las redes sociales y comunitarias. Para el análisis descriptivo de variables categóricas se utilizaron frecuencias relativas y absolutas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 1496 adultos. En los determinantes del entorno biosocioeconómico, el 62,2% son mujeres y 53,3% adultos mayores. En determinantes de estilos de vida, el 52,4% no fuma, ni ha fumado nunca de manera habitual, 50,5% no consumen bebidas alcohólicas y 66,9% duerme de seis a ocho horas. En determinantes de apoyo comunitario, el 53% se atendió en estos 12 últimos meses en un puesto de salud, 47,5% considera que el lugar donde se atendió se encuentra a regular distancia desde su vivienda y 64,6% tiene Seguro Integral de Salud del Ministerio de Salud peruano, SIS–MINSA. CONCLUSIÓN: La mayoría de las personas estudiadas culminó estudios secundarios y no accedió a mejores escalas salariales. La mayoría cuenta con vivienda propia y servicios básicos, pero viven en hacinamiento. Predomina el sedentarismo y alimentación elevada en carbohidratos.

Gluten-Free Products: From Dietary Necessity to Premium Price Extraction Tool.

Every year, the Italian National Health Service (NHS) provides about 200,000 celiac people (based on 2017 data) living in Italy with financial support of about 250 million euro to cover the cost of their specific dietary constrains. The existence of gluten-free products of high quality and affordable price is very important for the quality of life of celiac people and the sustainability of public support. Over the last decade, the market for gluten-free products has experienced a dramatic surge, with an increasing shelf space dedicated to these products in supermarkets, and a large variety of products both in terms of kind of agricultural inputs and processing and packaging methods. This study aimed at assessing the offer of gluten-free (GF) pasta in Italian supermarkets, with respect to its ability to meet the needs of celiac people in terms of variety, prices and safety. A hedonic price analysis was performed. Results indicated that GF pasta is sold only in 44% of the 212 stores of the sample, with a price equal to more than twice that of conventional pasta. A premium price was found for the following attributes: small packages, brands specialized in GF products, content in fiber and the presence of quinoa as ingredient.

[Food model in western Andalusia]. / Modelo alimentario en Andalucía occidental.

INTRODUCTION: As is known, the type and amount of food consumption determine the nutritional composition of the diet. A healthy nutritional composition plays an essential role in the prevention of diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes mellitus type 2 and obesity. Regarding overweight and obesity, its prevalence has increased in recent years in our country and more markedly in Andalusia, reaching quite worrying figures, due to unfavorable changes in lifestyle and nutrition. In Andalusia, food consumption figures are lower than national ones and this contrasts with the higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in this Community. In addition, the sale of soft drinks in Andalusia are higher than the national average and sedentary lifestyle is higher. Among the strengths of the food model in western Andalusia, it is worth mentioning the follow-up of a model more adjusted to the Mediterranean diet by women and the elderly. There is a tendency to abandon the Mediterranean diet among the youngest and low socio-economic levels. On the nutritional profile, the lipids (39.1%) exceed the recommendations at the expense of carbohydrates, the consumption of saturated fatty acids (11.3%) exceeds the recommendations and the intakes of zinc and folic acid do not reach the values recommended. In general terms, there is an abandonment, fundamentally on the part of the youngest people of the typical foods of the Mediterranean diet.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Como es sabido, el tipo y la cantidad de consumo de alimentos determinan la composición nutricional de la dieta. A su vez, una saludable composición nutricional desempeña un papel esencial en la prevención de enfermedades como las cardiovasculares, la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y la obesidad. En cuanto al sobrepeso y a la obesidad, su prevalencia ha ido aumentando en los últimos años en nuestro país, y de forma más marcada en Andalucía, hasta alcanzar cifras bastante preocupantes debido a los cambios desfavorables en el estilo de vida y en la alimentación. En Andalucía se observan cifras de consumo de alimentos inferiores a las nacionales, lo que contrasta con la mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en esta comunidad. Además, las cifras de venta de bebidas refrescantes y de gaseosas en Andalucía son superiores a la media nacional, y el sedentarismo es elevado. Entre las fortalezas del modelo alimentario en Andalucía occidental cabe destacar el seguimiento de un modelo más ajustado a la dieta mediterránea por parte de las mujeres y las personas mayores. Se tiende al abandono de la dieta mediterránea entre los más jóvenes y en los niveles socioeconómicos más desfavorecidos. Sobre el perfil nutricional, los lípidos (39,1 %) superan las recomendaciones a expensas de los hidratos de carbono, el consumo de ácidos grasos saturados (11,3%) también supera las recomendaciones y las ingestas de zinc y ácido fólico no alcanzan los valores recomendados. En términos generales se observa un abandono, fundamentalmente por parte de las personas más jóvenes, de los alimentos típicos de la dieta mediterránea.