RESUMO
Mortality among males with 47,XYY is increased due to a host of conditions and diseases. Clinical studies have suggested a poorer educational level and social adaptation among 47,XYY persons. We wanted to study the socio-economic profile in 47,XYY persons and the impact on mortality. We conducted a register study using several Danish nationwide registries. 206 47,XYY men and 20,078 controls from the background population and 1,049 controls with Klinefelter syndrome were included. Information concerning marital status, fatherhood, education, income, and retirement were obtained. Compared to the background population, 47,XYY men had fewer partnerships, were less likely to become fathers, had lower income and educational level, and retired at an earlier age. The mortality among 47,XYY men was significantly increased with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.6 (95% confidence interval: 2.6-5.1). Adjusting for marital and educational status reduced this HR to 2.7. Compared to Klinefelter syndrome, 47,XYY had significantly fewer partnerships, were more likely to become fathers, but had lower income. Mortality among 47,XYY men was increased compared with Klinefelter syndrome with a HR of 1.36. The results show a severely inferior outcome in all investigated socio-economic parameters compared to the background population and an affected profile compared with Klinefelter syndrome, even though the population in Denmark has equal and free access to health care and education. We conclude that 47,XYY is often associated with a poorer socio-economic profile, which partly explains the increased mortality.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Klinefelter/mortalidade , Transtornos dos Cromossomos Sexuais/mortalidade , Cariótipo XYY/mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dinamarca/epidemiologia , Humanos , Renda , Lactente , Masculino , Estado Civil , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema de Registros , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Human behavioral genetics can be broadly defined as the attempt to characterize and define the genetic or hereditary basis for human behavior. Examination of the history of these scientific enterprises reveals episodes of controversy, and an apparent distinction between scientific and social acceptance of the genetic nature of such complex behaviors. This essay will review the history and methodology of behavioral genetics research, including a more detailed look at case histories involving behavioral genetic research for aggressive behavior and alcoholism. It includes a discussion of the scientific versus social qualities of the acceptance of behavioral genetics research, as well as the development of a general model for scientific acceptance involving the researchers, the scientific literature, the scientific peer group, the mainstream media, and the public at large. From this model follows a discussion of the means and complications by which behavioral genetics research may be accepted by society, and an analysis of how future studies might be conducted.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Comportamental , Pesquisa em Genética , Genética Comportamental , Alcoolismo/genética , Animais , Pesquisa Comportamental/métodos , Financiamento Governamental , Genética , Genética Comportamental/história , História do Século XX , Homossexualidade/genética , Humanos , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Ciência , Gêmeos/genética , Violência , Cariótipo XYY/genéticaRESUMO
Criminal homicide has increased steadily during the past two decades to account today for more than 1 percent of deaths in the United States. After providing background information on the rates and patterns of homicide in the U.S., the author uses the literature to present a twofold discussion of factors affecting the incidence of homicide: those that act as a deterrence to crime, such as punishment, and environmental and biological factors that can interact in a complex way to produce violence and murder. Examples of these latter factors include firearms, drug and alcohol abuse, genetics, race, psychiatric disorders, metabolic states, the economy, geographic region, the media, and political instability.
Assuntos
Homicídio , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Política , Risco , Controle Social Formal , Meio Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/complicações , Estados Unidos , Violência , Cariótipo XYYAssuntos
Controle Comportamental , Comportamento , Eugenia (Ciência) , Pessoas com Deficiência Mental , Preconceito , Controle Social Formal , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Esterilização Involuntária , Direito Penal , Dissidências e Disputas , Feminino , Genética Comportamental , Processos Grupais , História , Humanos , Inteligência , Jurisprudência , Aplicação da Lei , Sistemas Políticos , Política , Pobreza , Estados Unidos , Virginia , Mulheres , Cariótipo XYYAssuntos
Direito Penal , Testes Genéticos , Genética Comportamental , Aplicação da Lei , Controle Social Formal , Cariótipo XYY , Criança , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Internacionalidade , Homens , Pessoas com Deficiência Mental , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Prevalência , Punição , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
Reported anthropometric data on 121 subjects with 47,XYY,47XXY,47,XXX, and 45,X aneuploidies were compared to those from 578 male and female control subjects by use of a single, unisex reference person ("phantom"). Subjects and controls were geometrically scaled to a standard stature of 170.18 cm, thus eliminating variance due to height. Deviations of anthropometric variables from specified phantom values were expressed as standard z-scores. By comparing z-scores of individual aneuploidy classes with those of their controls, further differences in proportionality came to light. The stratagem disclosed a systematic proportionality pattern between subjects and controls which appeared to be related to each specific sex chromosome aneuploidy. The phantom stratagem for proportional growth assessment appears to merit further use in genetic investigations where individual differences in size and shape confound the analysis of anthropometric data.