RESUMO
Nutraceuticals, that include food ingredients and bioactives from natural products, confer physiological health benefits and protection against chronic diseases. Annatto is a tropical shrub grown in Central and South America and parts of India. Its seeds are rich in the edible carotenoid-derived apocarotenoid pigment, bixin, which is used as a natural colorant in food, textiles, and cosmetics, and is now gaining attention for its potential health-promoting attributes. Here, we compared a green solvent (ethyl lactate) based extraction of bixin and associated metabolites in annatto seeds (crushed and seed coat) with two other conventional solvents (acetone and acid-base). Bixin was characterized in the extracts using UV-visible- and FTIR-spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography. The bixin-containing solvent extracts were then profiled for other co-existing metabolites using GC-MS analysis, which were found to be sesquiterpenes, terpenes, terpenoids, phytosterols, and tocotrienols. Their bioactivity was evaluated based on antioxidant and wound-healing efficacies and compared with pure bixin, using NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells in-vitro. Pure bixin, as well as the annatto solvent extracts, showed strong antioxidant and wound healing properties, wherein pure bixin and green solvent extract (ethyl lactate coat) exhibited higher levels of antioxidant activity, achieving 46.00% and 44.60% reduction in MDA levels, respectively, as well as enhanced wound-healing activity, with 54.09% and 53.60% wound closure within 24 h. The green solvent extracts of annatto seeds revealed: (a) differential bioactive profiles in annatto seeds (crushed and seed coat) in comparison with other solvents, and (b) strong antioxidant and wound healing properties. Thus, ethyl lactate extraction shows strong potential for sustainable environmental friendly production of functional foods/nutraceuticals from annatto seeds.
Assuntos
Bixaceae , Carotenoides , Extratos Vegetais , Sementes , Bixaceae/química , Sementes/química , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Carotenoides/análise , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Camundongos , Animais , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Solventes/química , Células NIH 3T3 , Química VerdeRESUMO
The nutraceutical potential of microalgae boomed with the exploitation of new species and sustainable extraction systems of bioactive compounds. Thus, a laboratory-made continuous pressurized solvent extraction system (CPSE) was built to optimize the extraction of antioxidant compounds, such as carotenoids and PUFA, from a scarcely studied prokaryotic microalga, Gloeothece sp. Following "green chemical principles" and using a GRAS solvent (ethanol), biomass amount, solvent flow-rate/pressure, temperature and solvent volume-including solvent recirculation-were sequentially optimized, with the carotenoids and PUFA content and antioxidant capacity being the objective functions. Gloeothece sp. bioactive compounds were best extracted at 60 °C and 180 bar. Recirculation of solvent in several cycles (C) led to an 11-fold extraction increase of ß-carotene (3C) and 7.4-fold extraction of C18:2 n6 t (5C) when compared to operation in open systems. To fully validate results CPSE, this system was compared to a conventional extraction method, ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). CPSE proved superior in extraction yield, increasing total carotenoids extraction up 3-fold and total PUFA extraction by ca. 1.5-fold, with particular extraction increase of 18:3 n3 by 9.6-fold. Thus, CPSE proved to be an efficient and greener extraction method to obtain bioactive extract from Gloeothece sp. for nutraceutical purposes-with low levels of resources spent, while lowering costs of production and environmental impacts.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Cianobactérias/química , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Graxos/isolamento & purificação , Química Verde/métodos , Microalgas/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Produtos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Biomassa , Etanol/química , Química Verde/economia , Extração Líquido-Líquido/economia , Extração Líquido-Líquido/métodos , Temperatura , Ondas UltrassônicasRESUMO
A new UHPLC-DAD-MS method based on a Core-Shell particles column was developed to realize the rapid separation of saffron stigma metabolites (Crocus sativus L.). A single separation of 35 compounds included cis and trans-crocetin esters (crocins), cis-crocetin, trans-crocetin, kaempferol derivatives, safranal, and picrocrocin from pure saffron stigmas. This method permitted the detection of 11 picrocrocin derivatives as the typical group of compounds from saffron as well as the detection of gardenia-specific compounds as typical adulterant markers. The metabolite concentration in a Standardized Saffron Extract (SSE) was determined using the method described herein and by comparison to the ISO3632 conventional method. The safranal content was 5-150 times lower than the value of 2% that was expected via ISO3632 analyses. Using the same Core-Shell separation, geniposide detection appeared to be a relevant approach for detecting the adulteration of saffron by using gardenia.
Assuntos
Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Crocus/química , Gardenia/química , Espectrometria de Massas , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Carotenoides/análise , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/normas , Crocus/metabolismo , Cicloexenos/análise , Cicloexenos/isolamento & purificação , Frutas/química , Frutas/metabolismo , Gardenia/metabolismo , Glucosídeos/análise , Glucosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Isomerismo , Espectrometria de Massas/normas , Extratos Vegetais/química , Controle de Qualidade , Terpenos/análise , Terpenos/isolamento & purificação , Vitamina A/análogos & derivadosRESUMO
This work involves the application of physical separation methods to concentrate the pigment of semi-defatted annatto seeds, a noble vegetal biomass rich in bixin pigments. Semi-defatted annatto seeds are the residue produced after the extraction of the lipid fraction from annatto seeds using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Semi-defatted annatto seeds are use in this work due to three important reasons: i) previous lipid extraction is necessary to recovery the tocotrienol-rich oil present in the annatto seeds, ii) an initial removal of the oil via SFE process favors bixin separation and iii) the cost of raw material is null. Physical methods including i) the mechanical fractionation method and ii) an integrated process of mechanical fractionation method and low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE) were studied. The integrated process was proposed for processing two different semi-defatted annatto materials denoted Batches 1 and 2. The cost of manufacture (COM) was calculated for two different production scales (5 and 50L) considering the integrated process vs. only the mechanical fractionation method. The integrated process showed a significantly higher COM than mechanical fractionation method. This work suggests that mechanical fractionation method is an adequate and low-cost process to obtain a rich-pigment product from semi-defatted annatto seeds.
Assuntos
Bixaceae/química , Carotenoides/economia , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Fracionamento Químico , Cromatografia com Fluido Supercrítico/economia , Lipídeos/isolamento & purificação , Sementes/química , Análise Custo-Benefício , Dados Preliminares , Solventes/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Green separation techniques are growing at a greater rate than solvent extraction as a result of the constant consumer drive to 'go natural'. Considering the increasing evidence of the health benefits of lycopene and massive tomato industrial waste, in the present study, lycopene was extracted from tomato industrial waste using microemulsion technique and its mean droplet size and size distribution was determined. Moreover, the effects of pasteurization, sterilization, freeze-thaw cycles and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the thermodynamic stability, turbidity and lycopene concentration of the lycopene microemulsion were monitored. RESULTS: Freeze-thaw cycles, pasteurization and short exposure to UV irradiation showed no or negligible influence on lycopene content and turbidity of the microemulsion. However, long exposure to UV (260 min) reduced the lycopene content and turbidity by 34% and 10%, respectively. HHST (higher-heat shorter-time) and sterilization also reduced lycopene content (25%) and increased turbidity (32%). CONCLUSION: The lycopene microemulsion showed satisfactory stability over a process where its monodispersity and nanosize could be of potential advantage to the food and related industries. Regarding the carcinogenicity of synthetic colourants, potential applications of the lycopene microemulsion include in soft drinks and minced meat, which would result in a better colour and well-documented health-promoting qualities. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/química , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/química , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Resíduos/análise , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Emulsões/química , Emulsões/isolamento & purificação , Licopeno , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Natural antioxidants are widely distributed in food and medicinal plants. These natural antioxidants, especially polyphenols and carotenoids, exhibit a wide range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-atherosclerosis and anticancer. The effective extraction and proper assessment of antioxidants from food and medicinal plants are crucial to explore the potential antioxidant sources and promote the application in functional foods, pharmaceuticals and food additives. The present paper provides comprehensive information on the green extraction technologies of natural antioxidants, assessment of antioxidant activity at chemical and cellular based levels and their main resources from food and medicinal plants.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Produtos Biológicos/análise , Produtos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Alimentos , Plantas Medicinais/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Bioensaio/métodos , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Carotenoides/análise , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/análise , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/isolamento & purificação , Sequestradores de Radicais Livres/farmacologia , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Polifenóis/análise , Polifenóis/isolamento & purificação , Polifenóis/farmacologia , SolventesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Z-isomers of lycopene, which are abundantly present in processed tomato products, are more bioavailable than (all-E)-lycopene found predominantly in raw tomatoes. Despite extensive studies on the bioavailability and biological activities of Z-isomers of lycopene, detailed studies on their safety and toxicology are limited. RESULTS: The geno-, acute and subacute toxicities of tomato oleoresin that contained high amounts of lycopene Z-isomers (10.9% lycopene with 66.3% Z-isomer content) and had been prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide were investigated. The oleoresin was non-mutagenic in the Ames test with and without metabolic activation (S9 mix). The medial lethal dose (LD50 ) of the oleoresin in rats, as determined by a single-dose oral test, was more than 5000 mg kg body weight-1 (bw) [361 mg (Z)-lycopene kg bw-1 ]. In the 4-week repeated-dose oral toxicity test, rats were administered oleoresin at 4500 mg kg-1 day-1 [325 mg (Z)-lycopene kg bw-1 day-1 ]. There were no clinically significant changes with respect to vital signs, physical examination outcomes and laboratory test values during the test period. CONCLUSION: Based on our findings and as supported by its long history of consumption, tomato oleoresin that contains high amounts of Z-isomers of lycopene prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide can be considered as safe for human consumption. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/efeitos adversos , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Aditivos Alimentares/efeitos adversos , Frutas/química , Extratos Vegetais/efeitos adversos , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Animais , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Cromatografia com Fluido Supercrítico , Feminino , Aditivos Alimentares/química , Aditivos Alimentares/isolamento & purificação , Aditivos Alimentares/metabolismo , Manipulação de Alimentos , Dose Letal Mediana , Licopeno , Masculino , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estereoisomerismo , Testes de Toxicidade Aguda , Testes de Toxicidade SubagudaRESUMO
The present study has been focused on the extraction of natural pigments from tomato industry waste. At first, different solvents and solvents mixture were compared to determine which one is the best for extracting carotenoids compounds from tomato by-products. A mixture of hexane and acetone gave the highest carotenoids extraction yield among the others examined. The extraction conditions were optimised using a five-level-five-factor central composite design. Under optimal conditions, solvent solid ratio 90, hexane percentage in the solvent mixture 60, extraction duration 50, number of extractions 4 and extraction temperature 35 °C, the yield of carotenoids was 80.7 µg/g. The coloured extract of tomato by-products was applied on textile fabrics to investigate the dyeing characteristics and antioxidant activities. The results indicate that extract can be applied on textile fabrics (wool, silk and polyamide) to produce coloured clothing with acceptable antioxidant properties.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Corantes/isolamento & purificação , Resíduos Industriais/análise , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Solventes/química , Acetona , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Hexanos , Pigmentos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Temperatura , TêxteisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In this work three different techniques were applied to extract dry leaves of spinach (Spinacia oleracea): solid-liquid extraction (SLE), pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to investigate the influence of extraction solvent and technique on extracts composition and antioxidant activity. Moreover, the influence of carotenoids and phenolic compounds on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of spinach extracts was also studied. RESULTS: The higher concentrations of carotenoids and the lower content of phenolic compounds were observed in the supercritical CO2 extracts; whereas water and/or ethanol PLE extracts presented low amounts of carotenoids and the higher concentrations of phenolic compounds. PLE extract with the highest content of phenolic compounds showed the highest antioxidant activity, although SFE carotenoid rich extract also showed a high antioxidant activity. Moreover, both extracts presented an important anti-inflammatory activity. CONCLUSION: PLE seems to be a good technique for the extraction of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds from spinach leaves. Moreover, spinach phenolic compounds and carotenoids present a high antioxidant activity, whereas spinach carotenoids seem to show a higher anti-inflammatory activity than phenolic compounds. It is worth noting that of our knowledge this is the first time the anti-inflammatory activity of lipophilic extracts from spinach leaves is reported.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Aditivos Alimentares/isolamento & purificação , Compostos Fitoquímicos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Folhas de Planta/química , Spinacia oleracea/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/análise , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/química , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/análise , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Carotenoides/análise , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Transformada , Cromatografia com Fluido Supercrítico , Citocinas/metabolismo , Aditivos Alimentares/análise , Aditivos Alimentares/química , Aditivos Alimentares/metabolismo , Humanos , Extração Líquido-Líquido , Monócitos/imunologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Fenóis/análise , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/isolamento & purificação , Fenóis/metabolismo , Compostos Fitoquímicos/análise , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , Extração em Fase Sólida , Spinacia oleracea/economiaRESUMO
Carotenoids and tocopherols are lipid secondary metabolites that play essential roles in plants. They are also relevant compounds from a nutritional standpoint and attract much attention due to their proposed antioxidant properties. In this chapter, methodologies for the extraction and HPLC analysis of these compounds are described as well as a widely used protocol to assess their antioxidant capacity.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Fracionamento Químico/métodos , Técnicas In Vitro/métodos , Plantas/química , Tocoferóis/isolamento & purificação , Tocoferóis/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/isolamento & purificação , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Carotenoides/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Técnicas In Vitro/normas , Padrões de Referência , Tocoferóis/químicaRESUMO
For the first time, we demonstrate the use of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) for enhancing the carotenoid production by the extremophilic haloarchea, Haloferax mediterranei. TiO2 NPs at optimal concentration of 375 mg/L results in a 95% increase in the production of carotenoid pigment compared to the control (no TiO2 NPs). The carotenoid pigments extracted from TiO2 NPs treated H. mediterranei cells, were separated using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The separated carotenoid spots were subjected directly for MALDI MS detection. To limit the sample diffusion during matrix addition on TLC plates, a simple bordering mode was exercised. Using this method we were able to detect the pigments successfully using MALDI-MS, directly from TLC plates after separation. In addition, we also applied the Pt NPs capped with ODT via Liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) for extracting the pigment molecules from the halobacteria in MALDI-MS. These novel NP approaches possess numerous advantages such as; rapidity, ease in synthesis, high sensitivity and low cost.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/análise , Haloferax mediterranei/química , Microextração em Fase Líquida/métodos , Pigmentos Biológicos/análise , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/economia , Cromatografia em Camada Fina/métodos , Haloferax mediterranei/metabolismo , Microextração em Fase Líquida/economia , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/ultraestrutura , Pigmentos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Pigmentos Biológicos/metabolismo , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/economia , Titânio/químicaRESUMO
This study provides information about the carbohydrate present in tomato pomace (skins, seeds, and vascular tissues) as well as in the byproducts of the lycopene supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) such as tomato serum and exhausted matrix and reports their conversion into bioethanol. The pomace, constituting approximately 4% of the tomato fruit fresh weight, and the SC-CO2-exhausted matrix were enzyme saccharified with 0.1% Driselase leading to sugar yields of ~383 and ~301 mg/g dw, respectively. Aliquots of the hydrolysates and of the serum (80% tomato sauce fw) were fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The bioethanol produced from each waste was usually >50% of the calculated theoretical amount, with the exception of the exhausted matrix hydolysate, where a sugar concentration >52.8 g/L inhibited the fermentation process. Furthermore, no differences in the chemical solubility of cell wall polysaccharides were evidenced between the SC-CO2-lycopene extracted and unextracted matrices. The deduced glycosyl linkage composition and the calculated amount of cell wall polysaccharides remained similar in both matrices, indicating that the SC-CO2 extraction technology does not affect their structure. Therefore, tomato wastes may well be considered as potential alternatives and low-cost feedstock for bioethanol production.
Assuntos
Biocombustíveis/análise , Carboidratos da Dieta/isolamento & purificação , Etanol/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Solanum lycopersicum/química , Resíduos/análise , Biocombustíveis/economia , Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia com Fluido Supercrítico , Carboidratos da Dieta/economia , Carboidratos da Dieta/metabolismo , Etanol/economia , Fermentação , Indústria de Processamento de Alimentos/economia , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Glicosídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Hidrólise , Itália , Licopeno , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Resíduos/economiaRESUMO
This article reviews the patents that have been presented during the last decade related to the extraction of carotenoids from various forms of organic matter (fruit, vegetables, animals), with an emphasis on the methods and mechanisms exploited by these technologies, and on technical solutions for the practical problems related to these technologies. I present and classify 29 methods related to the extraction processes (physical, mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic). The large number of processes for extraction by means of supercritical fluids and the growing number of large-scale industrial plants suggest a positive trend towards using this technique that is currently slowed by its cost. This trend should be reinforced by growing restrictions imposed on the use of most organic solvents for extraction of food products and by increasingly strict waste management regulations that are indirectly promoting the use of extraction processes that leave the residual (post-extraction) matrix substantially free from solvents and compounds that must subsequently be removed or treated. None of the reviewed approaches is the best answer for every extractable compound and source, so each should be considered as one of several alternatives, including the use of a combination of extraction approaches.
Assuntos
Carotenoides/isolamento & purificação , Cromatografia com Fluido Supercrítico/métodos , Patentes como Assunto , Carotenoides/análise , Cromatografia com Fluido Supercrítico/economia , Frutas/química , Humanos , Resíduos Industriais , Verduras/químicaRESUMO
A variety of techniques for extracting carotenoids from the marine Thraustochytrium sp. ONC-T18 was compared. Specifically, the organic solvents acetone, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether were tested, along with direct and indirect ultrasonic assisted extraction (probe vs bath) methods. Techniques that used petroleum ether/acetone/water (15:75:10, v/v/v) with 3 h of agitation, or 5 min in an ultrasonic bath, produced the highest extraction yields of total carotenoids (29-30.5 microg g-1). Concentrations up to 11.5 microg g-1 of canthaxanthin and 17.5 microg g-1 of beta;-carotene were detected in extracts stored for 6 weeks. Astaxanthin and echinenone were also detected as minor compounds. Extracts with and without antioxidants showed similar carotenoid concentration profiles. However, total carotenoid concentrations were approximately 8% higher when antioxidants were used. Finally, an easy-to-perform and inexpensive method to detect co-enzymes in ONC-T18 was also developed using silica gel TLC plates. Five percent methanol in toluene as a mobile phase consistently eluted co-enzyme Q10 standards and could separate the co-enzyme fractions present in ONC-T18.