Disparities in Delivery of Ambulatory Surgical Care for Children.

This cross-sectional study characterizes the delivery of ambulatory surgical care for children across freestanding ambulatory surgery centers and hospital-based outpatient centers and tests for differences in patient characteristics and features of procedures being performed.

Challenges for maintaining surgical care practices in the COVID-19 pandemic: an integrative review / Desafíos para mantener las prácticas de cuidado quirúrgico durante la pandemia de COVID-19: una revisión integrativa / Desafios para a manutenção das práticas de cuidados cirúrgicos na pandemia por COVID-19: uma revisão integrativa

Objective: to present the knowledge produced on challenges of health services for maintaining surgical care practices in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: this is an integrative literature review, performed with descriptors 'Surgical Centers' and 'Coronavirus Infections' in the MEDLINE/PubMed Central, IBECS, LILACS, BDENF, Coleta SUS, BIGG, BINACIS, SciELO, PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases. Results: of the 405 studies analyzed, 27 met the inclusion criteria. The main challenges for surgical services during the pandemic were: (i) rearrangement of the general practice in surgical units; (ii) management and administration of resources and elective surgeries; (iii) follow-up and control of preoperative patients to medium term; (iv) maintenance of autonomy and mental health of patients and health professionals in this context; and (v) teaching health residents in the operating room. Conclusion: for surgical care services, the challenges caused by managing the high demand of patients in need of care resulted in the transfer of own resources to other units and the consequent hiring of professionals to meet the demand for these services due to the damming of postponed elective surgeries. This knowledge will allow us to propose strategies in decision making in this scenario, considering the new waves that may arise from this disease.

Objetivo. Presentar el conocimiento producido sobre los desafíos de los servicios de salud para el mantenimiento de las prácticas de atención quirúrgica en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19. Métodos. Revisión integradora de la literatura, realizada con los descriptores 'Centros quirúrgicos' e 'Infecciones por Coronavirus' en las bases de datos Medline/PubMed Central, IBECS, LILACS, BDENF, Collects SUS, BIGG, BINACIS, SCIELO, PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT y Cochrane Library. Resultados. De 405 estudios analizados 27 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los principales desafíos para los servicios de cirugía durante la pandemia fueron: (i) la reorganización de la práctica del cuidado general en las unidades quirúrgicas, (ii) la gestión y administración de recursos y de las cirugías electivas, (iii) el seguimiento y control de los pacientes preoperatorios a medio plazo, (iv) el mantener la autonomía y la salud mental del paciente y de los profesionales sanitarios en este contexto, y (v) la enseñanza de los residentes sanitarios en el quirófano. Conclusión. Para los servicios de atención quirúrgica el reto ocasionado por el manejo de la alta demanda de pacientes con necesidad del cuidado tuvo como consecuencia la transferencia de recursos propios a otras unidades y la contratación posterior de profesionales para suplir la demanda de estos servicios ante el represamiento de cirugías electivas. Este conocimiento permitirá plantear estrategias en la toma de decisiones frente a este escenario, si se consideran las nuevas olas de esta enfermedad que se pueden presentar.

Objetivo. Apresentar o conhecimento produzido sobre os desafios dos serviços de saúde para a manutenção das práticas de cuidados cirúrgicos em tempos de pandemia por COVID-19. Métodos. Revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada com os descritores 'Centros Cirúrgicos' e 'Infecções por Coronavírus' nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed Central, IBECS, LILACS, BDENF, Coleta SUS, BIGG, BINACIS, SCIELO, PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT e Cochrane Library. Resultados. Dos 405 estudos analisados, 27 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os principais desafios para os serviços cirúrgicos durante a pandemia foram: (i) a reorganização da clínica geral nas unidades cirúrgicas, (ii) a gestão e administração de recursos e cirurgias eletivas, (iii) o acompanhamento e controle de pacientes pré-operatórios a médio prazo, (iv) manutenção da autonomia e saúde mental do paciente e dos profissionais de saúde nesse contexto, e (v) ensino dos residentes de saúde no centro cirúrgico. Conclusão. Para os serviços de atendimento cirúrgico, os desafios causados pelo gerenciamento da alta demanda de pacientes com necessidade de atendimento resultaram no repasse de recursos próprios para outras unidades e consequente contratação de profissionais para atender a demanda desses serviços devido ao represamento de cirurgias eletivas adiadas. Este conhecimento permitirá propor estratégias na tomada de decisão diante desse cenário, considerando as novas ondas que podem surgir dessa doença.

Joint-Venture Ambulatory Surgery Centers: The Perfect Partnership.

BACKGROUND: Ambulatory surgery growth has increased in the last few decades as ambulatory surgery centers have been shown to succeed in cost efficiencies through their smaller size and breadth, specialization of care, and ability to quickly participate in perioperative process improvement and education. METHODS: A 5-year retrospective fiscal review was performed for all Northwell Health-physician ambulatory surgery center joint ventures. The outcome measures studied included model of ownership, specialty types, and gross revenue. Additional facility characteristics were studied, including growth trajectory, facility size, and cost to build a de novo facility. RESULTS: Eleven free-standing ambulatory surgery centers were identified at Northwell Health during the 5-year study period. The total gross revenue for all Northwell clinical joint ventures for 2019 alone was $102,854,000. Northwell Health is a majority stakeholder in eight of their joint venture ambulatory surgery centers, with an average Northwell ownership of 53 percent and an average number of physician owners per facility of 11. The number of hospital-physician joint-venture ambulatory surgery centers grew from two to 11 facilities during the study period (450 percent). Surgical volume followed a similar trajectory, increasing 295 percent over the same time period. CONCLUSIONS: The ambulatory surgery center setting provides a vast number of possibilities for key stakeholders, including patients themselves, to benefit from financial and clinical efficiencies. Ambulatory surgery centers have been popular, as they meet patient expectations for convenience of elective surgery, reduce payer and clinical pressures to minimize length of stay in hospitals, and achieve similar or higher quality care with less intense resources.

Resíduos de serviços de saúde em centro cirúrgico: adequações com mensuração do custo / Medical Waste in the surgical center: adjustments with cost measurement / Residuos de servicios de salud en centros quirúrgicos: adaptaciones con medición de costos

Objetivo: Identificar o custo das adequações necessárias a um centro cirúrgico para que este atenda à legislação brasileira vigente, que dispõe sobre resíduos de serviços de saúde. Método: Pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, de abordagem quantitativa na modalidade de estudo de caso do centro cirúrgico de um hospital universitário público. No protocolo, foi aplicada uma pesquisa documental, por meio de um check-list comparando a legislação brasileira vigente com a realidade encontrada, mapeou-se o processo com a técnica do mapa-fluxograma. Utilizou-se como método de custeio o custo direto médio. Resultados: Verificou-se o custo direto médio de R$ 7.891,25 para o hospital atender integralmente à legislação brasileira de resíduos de serviços de saúde, com adequações de infraestrutura e aquisições de longa permanência e um adicional no custo mensal de R$ 542,38. Conclusão: Para todos os grupos de resíduos de serviços de saúde do centro cirúrgico em estudo, são necessárias adequações a fim de atender à legislação, bem como articulação dos diversos gestores envolvidos no manejo e na mensuração dos custos relacionados aos resíduos para otimização de resultados econômicos em saúde.

Objective: To identify the cost of the necessary adjustments to a surgical center so that it meets the current Brazilian legislation, which provides for medical waste. Method: Exploratory, descriptive research with a quantitative approach in the modality of case study of the surgical center of a public university hospital. In the protocol, a documental research was applied, through a check-list comparing the current Brazilian legislation with the reality found, mapping the process with the technique of the flowchart map. The average direct cost was used as a costing method. Results: There was an average direct cost of R$ 7,891.25 for the hospital to fully comply with the Brazilian legislation on healthcare waste, with infrastructure adjustments and long-term acquisitions and an additional monthly cost of R$ 542.38. Conclusion: For all groups of waste from health services in the surgical center under study, adjustments are needed in order to comply with the legislation, as well as the articulation of the various managers involved in the management and measurement of costs related to waste to optimize economic results in health.

Objetivo: Identificar el costo de los ajustes necesarios a un Centro Quirúrgico (CQ), para que cumpla con la legislación brasileña vigente que prevé Residuos de Servicios de Salud (RSS). Método: Investigación exploratoria descriptiva con abordaje cuantitativo en la modalidad de estudio de caso de un CQ en un Hospital Universitario Público. En el protocolo se aplicó investigación documental, a través de un checklist de la legislación brasileña vigente con la realidad encontrada, se mapeó el proceso mediante la técnica de diagrama de flujo-mapa. Se utilizó el costo directo promedio como método de cálculo de costos. Resultados: Hubo un costo directo promedio de R$ 7.891,25 para que el hospital cumpliera plenamente con la legislación brasileña sobre RSS, con ajustes de infraestructura y adquisiciones de largo plazo y un costo mensual adicional de R$ 542,38. Conclusión: Para todos los grupos RSS del CQ en estudio, se necesitan ajustes para cumplir con la legislación. Existe la necesidad de articulación entre los distintos gestores involucrados en la gestión, medición de costos relacionados con los residuos para optimizar los resultados económicos en salud.

Gestão de custos no centro cirúrgico: impacto financeiro e perda de receita / Cost management at the operating room: financial impact and loss of revenue / Gestión de costos en el quirófano: impacto financiero y pérdida de ingresos

Objetivo: Elencar os materiais de maior impacto financeiro no centro cirúrgico e estimar a perda de receita que representaram para a instituição. Método: Pesquisa retrospectiva e quantitativa, com coleta em banco de dados e planilhas do centro cirúrgico e garantia da receita dos anos de 2015 e 2018 de uma instituição privada de extra porte de São Paulo. Resultados: Os materiais que causaram maior impacto financeiro foram: Sevorane®, Plasma Lyte®, manta térmica, sensor de monitor bispectral, máscara de anestesia, caneta para bisturi, perneira Sequel® e placa para bisturi. Representaram perda financeira de R$ 342.473,00 em 2015, quando ainda não havia a prática de auditoria in loco, comparada ao valor de R$ 114.157,00, em 2018, após ação de conferências em sala operatória. Conclusão: Houve benefício financeiro alcançado com a prática da auditoria in loco, com declínio de 66,6% na quantidade de materiais e medicamentos excluídos pela auditoria em razão da elevação da qualidade das anotações em prontuário.

Objective: To list the materials of greatest financial impact in the operating room and to estimate the loss of revenue they represented for the institution. Method: Retrospective and quantitative research, with collection in the database and spreadsheets of the surgical center and revenue guarantee for the years 2015 and 2018 of a private and large institution in São Paulo. Results: The materials that had the greatest financial impact were: Sevorane®, Plasma Lyte®, thermal blanket, bispectral monitor sensor, anesthesia mask, eletric scalpel pen, Sequel® leg protector, and electrosurgical plate. They represented a financial loss of BRL 342,473.00 in 2015, when there was still no on-site audit practice, compared with the amount of BRL 114,157.00, in 2018, after implementing checking initiatives in the operating room. Conclusion: There was a financial benefit achieved with the practice of on-site audit, with a 66.6% decline in the amount of materials and medicines excluded by the audit due to the enhancement in the quality of the notes found in medical records.

Objetivo: Enumerar los materiales con mayor impacto financiero en el Centro Quirúrgico y estimar la pérdida de ingresos que representaron para la institución. Método: Investigación retrospectiva y cuantitativa, con recolección en la base de datos y hojas de cálculo del Centro Quirúrgico y garantía de los ingresos para los años 2015 y 2018, de una institución privada extra grande de São Paulo. Resultados: Los materiales que causaron mayor impacto económico fueron: Sevorane®, Plasma Lyte®, Manta térmica, Sensor monitor biespectral, Máscara de anestesia, Pluma para bisturí, Perneira Sequel® y Placa para bisturí. Representaron una pérdida económica de R$ 342.473,00 en 2015, cuando aún no existía la práctica de auditoría in situ, frente al valor de R$ 114.157, en 2018, tras la acción de conferencias en el quirófano. Conclusión: Se logró un beneficio económico con la práctica de la auditoría in situ, con una disminución del 66,6% en la cantidad de materiales y medicamentos excluidos por la auditoría, debido al aumento en la calidad de las notas en las historias clínicas.

Comparison of General Surgical Practice Size and Setting in 2017 vs 2013 in the US.

Importance: As health care delivery markets have changed and new payment models have emerged, physicians in many specialties have consolidated their practices, but whether this consolidation has occurred in surgical practices is unknown. Objective: To examine changes in the size of surgical practices, market-level factors associated with this consolidation, and how place of service for surgical care delivery varies by practice size. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cross-sectional study of Medicare Data on Provider Practice and Specialty from January 1 to December 31, 2013, compared with January 1 to December 31, 2017, was conducted on all general surgeon practices caring for patients enrolled in Medicare in the US. Data analysis was performed from November 4, 2019, to January 9, 2020. Exposures: Practice sizes in 2013 and 2017 were compared relative to hospital market concentration measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index in the hospital referral region. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the change in size of surgical practices over the study period. Secondary outcomes included change in surgical practice market concentration and the place of service for provision of surgical care stratified by surgical practice size. Results: From 2013 to 2017, the number of surgical practices in the US decreased from 10 432 to 8451. The proportion of surgeons decreased in practices with 1 (from 26.2% to 17.4%), 2 (from 8.3% to 6.6%), and 3 to 5 (from 18.0% to 16.5%) surgeons, and the proportion of surgeons in practices with 6 or more surgeons increased (from 47.6% to 59.5%). Hospital concentration was associated with an increase in the size of the surgical practice. Each 10% increase in the hospital market concentration was associated with an increase of 0.204 surgeons (95% CI, 0.020-0.388 surgeons; P = .03) per practice from 2013 to 2017. Similarly, a 10% increase in the hospital-level HHI was associated with an increase in the surgical practice HHI of 0.023 (95% CI, 0.013-0.033; P < .001). Large surgical practices increased their share of Medicare services provided from 36.5% in 2013 to 45.6% in 2017. Large practices (31.3% inpatient in 2013 to 33.1% in 2017) were much more likely than small practices (19.0% inpatient in 2013 to 17.7% in 2017) to be based in hospital settings and this gap widened over time. Conclusions and Relevance: Surgeons have increasingly joined larger practices over time, and there has been a significant decrease in solo, small, and midsize surgical practices. The consolidation of surgeons into larger practices appears to be associated with hospital market concentration in the same market. Although overall care appears to be more hospital based for larger practices, the association between the consolidation of surgical practices and patient access and outcomes should be studied.

Implementation of Outpatient Minimally Invasive Lumbar Decompression at an Academic Medical Center without Ambulatory Surgery Centers: A Cost Analysis and Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar decompressions are increasingly performed at ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). We sought to compare costs of open and minimally invasive (MIS) lumbar decompressions performed at a university without dedicated ASCs. METHODS: Lumbar decompressions performed at a tertiary academic hospital or satellite university hospital dedicated to outpatient surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Care pathways were same-day, overnight observation, or inpatient admission. Patient demographics, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, Charlson Comorbidity Index, surgical characteristics, 30-day readmission, and costs were collected. A systematic review of lumbar decompression cost literature was performed. RESULTS: A total of 354 patients, mean age 55 years with 128 women (36.2%), were reviewed. There was no significant difference in age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, or Charlson Comorbidity Index between patients treated with open and minimally invasive surgery. Open decompression was associated with higher total cost ($21,280 vs. $14,407; P < 0.001); however, this was driven by care pathway and length of stay. When stratifying by care pathway, there was no difference in total cost between open versus minimally invasive surgery among same-day ($10,609 vs. $11,074; P = 0.556), overnight observation ($14,097 vs. $13,992; P = 0.918), or inpatient admissions ($24,507 vs. $27,929; P = 0.311). CONCLUSIONS: When accounting for care pathway, the cost of open and MIS decompression were no different. Transition from a tertiary academic hospital to a university hospital specializing in outpatient surgery was not associated with lower costs. Academic departments may consider transitioning lumbar decompressions to a dedicated ASC to maximize cost savings; however, additional studies are needed.

Cost Analysis of Outpatient Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion at an Academic Medical Center without Dedicated Ambulatory Surgery Centers.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) are increasingly performed at ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs). Academic centers lacking dedicated ASCs must perform these at large university hospitals, which pose unique challenges to cost savings and efficiency. OBJECTIVE: To describe the safety and cost of outpatient ACDF at a major academic medical center without a dedicated ASC. METHODS: ACDFs performed from 2015 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Cases were performed at the major tertiary university hospital or a satellite university hospital dedicated to outpatient surgery. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, perioperative complications, fusion at 12 months, and cost were collected. RESULTS: A total of 470 patients were included. The mean age was 56 years, with 255 women (54.3%). When comparing same-day discharge, overnight observation, or inpatient admission, there were no differences in age, gender, or number of levels fused. Same-day and overnight observation cases were associated with shorter procedure duration and less estimated blood loss. There were no differences in perioperative complications, 30-day readmissions, or fusion at 12 months. Direct and total costs were lowest for same-day cases, followed by overnight observation and inpatient admissions (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Academic centers without dedicated ASCs can safely perform ACDF as a same-day or overnight observation procedure with significant reductions in cost. The lack of a dedicated ASC should not preclude academic centers from allocating appropriately selected patients into same-day or overnight observation care pathways. This strategy can improve resource utilization and preserve precious hospital resources for the most critically ill patients while also allowing these centers to build viable outpatient spine practices.

Critérios auditáveis para implementação de melhores práticas na adesão ao checklist cirúrgico / Criterios de auditoría para la implementación de mejores prácticas en la adhesión a la checklist quirúrgico / Auditable criteria for implementing best practices in adhering to the surgical safety checklist

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a adesão ao uso da Lista de Verificação de Segurança Cirúrgica de um hospital, conforme os critérios auditáveis do Instituto Joanna Briggs. Métodos Estudo observacional descritivo que utilizou as ferramentas Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System e Getting Reasearch into Practice nas três fases previstas da metodologia: auditoria de base, educativa e auditoria de seguimento. As auditorias aconteceram no centro cirúrgico de um hospital do oeste de Santa Catarina. Na auditoria de base, foram elegíveis cem cirurgias, sendo as mesmas cem incluídas na auditoria de seguimento, com observação direta da equipe cirúrgica no preenchimento completo da Lista de Verificação de Segurança Cirúrgica. Resultados Na auditoria de base, os critérios 2 e 3 tiveram alta conformidade com a melhor prática (81% a 93%), e os critérios 1 e 4 (45%, 49%) apresentaram baixa conformidade. A partir das barreiras encontradas na auditoria de base, foram realizadas atividades educativas junto à equipe cirúrgica. Na auditoria de seguimento, houve aumento nos percentuais da conformidade em todos os critérios, e os critérios 2 e 3 obtiveram 100% e 99%, respectivamente, contudo os critérios 1 e 4 continuaram com percentuais abaixo do esperado (65% e 54%, respectivamente). Conclusão A não obtenção de 100% de conformidade nos critérios auditados é ocasionada por um cuidado assistido não baseado na prática por evidências. Contudo, espera-se uma educação permanente e continuada para realizar as boas práticas na instituição do estudo.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la adhesión al uso de la Lista de Verificación de Seguridad Quirúrgica de un hospital, según los criterios de auditoría del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Métodos Estudio observacional descriptivo que utilizó las herramientas Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System y Getting Reasearch into Practice en las tres fases previstas de la metodología: auditoría basal, educativa y auditoría de seguimiento. Las auditorías se realizaron en el quirófano de un hospital del oeste del estado de Santa Catarina. En la auditoría basal, se seleccionaron 100 cirugías y las mismas 100 se incluyeron en la auditoría de seguimiento, con observación directa del equipo quirúrgico para el llenado completo de la Lista de Verificación de Seguridad Quirúrgica. Resultados En la auditoría basal, los criterios 2 y 3 tuvieron alta conformidad con la mejor práctica (81 % a 93 %), y los criterios 1 y 4 (45 %, 49 %) presentaron baja conformidad. A partir de los obstáculos encontrados en la auditoría basal, se realizaron actividades educativas con el equipo quirúrgico. En la auditoría de seguimiento, hubo un aumento en los porcentajes de conformidad en todos los criterios. El criterio 2 obtuvo 100 % y el 3, 99 %; no obstante, los criterios 1 y 4 continuaron con porcentajes inferiores a lo esperado (65 % y 54 %, respectivamente). Conclusión La no obtención del 100 % de conformidad en los criterios auditados se debe a un cuidado asistido no basado en la práctica por evidencias. Sin embargo, se espera una educación permanente y continua para realizar las buenas prácticas en la institución del estudio.

Abstract Objective To assess adherence to the use of the hospital's Surgical Safety Checklist according to the auditable criteria of the Joanna Briggs Institute. Methods An observational descriptive study was conducted, using the Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System and Getting Research into Practice tools in the three phases of the study methodology: basic, educational and follow-up audits. The audits took place in the surgical center of a hospital in western Santa Catarina, Brazil. A total of 100 surgeries were eligible in the baseline audit, with the same 100 being included in the follow-up audit, and direct observation being performed by the surgical team in completing the Surgical Safety Checklist. Results Criteria 2 and 3 were highly compliant with best practices (81% to 93%) in the baseline audit, while Criteria 1 and 4 (45%, 49%) had low compliance. Thus, educational activities were conducted with the surgical team based on the barriers found in the basic audit. There was an increase in the compliance percentages for all criteria in the follow-up audit, and Criteria 2 and 3 obtained 100% and 99%, respectively; however, Criteria 1 and 4 continued with percentages below the expected (65% and 54%, respectively). Conclusion Failure to achieve 100% compliance with the audited criteria is caused by the provided care not being based on evidence-based practice. However, permanent and continuous education is expected to result in good practices at the study institution.

Indicators of surgical patients after the implementation of an Internal Bed Regulation Committee in a university hospital / Indicadores de los pacientes quirúrgicos tras la implantación del Comité Interno de Regulación de Camas en un hospital universitario / Indicadores de paciente cirúrgico após implantação de Núcleo Interno de Regulação de Leitos em hospital universitário

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the indicators of surgical patients after the implementation of an Internal Bed Regulation Committee in a university hospital. Method: Longitudinal, quantitative, and retrospective study. The data collection was conducted in the Hospital Management Information institutional system, from which the information of patients submitted to surgical procedures from January 2015 to June 2018 were obtained. To verify the data trends, a simple linear regression model was used. Results: The predominance of patients aged 20 to 39 and hospitalized on an emergency basis was observed. An ascending trend for structure indicators was verified regarding the number of surgical procedures and patients per surgical room. The process indicators were stagnant. An ascending trend was presented by the result indicators related to the number of surgical patients, hospitalized surgical patients, surgical procedures, and patients with Hospitalization Authorization. Conclusion: A change in the mean values of the process indicators was observed, showing the performance of this service. Organizational changes were also observed regarding the establishment of norms, processes, and flows.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los indicadores de los pacientes quirúrgicos tras la implantación del Comité Interno de Regulación de Camas en un hospital universitario. Método: Estudio longitudinal, cuantitativo y retrospectivo. La recolección de datos se realizó en el Sistema de Información de la Gestión Hospitalaria institucional, del cual se obtuvo la información de los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos entre enero de 2015 y junio de 2018. Para verificar la tendencia de los datos, se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal simple. Resultados: Se observó un predominio de pacientes de entre 20 y 39 años y la hospitalización de urgencia. Hubo una tendencia al alza en los indicadores de estructura relativos al número de procedimientos quirúrgicos y de pacientes por sala quirúrgica. Los indicadores de proceso fueron estables. Los indicadores de resultados relacionados con el número de pacientes quirúrgicos, los pacientes quirúrgicos hospitalizados, los procedimientos quirúrgicos y los pacientes con Autorización de Ingreso Hospitalario mostraron una tendencia al alza. Conclusión: Se observaron cambios en los valores medios de los indicadores de proceso, lo que demuestra la actuación de este servicio. También se verificaron cambios organizativos en cuanto al establecimiento de normas, procesos y flujos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os indicadores de paciente cirúrgico após a implantação de Núcleo Interno de Regulação de Leitos em hospital universitário. Método: Estudo longitudinal, quantitativo e retrospectivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada no sistema institucional Informação de Gestão Hospitalar, do qual foram obtidas as informações dos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos entre janeiro de 2015 e junho de 2018. Para a verificação de tendência dos dados, foi utilizado modelo de regressão linear simples. Resultados: Observou-se predominância de pacientes com idade entre 20 e 39 anos e internação em caráter de urgência. Verificou-se a tendência crescente dos indicadores de estrutura quanto ao número de procedimentos cirúrgicos e de pacientes por sala operatória. Os indicadores de processo apresentaram-se estagnados. Apresentaram tendência crescente os indicadores de resultado relacionados aos números de pacientes cirúrgicos, pacientes cirúrgicos internados, procedimentos cirúrgicos e pacientes com Autorização de Internação Hospitalar. Conclusão: Observou-se alteração nos números médios dos indicadores de processo, demonstrando a atuação deste serviço. Também foram verificadas mudanças organizacionais quanto ao estabelecimento de normas, processos e fluxos.

Association of Race, Health Insurance Status, and Household Income With Location and Outcomes of Ambulatory Surgery Among Adult Patients in 2 US States.

Importance: The receipt of surgery in freestanding ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) is often less costly compared with surgery in hospital-based outpatient departments. Although increasing numbers of surgical procedures are now being performed in freestanding ASCs, questions remain regarding the existence of disparities among patients receiving care at ASCs. Objective: To examine the association of patient race, health insurance status, and household income with the location (ASC vs hospital-based outpatient department) of ambulatory surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from the State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project to perform a secondary analysis of patients who received ambulatory surgery in New York and Florida between 2011 and 2013. Patients aged 18 to 89 years who underwent 12 different types of ambulatory surgical procedures were included. Data were analyzed from December 2018 to June 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: Receipt of surgery at a freestanding ASC and 30-day unplanned hospital visits after ambulatory surgery. Results: A total of 5.6 million patients in New York (57.4% female; 68.9% aged ≥50 years; and 62.5% White) and 7.5 million patients in Florida (57.3% female; 77.4% aged ≥50 years; 74.3% White) who received ambulatory surgery were included in the analysis. After adjusting for age, comorbidities, health insurance status, household income, location of surgery, and type of surgical procedure, the likelihood of receiving ambulatory surgery at a freestanding ASC was significantly lower among Black patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.81-0.83; P < .001) and Hispanic patients (aOR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.77-0.79; P < .001) compared with White patients in New York. This likelihood was also lower among Black patients (aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.65-0.66; P < .001) compared with White patients in Florida. Public health insurance coverage was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of receiving ambulatory surgery at freestanding ASCs in both New York and Florida, particularly among patients with Medicaid (in New York, aOR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.22-0.22; P < .001; in Florida, aOR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.40-0.41; P < .001) and Medicare (in New York, aOR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.46-0.46; P < .001; in Florida, aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.66-0.67; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: Differences in the use of freestanding ASCs were found among Black patients and patients with public health insurance. Further exploration of the factors underlying these differences will be important to ensure that all populations have access to the increasing number of freestanding ASCs.

Resíduos de serviços de saúde: perfil e análise de custos em um centro cirúrgico / Medical waste: profile and cost analysis in a surgical site / Residuos de los servicios de salud: análisis de perfil y costos en un centro quirúrgico

Objetivo: Determinar o perfil de geração e mensurar os custos dos materiais utilizados no gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde em um centro cirúrgico. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa exploratória, descritiva, com abordagem quantitativa, na modalidade estudo de caso. O local foi o Centro Cirúrgico do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. A amostra estratificada foi de 1.120 cirurgias, e os resíduos foram pesados por 82 dias. Resultados: Os resíduos do Centro Cirúrgico representaram 6,38% do total hospitalar. O grupo mais representativo foi A-infectantes (50,62%). A média de geração foi de 3,72 kg por cirurgia. A sala de operação foi o local que mais gerou resíduos (55,93%), e as cirurgias buco-maxilares as que mais geraram resíduos, em termos de massa. O custo de um quilo foi: Grupo A (R$ 1,10), Grupo B (R$ 5,70), Grupo D Reciclado (R$ 0,96), Grupo D Não Reciclado (R$ 1,01) e Grupo E (R$ 3,23). Conclusão: O custo total médio por cirurgia foi de R$ 8,641, e sua redução depende da negociação de compra dos itens de consumo que tiveram maior representatividade nos custos.

Objective: To determine the waste generation profile and measure the costs of materials used in medical waste management in a surgical site. Method: This is an exploratory-descriptive survey, with a quantitative approach, in the case study modality. The site was the surgical site of the University Hospital of Universidade de São Paulo. The stratified sample was of 1,120 surgeries, and the waste was weighed for 82 days. Results: The surgical site waste accounted for 6.38% of the total hospital waste. The most representative group was A-infectious (50.62%). The mean generation was 3.72 kg per surgery. Most of the waste was generated in the operating room (55.93%), and oral maxillary surgeries generated most of the waste in terms of mass. The cost per kilo was: Group A (R$ 1.10), Group B (R$ 5.70), Group D Recycled (R$ 0.96), Group D Nonrecycled (R$ 1.01) and Group E (R$ 3.23). Conclusion: The mean total cost per surgery was R$ 8.641, and its reduction depends on strategies of purchasing consumable supplies that had greater impact on costs.

Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de generación y medir los costos de los materiales utilizados en la gestión de los Residuos De Los Servicios De Salud en un Centro Quirúrgico. Método: Esta es una investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, con un enfoque cuantitativo, en la modalidad de estudio de caso. El sitio fue el Centro Quirúrgico del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad de São Paulo. La muestra estratificada fue de 1.120 cirugías y los residuos se pesaron durante 82 días. Resultados: Los residuos del Centro Quirúrgico representaron el 6,38% del total del hospital. El grupo más representativo fue A-infeccioso (50,62%). La generación promedio fue de 3,72 kg por cirugía. El quirófano fue el lugar que generó la mayor cantidad de residuos (55,93%) y las cirugías orales-maxilares las que generaron la mayor cantidad de residuos, en términos de masa. El costo de un kilo fue: Grupo A (R$ 1,10), Grupo B (R$ 5,70), Grupo D Reciclado (R$ 0,96), Grupo D No Reciclado (R$ 1,01) y Grupo E (R$ 3,23). Conclusión: El costo total promedio por cirugía fue de R$ 8,641 y su reducción depende de la negociación de compra de los artículos de consumo que tuvieron mayor representatividad en los costos.

Surviving the COVID-19 Pandemic: Surge Capacity Planning for Nonemergent Surgery.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has confronted the U.S. health care system with unprecedented challenges amidst a tenuous economic environment. As inpatient hospitals across the country prepare for an overwhelming influx of highly contagious COVID-19 cases, many nonemergent procedures have been cancelled or indefinitely postponed without guidance regarding eventual safe accommodation of these procedures in the future. Given the potentially prolonged impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care use, it is imperative for plastic surgeons to collaborate with other medical and surgical specialties to develop surge capacity protocols that allow continuation of safe, high-quality, nonemergent procedures. The purpose of this article is to provide necessary and timely public health information relevant to plastic surgery and also share a conceptual framework to guide surge capacity protocols for nonemergent surgery.

Avaliação da adequação no uso da paramentação cirúrgica / Assessment of adequacy in the use of surgical attire / Evaluación de la aptitud en el uso de paramentación quirúrgica

Objetivo: Analisar a adequação da paramentação cirúrgica pelos profissionais de saúde que prestam assistência em um centro cirúrgico de um hospital de ensino no Nordeste do Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal, descritivo, quantitativo e de natureza observacional. A amostra foi composta de 100 profissionais de saúde. Resultados: Os itens de maior adequação foram: no momento da colocação do propé e das luvas (100%), seguido da circulação da roupa privativa e do momento de colocação do gorro (99%). Obtiveram-se menores taxas de adequação no uso dos óculos (5%) e quanto ao local de guarda da máscara (8%). As inadequações relacionadas à máscara cirúrgica ocorreram pela não troca mediante sujidade ou umidade e em cirurgias com duração maior de duas horas aproximadamente (23%). Conclusão: Apesar de a maioria (18 dos 20) dos itens estar com boas taxas de adequação, outros apresentaram taxas consideradas medianas e baixas. As categorias profissionais que apresentaram maiores inadequações foram anestesistas (35%), enfermeiros (27%) e técnicos de enfermagem (22%). Esses percentuais necessitam ser melhorados, a fim de oferecer aos pacientes cirúrgicos uma assistência mais segura.

Objective: To analyze the adequacy of the surgical attire used by healthcare professionals who work in the surgical center of a teaching hospital in Northeastern Brazil. Method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive quantitative observational study. The sample consisted of 100 healthcare professionals. Results: The items with the best adequacy were: donning disposable shoe covers and gloves (100%), followed by places where professionals circulate with surgical scrubs and donning the surgical cap (99%). The use of safety glasses (5%) and the proper place for keeping the surgical mask (8%) had lower rates of adequacy. We found surgical mask inadequacies related to professionals who do not change the item when it gets dirty or wet and in surgeries lasting more than approximately two hours (23%). Conclusion: Although most (18 of the 20) items had high rates of adequacy, others presented regular and low rates. Professional categories with the highest rates of inadequacy were anesthetists (35%), nurses (27%), and nursing technicians (22%). These percentages must be improved to provide safer care for surgical patients.

analizar la adecuación del apósito quirúrgico por parte de profesionales de la salud que brindan asistencia en un centro quirúrgico de un hospital universitario en el noreste de Brasil. Método: estudio transversal, descriptivo, cuantitativo y observacional. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 100 profesionales de la salud. Resultados: Los artículos más adecuados fueron: al colocar las polainas y al ponerse un guante (100%), seguido de la circulación de ropa privada y el momento en que se colocó la gorra (99%). Se obtuvieron tasas más bajas de adecuación en el uso de gafas (5%) y en términos de la ubicación de la máscara (8%). Las deficiencias relacionadas con la máscara quirúrgica ocurrieron debido al no intercambio debido a la suciedad o la humedad, y en cirugías que duraron más de dos horas, aproximadamente (23%). Conclusión: Aunque la mayoría (18 de los 20 ítems) tuvieron buenas tasas de adecuación, otros tuvieron tasas consideradas medianas y bajas. Las categorías profesionales que mostraron las mayores deficiencias fueron anestesistas (35%), enfermeras (27%) y técnicos de enfermería (22%). Es necesario mejorar estos porcentajes para ofrecer a los pacientes quirúrgicos una atención más segura.

Blueprint for Restructuring a Department of Surgery in Concert With the Health Care System During a Pandemic: The University of Wisconsin Experience.

The current health care environment is complex. Systems often cross US state boundaries to provide care to patients with a wide variety of medical needs. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is challenging health care systems across the globe. Systems face varying levels of complexity as they adapt to the new reality. This pandemic continues to escalate in hot spots nationally and internationally, and the worst strain on health care systems may be yet to come. The purpose of this article is to provide a road map developed from lessons learned from the experience in the Department of Surgery at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health and University of Wisconsin Health, based on past experience with incident command structures in military combat operations and Federal Emergency Management Agency responses. We will discuss administrative restructuring leveraging a team-of-teams approach, provide a framework for deploying the workforce needed to deliver all necessary urgent health care and critical care to patients in the system, and consider implications for the future.

Going and coming from a surgical center: assessing risks in patient transport in a university hospital of Brazil / Indo e vindo de um centro cirúrgico: avaliando riscos no transporte de pacientes em um hospital universitário do Brasil

The patient's in-hospital transport is an activity that must be performed with safety and quality and involves considerable risks, especially for surgical patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the adequacy or not of transport of surgical patients from inpatient units to surgical centers and vice-versa. The transport and patient profile, the nursing workload, the professionals and conditions involved were assessed for each patient (or transport), and subsequently the transports were evaluated as inadequate (some non-conformity) or adequate. The transport was inadequate in 39.3% of the evaluations. The most commonnon-conformities were the lack of knowledge of the transport at the patient's destination, incorrect documents, patient alone during the route, and absence of health professional during transport (when necessary). In this institution and in the period evaluated, the transport was mainly run by porter. Patients in rout to inpatient units have higher frequency of inadequate transport, mainly because of lack of communication with the destination unit. The increase in workload, evaluated by the Santos Score, also increased the risk of having inappropriate transport (OR = 1.21, CI95%: 1.08-1.16), and when the patients were grouped in minimal care versus non-minimal care, the latter also showed higher risk of inadequate transport. When the transports were evaluated separately by route, patients going to surgical centers had a higher risk when the Santos Score increased (OR = 1.168, CI95%: 1.07-1.27), and patients going to inpatient units had a lower risk when the Santos Score increased (OR = 0.605, CI95%: 0.46-0.80). In the last case, patients with a high workload were also accompanied by health professionals. The presence of a health professional when the patient was going to an inpatient unit also decreased the risk of inadequate transport (OR = 0.011, CI95%: 0.002-0.070). The patient returning to their origin unit showed more transport non-conformities. Perhaps the reason is the discredit attributed to risk in these patients once the surgical problem was solved. Thus, it is a fact that the patient nursing workload and the route of the transport were effective in predicting the risk of inadequate transport, being of great potential for practical use.

O transporte hospitalar do paciente é uma atividade que deve ser realizada com segurança e qualidade e envolve riscos consideráveis, especialmente em pacientes cirúrgicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a adequação ou não do transporte de pacientes cirúrgicos da unidade de internação para o centro cirúrgico e vice-versa. O perfil, a carga de trabalho em enfermagem, os profissionais envolvidos no transporte foram avaliados para a cada transporte, então os transportes foram avaliados como inadequados (quando ocorreu qualquer não conformidade) ou não. O transporte foi inadequado em 39,3% das avaliações; as não-conformidades mais comuns foram o desconhecimento do transporte no destino, documentos incorretos, paciente sozinho durante a rota, e a ausência do profissional da saúde (quando necessário). Nesta instituição e no período avaliado, o transporte era principalmente realizado por maqueiros. Pacientes com destino a unidades de internação têm maior frequência de transporte inadequado, principalmente por nenhuma comunicação. Sobre a carga de trabalho, avaliada pela pontuação de Santos, com a carga de trabalho aumentando o risco de ter o transporte inadequado também aumentou (Odds Ratio, OR = 1,21; IC95%: 1,08-1,16), e quando os pacientes foram agrupados em cuidados mínimos versus cuidado não mínimos, os últimos também mostram maior risco de transporte inadequado. Quando os transportes foram avaliados separadamente por rota, o paciente que vai para o centro cirúrgico tem maior risco quando o Score de Santos aumenta (OR = 1,168; IC95%: 1,07-1,27), e os pacientes que vão para a unidade de internação tem menor risco quando o Score de Santos aumenta (OR = 0,605; IC95%: 0,46-0,80). Pacientes no último caso, quando tem alta carga de trabalho também foram acompanhados por profissionais de saúde. A presença de profissionais de saúde quando o paciente vai para a unidade de internação também diminuem o risco (OR = 0,11; IC95%: 0,002-0,07). Quando os pacientes retornam às suas unidades mostram mais riscos de transporte e não-conformidades, talvez a razão é o descrédito atribuído ao risco nesses pacientes, uma vez que o problema cirúrgico foi resolvido. Assim, é fato que a carga de trabalho de enfermagem e a rota do transporte do paciente foram eficaz na predição do risco de transporte inadequado, sendo que apresentam grande potencial para uso prático.

Outpatient surgery is the solution at hand for reducing costs and hospital stays for pediatric surgery too: a hospital trial.

BACKGROUND: Outpatient management has proven to be the most useful method of treatment for various minimally complex surgical specialties compared to day-hospital management or ordinary inpatient processes, a fact confirmed by numerous technical documents and works in the literature. METHODS: We analyzed 27,713 surgical interventions carried out in our hospital between 2005 and 2017. This analysis included all interventions for which the indication of the level of care has moved, over the years, to an outpatient setting. We evaluated the direct costs of these services, comparing them by year and by treatment setting. RESULTS: From the analysis of costs in general, for the same number of services, a reduction of 56.6% can be seen in the comparison between 2005 and 2017. In addition, the analysis of the length of stay shows an average reduction in the number of days of hospitalization from 2.9 to 1.2 between 2005 and 2017. On the basis of a large quantity of data, our study confirms that outpatient surgery can have a significant impact in reducing costs and days of hospitalization, even in a pediatric setting, demonstrating that it is the best choice in terms of saving resources and, above all, clinical and organizational appropriateness. CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient surgery is in fact a valuable solution that provides an advantage for both the patient and his/her family, especially in the pediatric field, for the hospital and more generally for the health system as a whole.