RESUMO
Genomics has recently celebrated reaching the $1000 genome milestone, making affordable DNA sequencing a reality. With this goal successfully completed, the next goal of the sequencing revolution can be sequencing sensors--miniaturized sequencing devices that are manufactured for real-time applications and deployed in large quantities at low costs. The first part of this manuscript envisions applications that will benefit from moving the sequencers to the samples in a range of domains. In the second part, the manuscript outlines the critical barriers that need to be addressed in order to reach the goal of ubiquitous sequencing sensors.
Assuntos
Genoma Humano , Genômica , Análise de Sequência de DNA/economia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/instrumentação , Técnicas Biossensoriais , Custos e Análise de Custo , Tecnologia de Alimentos/tendências , Ciências Forenses/tendências , Genômica/economia , Genômica/legislação & jurisprudência , Genômica/métodos , Humanos , MiniaturizaçãoRESUMO
We are at a critical juncture for the forensic sciences. A number of high-profile reports and a growing body of literature question and critically reflect on core issues pertaining to the methodologies informing forensic science and their effective use within the criminal justice system. We argue for the need for an improved association and outline key areas that require attention from practitioners operating within the fields of both forensic science and law.
Assuntos
Ciências Forenses/métodos , Ciências Forenses/normas , Jurisprudência , Ciências Forenses/tendências , Direitos Humanos , HumanosRESUMO
The polymorphism of short tandem repeats (STRs) is commonly used for human identity testing. Many commercial kits are available for this purpose, in which multiplex PCR for 10-16 STRs is usually used. For optimal results, the kits recommend rather limited conditions, which not all forensic samples can satisfy. We increased the efficiency of several commercial kits by modifying the components and reaction parameters (primer concentration and cycle number, and annealing and extension time). To simulate low copy number, we used 1:10 and 1:100 diluted samples compared to the recommended concentration. A change in cycle number, annealing and extension time, and primer concentration showed various results. Fine-tuning of PCR conditions by combining the described changes, decreasing the primer concentration, and increasing the annealing and extension time together with increasing the cycling number dramatically increased the efficiency of the reaction, even in low-copy-number simulated samples. Detailed information for several kit components or kits with different components targeting difficult sample conditions, including low copy number, would be of great help in forensics.
Assuntos
DNA/análise , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/instrumentação , Polimorfismo Genético , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico/normas , Eletroforese , Ciências Forenses/métodos , Ciências Forenses/tendências , Amplificação de Genes , Humanos , Coreia (Geográfico) , Projetos Piloto , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/economia , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesAssuntos
Ciências Forenses/tendências , Educação de Pós-Graduação/tendências , Ciências Forenses/economia , Ciências Forenses/educação , Ciências Forenses/organização & administração , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Pesquisa/economia , Pesquisa/organização & administração , Pesquisa/tendências , Estados Unidos , United States Government Agencies/economia , United States Government Agencies/organização & administração , United States Government Agencies/tendênciasRESUMO
In this article an empirically grounded study of the police practices used when conducting cold case reviews of unsolved homicides is used to illuminate the key features of what is termed 'retroactive social control'. It is suggested that this mode of social control, that works by placing past events under new descriptions, is an increasingly important feature of how social control is being imagined and delivered, and is predicated upon the capacity to de-stabilize and re-write previous official definitions of a situation. Retroactive social control it is posited encompasses two inter-twined dimensions: the social control of collective memory, in terms of what is remembered and how; and social control through memory, wherein the shaping of the past influences the enactment of control in the present. The focus upon police cold case reviews suggests how forensic evidence and new investigative technologies have played an important role in shaping the development of these innovative aspects of contemporary policing. As such, the empirical focus illuminates a broader trend relating to how developments in science and technology are affording new possibilities in the ways that social control is conceptualized and conducted.