Parental Attributions-Mothers' Voices in Economically and Socially Disadvantaged Contexts.

In the present study, the attributions of socially and economically disadvantaged mothers for their own negative parenting behavior and for their children's undesirable behaviors as perceived by parents-understood as misbehavior-were analyzed. To this end, an exploratory study with a qualitative design was developed, in which 24 socially and economically disadvantaged mothers were individually interviewed. The data were analyzed following a thematic analysis approach, using software suited to qualitative analysis, namely NVIVO 12. The children's undesirable behaviors as perceived by parents and some characteristics associated with parental performance (particularly the appraisal of the effectiveness of their negative practices) emerged respectively as external and internal factors, explaining mothers' inadaptive behaviors-difficulties in behavior regulation, physical coercion, psychological control and paraverbal hostility. The parental subsystem and school emerged as the main external factors, and the psychological characteristics as the most relevant internal factors, explaining the children's undesirable behaviors-challenge, immaturity, hostility, emotionally-based, school behavior/absenteeism and danger. The results also indicate weak self-critical reflexivity regarding some of the inadaptive behaviors. The comprehensive analysis of the results, based on the literature review, gave rise to an explanatory hypothesis on the dysfunctional circular process regarding the maintenance of inadaptive practices and children's undesirable behaviors, considering the role played by parental attributions and by insufficient parental reflexivity.

Picky Eating in School-Aged Children: Sociodemographic Determinants and the Associations with Dietary Intake.

Children exhibiting picky eating behavior often demonstrate strong food preferences and rejection of particular foods or food texture, which may lead to limited dietary variety and possibly inadequate or unhealthy diet. Yet, the relationship between picky eating and nutrient intake in school-aged children has not been established previously. This study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic determinants of picky eating and the associations between picky eating and dietary intake in children. Data of 424 healthy Saudi children aged 6-12 years were collected from their mothers. A child's picky eating habits were captured using a validated questionnaire. Sociodemographic characteristics of the children were assessed. Dietary data, including 24 h dietary recalls and frequency of fruit, vegetable, and milk consumption, were collected by dietetic professionals using phone-administered interviews. Compared to those of normal-weight mothers, children of mothers with obesity had higher odds of being in the highest tertile of picky eating (OR = 1.93; 95% CI 1.02, 3.63). Children exhibiting higher levels of picky eating consumed less fruits (B = -0.03; 95% CI -0.06, -0.01), vegetables (B = -0.05; 95% CI -0.07, -0.02), and protein (B = -0.21; 95% CI -0.33, -0.09), and had higher consumption of trans fatty acid intake (B = 1.10; 95% CI 0.06, 2.15). Children with higher levels of picky eating presented unhealthy dietary behaviors. Future studies are needed to examine the long-term effect of picky eating on cardiovascular health. Dietary behaviors of mothers with obesity must be taken into consideration when designing intervention programs aiming to improve eating behaviors of children.

Maternal insecurity in breastfeeding women served at a human milk bank / Insegurança materna na amamentação em lactantes atendidas em um banco de leite humano

Abstract Objectives: to verify the prevalence and factors associated with maternal insecurity in breastfeeding with lactating women treated at a milk bank. Methods: cross-sectional study with secondary record data from January 2017 to December 2018 at the Human Milk Bank of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão. Results: a total of 891 lactating women were analyzed, of which 23.4% had maternal insecurity, being the second most prevalent complication. Most were young adults, married (68%), with complete higher education (64.9%) and family income above five minimum wages (32.5%). Regarding the obstetric history, the highest frequency was ofprimigravida (63.7%o), primiparous (70%), who had had seven or more prenatal appointments (91 %) in private health services (76.5%) where most births also occurred (78.6%), with cesarean section being the most prevalent mode of delivery (86.5%), 47.2% reported never having received guidance on breastfeeding and 80.7% were breastfeeding for the first time. There was a statistically significant relationship (p-value < 0.05) of maternal insecurity with the place where the prenatal care was performed and the place and mode of delivery. Conclusion: maternal insecurity was the second most prevalent breast complication among lactating women in the service. It stands out the need for adequate guidance and counseling on the subject, especially during prenatal care, contributing to avoid early weaning

Resumo Objetivos: verificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à insegurança materna na amamentação em lactantes atendidas em um banco de leite humano. Métodos: estudo transversal com dados retrospectivos de registros ocorridos de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018 no Banco de Leite Humano do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão. Resultados: analisou-se 891 atendimentos, dentre os quais 24,3% das lactantes apresentaram insegurança materna, sendo a segunda intercorrência mais prevalente. A maioria era adulta jovem, casada (68%), com nível superior completo (64,9%) e renda familiar acima de cinco salários mínimos (32,5%o). Em relação aos antecedentes obstétricos a maior frequência foi de primigestas (63, 7%), primíparas (70%), realizaram sete ou mais consultas de prénatal (91%) em serviços privados de saúde (76,5%) onde também ocorreu a maioria dos partos (78,6%), sendo a cesariana a via maisprevalente (86,5%); 47,2% relataram nunca ter recebido orientações sobre amamentação e 80, 7%o amamentavam pela primeira vez. Observou-se relação estatisticamente significativa (p-valor <0,05) com o local de realização do pré-natal, local do parto e via de parto. Conclusão: a insegurança materna foi a segunda intercorrência mamária mais prevalente entre as lactantes do serviço. Destaca-se a necessidade de orientações e aconselhamento adequados sobre o tema, especialmente durante o pré-natal, contribuindo para que se evite o desmame precoce.

Maternal Differential Treatment and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Marital Tension and Sibling Tension?

OBJECTIVES: Past research used equity theory and social comparison theory to explain the direct effect of maternal differential treatment (MDT) on psychological well-being. However, this focus on psychological pathways ignores possible social pathways, such as indirect effects of MDT on well-being through disrupting other family relationships. This study uses stress proliferation theory to argue that MDT, as a primary stressor in mother-child relationships, can produce secondary stressors in other family relationships (e.g., sibling tension and marital tension), which in turn leads to lower psychological well-being. METHODS: To investigate this mechanism, we conducted multilevel mediation analysis using data collected from 720 adult children nested within 308 families, as part of the Within-Family Differences Study. RESULTS: We found that sibling tension mediates the association between adult children's perceptions of maternal disfavoritism and their psychological well-being-a process we call the stress proliferation of maternal disfavoritism. In contrast, adult children's perceptions of maternal favoritism cannot trigger this stress proliferation process of producing marital tension nor sibling tension. DISCUSSION: The evaluation of the stress proliferation process of maternal favoritism and disfavoritism can help us to understand the difference in effects across various dimensions of MDT. This study contributes to the literature on social relationships as social determinants of health by investigating how intergenerational relationships are connected to other family relationships to affect family members' health.

Associations between stress exposure and new mothers' brain responses to infant cry sounds.

Exposure to severe stress has been linked to negative postpartum outcomes among new mothers including mood disorders and harsh parenting. Non-human animal studies show that stress exposure disrupts the normative adaptation of the maternal brain, thus identifying a neurobiological mechanism by which stress can lead to negative maternal outcomes. However, little is known about the impact of stress exposure on the maternal brain response to infant cues in human mothers. We examined the association of stress exposure with brain response to infant cries and maternal behaviors, in a socioeconomically diverse (low- and middle-income) sample of first-time mothers (N=53). Exposure to stress across socioeconomic, environmental, and psychosocial domains was associated with reduced brain response to infant cry sounds in several regions, including the right insula/inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. Reduced activation in these regions was further associated with lower maternal sensitivity observed during a mother-infant interaction. The findings demonstrate that higher levels of stress exposure may be associated with reduced brain response to an infant's cry in regions that are important for emotional and social information processing, and that reduced brain responses may further be associated with increased difficulties in developing positive mother-infant relationships.

Mothers' Job Loss and Their Sensitivity to Young Children's Development.

As the economy diversifies and stratifies, more mothers of young children experience job instability. To advance understanding of the implications of this trend, this study examines the role of job instability in maternal sensitivity, an important component of child development, during their children's first 3 years of life. Structural equation models with longitudinal multimethod data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1,211; 1991-1994) revealed that mothers' involuntary job loss, but not other job transitions, was negatively associated with sensitivity. This association was most pronounced among mothers with less education. Mediation analyses found that the association was explained by changes in family income and maternal depression, pointing to policy-relevant mechanisms for reducing inequalities among children.

Maternal Health Behaviors and Infant Health Outcomes Among Arab American and Non-Hispanic White Mothers in Massachusetts, 2012-2016.

OBJECTIVES: The health profile of Arab American mothers and infants may differ from that of non-Arab American mothers and infants in the United States as a result of social stigma experienced in the historical and current sociopolitical climate. The objective of our study was to compare maternal health behaviors, maternal health outcomes, and infant health outcomes of Arab American mothers and non-Hispanic white mothers in Massachusetts and to assess the role of nativity as an effect modifier. METHODS: Using data from Massachusetts birth certificates (2012-2016), we conducted adjusted logistic and linear regression models for maternal health behaviors, maternal health outcomes, and infant health outcomes. We used Arab ethnicity as the exposure of interest and nativity as an effect modifier. RESULTS: Arab American mothers had higher odds than non-Hispanic white mothers of initiating breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.61; 95% CI, 2.39-2.86), giving birth to small-for-gestational-age infants (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.18-1.39), and having gestational diabetes (aOR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.20-1.44). Among Arab American mothers, non-US-born mothers had higher odds than US-born mothers of having gestational diabetes (aOR = 1.80; 95% CI, 1.33-2.44) and lower odds of initiating prenatal care in the first trimester (aOR = 0.41; 95% CI, 0.33-0.50). In linear regression models, infants born to non-US-born Arab American mothers weighed 42.1 g (95% CI, -75.8 to -8.4 g) less than infants born to US-born Arab American mothers. CONCLUSION: Although Arab American mothers engage in positive health behaviors, non-US-born mothers had poorer maternal health outcomes and access to prenatal care than US-born mothers, suggesting the need for targeted interventions for non-US-born Arab American mothers.

Consistency in maternal affect and positive vocalization over the first year of life.

Consistency in parenting infants has positive developmental outcomes. Yet, the role of socioeconomic status (SES) in consistency of maternal behaviors is not well understood. We investigated individual-order continuity of maternal smile and laughter and positive vocalization from 6 to 12 months of age in 82 mother-infant dyads. Overall, individual differences in maternal smile and laughter, and positive vocalization were consistent across time. A multidimensional measure of SES moderated the association of maternal smile and laughter from 6 to 12 months, such that infants from lower SES families were vulnerable to unpredictable parenting - experiencing a lack of consistency in maternal smiles and laughter.

Assisted reproductive technologies are slightly associated with maternal lack of affection toward the newborn: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

AIM: To evaluate the association between use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and mother-to-infant bonding. METHODS: Using nationwide birth cohort study with periodical follow-ups for mothers and children during pregnancy and at 1 year after delivery, mothers were classified following three groups; infertility group with ART: 2792 mothers; infertility group with non-ART treatment (ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination): 3835 mothers and unaided pregnancy group: 78 726 mothers. Data on maternal and child health as well as basic characteristics were collected via medical records and self-administered questionnaires. The Japanese version of Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale was used to evaluate maternal bonding style. To evaluate the association between ART and maternal bonding toward babies, multivariate analysis was used with adjustment for potential confounders such as babies' sex, socio-economic status and history of maternal mental disorders. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that ART was slightly but significantly associated with an increased risk of maternal lack of affection toward their newborn (adjusted odds ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.20), while non-ART was significantly associated with both maternal lack of affection and anger/rejection toward the newborn. No substantial association was observed between ART and overall Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale score (adjusted odds ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.94-1.12). Very slight negative correlations were observed between poor mother-to-infant bonding and good infant mental and physical development at both 6 months and 1 year. CONCLUSION: ART may exert a negative influence on maternal emotion after delivery, but this does not have strong correlation with child development evaluated by mothers.

Food Insecurity and Depression among Economically Disadvantaged Mothers: Does Maternal Efficacy Matter?

BACKGROUND: Nearly 13 million American children experience food insecurity. Research suggests that maternal depression is associated with food insecurity, such that mothers who experience depression are more likely to be food insecure. Maternal self-efficacy may be an important protective factor against depression during the postpartum year, interrupting the link between depression and food insecurity. We extend prior research by examining food insecurity in households with infants and investigating the potential for maternal efficacy to moderate the relation between depression and food insecurity. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Kids in Columbus Study, a longitudinal study of diverse, economically disadvantaged mothers and their young children in Columbus, Ohio (N = 219). Data for this study were drawn from data collected between July 2014 and June 2016. RESULTS: Over one-third of families experienced food insecurity. Further, depression was positively and significantly related to household food insecurity; this relationship, however, was dependent on maternal efficacy. When maternal efficacy was high, the relationship between depression and food insecurity was nonsignificant; when maternal efficacy was low, there was a significant, positive association between depression and food insecurity. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing maternal self-efficacy during the postpartum period may reduce food insecurity in low-income mothers who are experiencing depression.

Relationship between caesarean section and breastfeeding: evidence from the 2013 Turkey demographic and health survey.

BACKGROUND: The mode of delivery influences breastfeeding practices. High rates of caesarean section and low breastfeeding rates are important public health concerns for all developing countries. This study aimed to determine the relationship between caesarean section and early breastfeeding practices among primiparae. METHODS: Data for primiparae with a singleton birth (N = 777) obtained from the 2013 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey were used in this retrospective cohort study. Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour of delivery and exclusive breastfeeding during the first three days following birth were evaluated. Standardised incidence rates and standardised rate ratios of non-early initiation of breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding were calculated according to the mode of delivery. RESULTS: The late initiation of breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding incidence rates were 42.7 and 41.0%, respectively. The standardised incidence rate of late initiation of breastfeeding among women with vaginal delivery was 35.34%, versus 50.49% among those with caesarean delivery. The standardised rate ratios for late initiation of breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding were 1.428 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.212-1.683) and 1.468 (95% CI: 1.236-1.762), respectively. Women who underwent caesarean section had a higher risk of late initiation of breastfeeding and non-exclusive breastfeeding during the three days following delivery, after controlling for sociodemographic and delivery-related factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides useful evidence for the implementation of strategies to prevent unnecessary caesarean sections, which negatively affect not only maternal health but also neonatal health. The promotion of mother-friendly policies by healthcare institutions, implemented in a baby-friendly manner, is essential.

Psychological aspects of COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world from every aspect. Individuals are drained from social, financial, and emotional percussion of this pandemic. Psychosocial consequences are far greater than are being perceived. It is anticipated that once the pandemic is over the psycho-emotional turbulence would shake the whole populations of affected countries. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To review the psychological consequences of COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A literature search was conducted on major databases from January 2020 to April 2020 with the search terms of Covid-19, Corona virus, psychological, depression, anxiety, phobias, obsessive behaviors, paranoia, parental relationship, marital life and maternal and fetal bond. CONCLUSION: Patients with COVID-19 infection are more likely to suffer from a myriad of psychological consequences, and this infection may have profound effect on parenting, relationships, marital life, elderly, and maternal-fetal bond.

The Role of Mother's Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices in Dental Caries on Vulnerably Preschool Children

Abstract Objective: To analyze the association between Early Childhood Caries (ECC) and mother´s knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included a random sample of 163 preschool children aged 3-4 old in southern Brazil. The severity of dental caries and ECC was assessed by ICDAS criteria, while mothers completed the semi-structured questionnaire (KAP-ECC). Maternal behavior characteristics and answered questions about socioeconomic and demographic variables. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of exploratory variables with ECC. For this approach, we calculated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% IC). Results: Dental examinations revealed that 91.4% of children presented ECC (ICDAS = 3, 4, 5 or 6). Among those children, 31.9% presented cavities (ICDAS ≥ 3). Family income was significantly associated with the presence of ECC (OR 2.17; 95% CI: 1.41-3.36). Regarding KAP-ECC, mothers have knowledge related to ECC etiology, reported dental hygiene attitudes and practices that can prevent ECC but reported less healthy attitudes and practices regarding child's diet, specifically with respect to bottle and breastfeeding habits (OR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.33-0.81). Conclusion: ECC was more frequent in children from low-income families and whose mothers reported the belief that milk with chocolate does not contribute to caries and that disagreed that it is normal that a 2-year-old baby wakes up during the night to suckle. That is, good knowledge toward health habits may impact on lower occurrence of ECC; however, this condition also depends on the socioeconomic level.

Assessing the Feasibility and Effectiveness of Two Prenatal Breastfeeding Intervention Apps in Promoting Postpartum In-Hospital Exclusive Breastfeeding.

Purpose: To test the feasibility and possible effects of two iPad®-based breastfeeding interventions for expectant minority women and evaluate (1) the intervention effect on exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) intention, (2) intervention acceptability and satisfaction, and (3) follow-up rates of in-hospital EBF. Materials and Methods: This was a longitudinal survey study with follow-up chart review. Expectant women who completed clinically required breastfeeding education were eligible and were assigned to one of the following interventions by nonrandomized block design: the champion intervention utilized a free commercially available app to identify a supportive breastfeeding champion and the positive messaging intervention offered breastfeeding information in a question-answer format. Medical records were reviewed postpartum for in-hospital feeding choice. Data were analyzed using percentages, frequencies, chi-squared analyses, and McNemar's test. Results: We enrolled 243 publicly insured predominantly African American women: 132 and 111 completed the champion and positive messaging interventions, respectively. Thirty-two of 40 champion participants (80.03%) intended EBF and did in-hospital EBF; 39/86 champion participants (45.3%) not intending EBF did in-hospital EBF (p < 0.0001 for change). Similarly, 30/36 positive messaging participants (83.3%) intended EBF and did in-hospital EBF; 36/67 positive messaging participants (53.7%) not intending EBF did in-hospital EBF (p < 0.0001 for change). Conclusions: In this pilot of two brief, iPad-based prenatal interventions designed to promote in-hospital EBF among minority women, interventions were feasible and a statistically significant change in the proportion of women who intended (prenatally) and then chose (postpartum) EBF was noted. Additional controlled trials are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.

Characteristics and changes in characteristics of women and babies admitted to residential parenting services in New South Wales, Australia in the first year following birth: a population-based data linkage study 2000-2012.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of women and babies admitted to the residential parenting services (RPS) of Tresillian and Karitane in the first year following birth. DESIGN: A linked population data cohort study was undertaken for the years 2000-2012. SETTING: New South Wales (NSW), Australia. PARTICIPANTS: All women giving birth and babies born in NSW were compared with those admitted to RPS. RESULTS: During the time period there were a total of 1 097 762 births (2000-2012) in NSW and 32 991 admissions to RPS. Women in cohort 1: (those admitted to RPS) were older at the time of birth, more likely to be admitted as a private patient at the time of birth, be born in Australia and be having their first baby compared with women in cohort 2 (those not admitted to an RPS). Women admitted to RPS experienced more birth intervention (induction, instrumental birth, caesarean section), had more multiple births and were more likely to have a male infant. Their babies were also more likely to be resuscitated and have experienced birth trauma to the scalp. Between 2000 and 2012 the average age of women in the RPS increased by nearly 2 years; their infants were older on admission and women were less likely to smoke. Over the time period there was a drop in the numbers of women admitted to RPS having a normal vaginal birth and an increase in women having an instrumental birth. CONCLUSION: Women who access RPS in the first year after birth are more socially advantaged and have higher birth intervention than those who do not, due in part to higher numbers birthing in the private sector where intervention rates are high. The rise in women admitted to RPS (2000-2012) who have had instrumental births is intriguing as overall rates did not increase.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice among mothers about newborn care in Sindh, Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Each year nearly 7.7 million children under five years die around the world; out of which approximately 3.1 million of the newborns die during the neonatal period and almost all these (99%) deaths occur in the developing countries. According to the World Health Organization's estimation neonatal deaths account for 45% of the under-five deaths. More than one-third of these deaths occur in the first 24 h of birth, whereas three-quarter of the neonatal deaths takes place in the first seven days of birth. The purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) among mothers about newborns' care and its related factors in district Badin Sindh province of Pakistan. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2017 to August 2017 to assess the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) in mothers regarding newborn care. A structured questionnaire was administered, after pretest, for data gathering through face to face interview. All survey participants were identified using multi-stage cluster sampling. A scoring system was used to calculate the level of KAP among participants. Independent sample t-test, ANOVA, and GLM were applied to identify the statistical difference between the means of various groups. RESULT: A total of 518 survey participants were interviewed. Among the study sample, more than half of the newborns were bathed within six hours of delivery. Around 50% started breastfeeding after 1 h of birth. A substantial proportion (45%) of mothers gave pre-lacteal feeding and 44.8% of them did not feed colostrum to their newborns. Among those who administered pre-lacteal to their newborn babies included animal/formula milk (15.4%), honey (24.5%) and fresh butter/ghee (5.2. %). Mothers with no education had less significant KAP score about newborn care as compared to those who had higher education (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that high-risk factors such as immediate bathing, application of traditional substances on the cord, delayed initiation of breastfeeding, discarding colostrum and giving pre-lacteal feed to newborns were highly prevalent. This requires urgent attention of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) programs and health care delivery system to prevent harmful care practices and adopt healthy practices especially in the rural settings.

[Tobacco use in pregnancy: prevalence and factors associated with maintenance of consumption]. / Consumo de tabaco en el embarazo: prevalencia y factores asociados al mantenimiento del consumo.

OBJECTIVE: Tobacco use during pregnancy is detrimental to pregnant women and to the fetus. In Galicia, the data regarding prevalence of tobacco use during pregnancy is outdated and the characteristics of women who continue to smoke during pregnancy are not known. The objectives of this work were to estimate, before and during pregnancy, the prevalence of tobacco use and characterize its consumption, and to identify factors associated with the maintenance of tobacco use during pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 targeting women who had given birth within the previous 12 months (n=6.436) in Galicia. Information was collected regarding the mother's status before and during pregnancy, at the time of delivery and survey. Smoking prevalence was estimated both globally and by women related characteristics. Regression models were performed to identify variables associated with smoking maintenance. Prevalence and odds ratio are presented accompanied with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence during pregnancy was 11.9% (11.1-12.8). Among women who maintain tobacco consumption during pregnancy, the percentage of cigarette smokers decreased, but prevalence of rolled tobacco remain stable. The maintenance of smoking during pregnancy was related to being Spanish, education or having been a daily smoker before pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that more than half of Galician women stop smoking during pregnancy, smoking prevalence remains at 12%. The different demographic factors identified in this study as predictors of smoking maintenance, should be kept in mind when intervention programs focused on pregnant women will be design.

OBJETIVO: El consumo de tabaco durante el embarazo es perjudicial para las mujeres embarazadas y el feto. En Galicia la prevalencia del consumo durante el embarazo no está actualizada y se desconocen las características de las mujeres que continúan fumando durante el embarazo. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron estimar, antes y durante el embarazo, la prevalencia del uso del tabaco, caracterizar su consumo e identificar factores asociados al mantenimiento durante el embarazo. METODOS: Estudio transversal realizado en 2016 en mujeres que habían dado a luz en los 12 meses previos (n =6436) en Galicia. Se recogió información sobre la madre en diferentes momentos temporales. La prevalencia del consumo de tabaco se estimó a nivel global y en función de diferentes características. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión para identificar las variables asociadas al mantenimiento del consumo. Se presentan prevalencia y razones de odds acompañadas de intervalos de confianza al 95%. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia del consumo de tabaco durante el embarazo fue del 11,9% (11,1-12,8). Entre las mujeres que mantuvieron el consumo durante el embarazo, el porcentaje de fumadoras de cigarrillos disminuyó, el de tabaco de liar permaneció estable. Seguir fumando durante el embarazo estuvo relacionado con la nacionalidad, el nivel educativo, o con el consumo previo. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de que más de la mitad de las mujeres dejan de fumar durante el embarazo, la prevalencia es del 12%. Los diferentes predictores de mantenimiento deben tenerse en cuenta cuando se diseñan programas de intervención orientados a mujeres embarazadas.

Within-Subject Effects of Stress on Weight-Related Parenting Practices in Mothers: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

BACKGROUND: Stress may compromise parenting practices related to children's dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. PURPOSE: The current study used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to examine microtemporal sequences underlying maternal stress and subsequent weight-related parenting practices. METHODS: Mothers (n = 199) of children aged 8-12 years participated in two separate 7-day waves of EMA with up to eight randomly prompted surveys per day during children's nonschool time. EMA items assessed stress and weight-related parenting practices. RESULTS: When mothers reported experiencing greater stress than usual, they subsequently engaged in less physical activity parenting (e.g., encouraging physical activity; p < .05) and more sedentary screen behavior parenting (e.g., limiting TV/video games; p < .05) over the next 2 hr. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing within-day variations in maternal stress may be an important component of parent-focused child obesity prevention interventions.

Re-examining the "cycle of abuse": Parenting determinants among previously maltreated, low-income mothers.

Multidomain approaches toward understanding the transmission of harsh caregiving across generations have been largely overlooked in the literature. To address this, the current study examined how maternal and child factors may operate as mediating mechanisms in the association between maternal history of child maltreatment and maternal caregiving behaviors. In particular, we tested the relative roles of maternal depression, maternal efficacy beliefs, and child behavioral difficulties as explanatory variables in these associations. Participants (N = 127) were drawn from a community sample of mother-child dyads from socioeconomically disadvantaged, ethnically diverse backgrounds. Mother-child dyads were assessed at baseline, when the children were approximately 12 months old, with follow-up visits occurring when children were 26 and 37 months of age. Findings did not support a significant direct effect of childhood maltreatment on mothers' subsequent harsh or responsive parenting behavior. However, analyses demonstrated a significant indirect effect of childhood maltreatment history on later responsive parenting behaviors via maternal depression. Results also supported a significant indirect effect of childhood maltreatment history on later harsh parenting behavior through child behavior problems. Although mothers' childhood maltreatment history significantly predicted lower levels of maternal efficacy, results did not support a mediating role of maternal efficacy beliefs in the association between maltreatment history and subsequent parenting behaviors. Identifying specific factors that potentially disrupt the intergenerational pattern of maladaptive parenting can serve to guide prevention and intervention efforts aimed at facilitating more positive, responsive parenting strategies within high-risk families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Indulgence and stress around feeding: Initial evidence from a qualitative study of Saudi mothers.

Studies that examine social influences on child eating/weight status, including parental feeding, are particularly lacking among Arab populations. Due to variations in societal norms and perceptions of what embodies a healthy weight status, feeding practices may vary among cultures; Unique patterns of feeding behaviors may exist among parents of Saudi descent. This study aimed to collect and analyze qualitative data in order to detect themes and characterize feeding behaviors among mothers of preschoolers in Saudi Arabia. This study included 21 Saudi mothers of preschool children (mean age 3.97 years) who were following up at a pediatric outpatient clinic for a non-serious acute illness. One-on-one semi structured interviews were audio recorded and evaluated to detect emerging themes. A coding scheme was developed to code maternal perceptions, attitudes, and practices around feeding; A total of 24 codes with established inter-rater reliability were incorporated into the study. Examples of the codes generated: "Maternal Perceptions of Child's Fullness Cues: Child Declaration" and "Maternal Feeding Stress: Maternal Distress/Resentment". Descriptive statistics were conducted to assess sample characteristics, and frequency of each code was calculated. Results showed that the majority of mothers reported using rewards, electronics, and attractive plate presentations to get their children to eat, as well as base their cooking decisions on their child's preferences. None reported the use of threats and punishments in feeding, and they seemed to view feeding as highly stressful. Findings suggest that Saudi mothers may be more prone to follow indulgent feeding practices, which have been previously associated with child obesity This study is a key step in identifying important feeding practices in Saudi Arabia. Results can aid in the development of culturally-sensitive research instruments and effective interventions.