Children's risk assessment in street crossing using virtual reality.

INTRODUCTION: Crossing streets represents a risky task for children where they have to assess both the probability and harm severity of being hit by a vehicle. To cross streets safely, children must perceive and interpret the traffic environment and scale their movements to the flow of traffic. Their ability to gather information about the surrounding environment through visual search strategies is essential in this process. This study aimed to explore children's street crossing behaviors and to identify successful risk-assessment strategies. METHOD: Virtual reality (VR) with built-in eye tracking was used for this investigation; 55 children between 7 and 10 years old completed six street crossing tasks with varying complexity and difficulty. RESULTS: Varying competencies in street crossing were demonstrated among the children. Those who crossed safely looked to the left and right more often to check for traffic and spent more time assessing the traffic environment by following oncoming vehicles with their gaze before crossing than those who crossed dangerously. No apparent differences between children who crossed safely and those who crossed dangerously were found while crossing. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that dangerous street crossings were, on different levels, related to assessment time before crossing, visual search strategies during assessment time, and the tasks harm severity and probability risk. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Future research could suggestively include indicators such as assessment time and visual search strategies, and tasks could discern harm severity and probability risk. These indicators might also be considered for training programs aiming to enhance children's pedestrian safety.

Enhanced index of risk assessment of lane change on expressway weaving segments: A case study of an expressway in China.

Vehicles frequently change lanes at weaving segments, and there is a high probability of collision. To assess the risk of lane change, this study proposes a novel lane change risk assessment index (LCRAI), which takes both exposure time and conflict severity into consideration. First, the generalized time-to-collision (GTTC) and exposure-to-risk index (ERI) are proposed to evaluate conflicts during lane change, and then a spatiotemporal overlap analysis is applied to exclude the cases when two vehicles arrive at the conflict area at different times. Second, the change of velocity after a crash occurrence is calculated and used to evaluate the severity risk (SRI). Finally, ERI and SRI are combined to compute the LCRAI. A case study of a weaving segment is conducted, and the weaving segment is divided into four sections to compare their risks. Conflict frequency on the section close to the exit is the largest and it is smallest after passing the exit, while conflict severity is most serious just after entering the main line on the middle lane. As for both conflict frequency and severity, LCRAI shows that the middle section is the most dangerous while the last 100 m section is the safest in the weaving segment. The index proposed will contribute to the risk assessment of lane change in connected environments and improve safety in weaving segments of expressway combined with real-time safety countermeasures.

Resolução de conflitos familiares por adolescentes e defesa do domínio pessoal / Adolescents' family conflict resolution and defense of personal domain / Resolución de conflictos familiares por adolescentes y defensa del dominio personal

Compreender as estratégias de resolução de conflitos utilizadas por adolescentes na relação com seus pais é fundamental para entender como ocorre seu desenvolvimento saudável. Este artigo investigou a resolução de conflitos de adolescentes em situações de confronto entre o seu domínio pessoal e o controle parental. 36 adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 17 anos, divididos igualmente conforme o sexo, responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, que continha quatro situações de conflito hipotéticas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo semântica e a testes não paramétricos. Os resultados foram categorizados em sete estratégias: Assunção de culpa, Submissão, Mentira, Hostilidade, Diálogo/Explicação, Negociação e Outra. A forma predominante de resolução utilizada foi o Diálogo/Explicação, considerada como uma forma recorrente de defender o domínio pessoal. Foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao sexo dos participantes e à situação hipotética. Por fim, os resultados são discutidos em termos de grau de autonomia e tipo de defesa do domínio pessoal.(AU)

Understanding the conflict resolution strategies used by adolescents in their relationship with their parents is fundamental to understanding how their healthy development occurs. This article investigated the resolution of conflicts by adolescents in confrontation situations between their personal domain and parental control. A total of 36 adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years, divided equally according to sex, answered a semi-structured interview that contained four hypothetical conflict situations. Data were subjected to semantic content analysis and non-parametric tests. The results were categorized into seven strategies: Assumption of Guilt, Submission, Lie, Hostility, Dialogue/Explanation, Negotiation, and Other. The predominant form of resolution used was Dialogue/Explanation, considered a recurrent form of defense of the personal domain. Differences were found depending on the participants' gender and the hypothetical situation. Finally, the results are discussed regarding the degree of autonomy and type of defense of the personal domain.(AU)

Enterarse de las estrategias de resolución de conflictos que los adolescentes utilizan en la relación con sus padres es fundamental para comprender cómo ocurre el desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes. A partir de una entrevista semiestructurada, presentamos cuatro situaciones hipotéticas de conflicto que fueron analizadas y respondidas por 36 adolescentes de entre 15 y 17 años, divididos según el género. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de contenido semántico y a pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados se categorizaron en siete estrategias de resolución de conflictos: Asunción de culpa, Sumisión, Mentira, Hostilidad, Diálogo/Explicación, Negociación y Otros. La forma de resolución más utilizada fue Diálogo/Explicación, y esta categoría fue una forma de defensa del dominio personal. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias en función del género de los participantes y conforme la situación hipotética. Los resultados se discuten en términos de grado de autonomía y tipo de defensa del dominio personal.(AU)

Vivências de trabalho precoce de adolescentes em medida socioeducativa / Experience of child labor of adolescents complying with a social-educational measure / Vivencias de trabajo infantil de adolescentes en medidas socioeducativas

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a vivência de trabalho precoce de adolescentes e jovens em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa, no estado da Paraíba. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um Questionário Mosquito Diagnóstico e uma Entrevista Semiestruturada. A análise foi realizada com o software Iramuteq, (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), através da Análise Hierárquica Descendente, que gerou seis classes: significado do trabalho; infância e escola; condições objetivas de vida; trabalho, drogas e ato infracional; consequências do trabalho infantil; e trabalho infantojuvenil. A perspectiva teórica utilizada foi a psicologia histórico-cultural e os dados discutidos a partir do conceito de vivência. Conclui-se que as vivências e situações sociais de desenvolvimento foram caracterizadas pelo trabalho precoce que oportunizou o envolvimento com atos infracionais e as instituições responsáveis pela garantia de direitos em vez de garantir a proteção social, criminalizaram por meio de medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

This article aims to analyze the experience of child labor of adolescents and youngsters that are complying a social-educational measure, in the State of Paraíba. The instruments utilized were a Questionnaire Mosquito Diagnóstico and a Semi-Structured Interview. The analysis was performed by using the Iramuteq software (Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires), by using Descending Hierarchical Analysis, which generated six classes: meaning of labor; childhood and school; objective conditions of life; labor, drugs, and act of infraction; consequences of child labor; and child labor. The theoretical perspective used was historical-cultural psychology and the data were discussed from the concept of experience. It was concluded that the experiences and social situations of development were characterized by child labor, which enabled the involvement with acts of infraction; and the institutions responsible for guaranteeing rights, instead of guaranteeing social protection, criminalized by using social-educational measures.(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la vivencia precoz de adolescentes y jóvenes que cumplen medidas socioeducativas en el estado de Paraíba (Brasil). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron un Cuestionario Mosquito Diagnóstico y una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis se realizó con el software Iramuteq (Interface de R pour les Multidimensionnelles Analyzes de Textes et de Questionnaires), mediante análisis jerárquico descendente, que generó seis clases: Significado del trabajo; Infancia y escuela; Condiciones objetivas de vida; Trabajo, drogas y acto de infracción; Consecuencias del trabajo infantil; y Trabajo infantojuvenil. La perspectiva teórica que se utilizó fue la psicología histórico-cultural, y los datos se discutieron desde el concepto de vivencia. Se concluye que las vivencias y situaciones sociales de desarrollo se caracterizaron por trabajo infantil que permitió la participación en infracciones y que las instituciones responsables de garantizar los derechos en lugar de la protección social los criminalizaron mediante medidas socioeducativas.(AU)

Atendimento psicossocial à mulher que comete ofensa sexual / Psychosocial attention for women that commit sexual offenses / Atención psicosocial para mujeres que cometen delitos sexuales

Objetivamos apresentar uma proposta de atendimento psicossocial grupal oferecida para mulheres adultas que cometeram ofensa sexual, cuidadoras e mães. A experiência está sendo desenvolvida no Distrito Federal, Brasil, com pessoas do gênero feminino provenientes de encaminhamento judicial. Carece que os profissionais das áreas da justiça, saúde, serviço social e psicologia avancem no estudo e na compreensão desta temática, de modo a pensarem a atuação e o apoio terapêutico a essas mulheres. O modo de atendimento é focal e breve, com ênfase na criação de um ambiente lúdico como facilitador das interações grupais e da discussão sobre os temas: identidade; confiança nas relações afetivas e sociais; vivência pessoal com violência física e sexual; configuração de gênero; e expressão da sexualidade e futuro. A abordagem individual também se baseia no enfoque dos temas mencionados. O oferecimento de ajuda à mulher cuidadora ou à mãe tem participação ativa na interrupção do circuito abusivo sexual, pois essa violência é extremamente ocultada, ocasionando uma prolongada vulnerabilidade para as vítimas. Ressalta-se o valor do texto indicando a descrição de ação voltada para uma população permanentemente não estudada e evitada em seu reconhecimento. Os limites desta proposta encontram-se na falta de outras iniciativas que possibilitem uma discussão sobre essa experiência.(AU)

We aim to present a proposal of a group psychosocial intervention offered for adult female sexual offenders, caregivers, and mothers. The intervention is being developed at Federal District, Brazil, with female people coming from judicial referrals. Professionals in the areas of justice, health, social work, and psychology need to advance in the study and understanding this theme to think about action and therapeutic support for these women. The intervention is a focal and brief approach, with emphasis on the creation of a ludic environment as a facilitator of group interactions and discussion about the themes: identity; trust in affective and social relationships; personal experience with physical and sexual violence; gender configuration; and sexuality expression and future. The individual approach is also based on focusing on these themes. The offering of help to the female caregiver or the mother has an active participation in the interruption of the sexual offense circuit, since this violence is extremely hidden, bringing a prolonged condition of vulnerability to the victims. The value of this text is highlighted indicating the description of an action directed to a population that is permanently not studied and whose recognition is avoided. The limits of this proposal are found in the absence of other initiatives that would allow a discussion about this experience.(AU)

Este texto presenta una propuesta de atención psicosocial grupal destinada a mujeres adultas que han cometido delito sexual, a cuidadoras y madres. La intervención se está desarrollando en el Distrito Federal (Brasil), con personas del género femenino provenientes de remisiones judiciales. Es necesario que los profesionales de las áreas de justicia, salud, trabajo social y psicología avancen en el estudio y comprensión de esta temática para pensar en el desempeño y apoyo terapéutico de estas mujeres. El servicio es enfocado y breve, con énfasis en la creación de un ambiente lúdico como facilitador de interacciones grupales y discusión sobre los temas: identidad; confianza en las relaciones afectivas y sociales; experiencia personal con violencia física y sexual; configuración de género; y expresión de la sexualidad y el futuro. El enfoque individual también se centra en estos temas. La oferta de ayuda a la mujer cuidadora o a la madre es importante para la interrupción del circuito de abuso sexual, ya que esta violencia es extremadamente oculta y provoca una vulnerabilidad prolongada a las víctimas. Se destaca el valor del texto con la descripción de la acción dirigida a una población que no es objeto de estudios ni reconocida. Los límites de esta propuesta se encuentran en la ausencia de otras iniciativas que permitan un debate sobre esta experiencia.(AU)

Domestic violence against women in the brazilian media: study of social representations / Violencia doméstica contra las mujeres en los medios de comunicación brasileños: estudio de representaciones sociales / Violência doméstica contra as mulheres na mídia brasileira: estudo de representações sociais

This study examined the content published by the newspaper Folha de São Paulo regarding domestic violence before and after Law 11340/06, commonly known as Maria da Penha Law, came into force. A retrospective and comparative documentary research analyzed 3408 news reports published between 1994 and 2018. Divided into two corpora, '12 years before' and '12 years after' the Law, the material was analyzed using the IRaMuTeQ software and Descending Hierarchical Classification. The first corpus included news reports on cases involving celebrities and little about ordinary people. It also covered the feminist struggle to reduce domestic violence, focusing on specialized police stations and shelters. The second corpus included reports on the achievements generated by the Law and its challenges, pointing out the need to regard the law as more than a punitive instrument, addressing its preventive and care spheres. Problematizing how the media discloses such law is paramount, since the content divulged affects the construction of social representations.(AU)

Este artículo tuvo por objetivo identificar el contenido de la violencia doméstica transmitido en el periódico Folha de S. Paulo antes y después de la Ley 11.340/2006 (Ley Maria da Penha). La investigación fue de carácter documental retrospectivo y comparativa, realizada a partir de 3.408 noticias difundidas entre 1994 y 2018. El material se dividió en dos corpus: 12 años antes y 12 años después de la Ley, y se analizó con el software IRaMuTeQ. En el primer corpus, los medios informaron casos de celebridades y poco sobre la gente común. También abordaron la lucha feminista para reducir la violencia doméstica. Como no existe una legislación específica, la atención se centró en estaciones de policía especializadas y refugios. En el segundo corpus, se observaron los logros generados por la Ley y sus desafíos. Se identificó la necesidad de mirar la Ley desde un punto de vista no solo punitivo, sino también abordando las esferas preventivas y de asistencia. Se enfatiza la importancia de problematizar la difusión de la Ley en los medios, ya que los contenidos generalizados afectan la construcción de las representaciones sociales.(AU)

Este artigo pretende identificar o conteúdo sobre violência doméstica difundido no jornal Folha de S. Paulo antes e depois da Lei 11340/06 (Maria da Penha). A pesquisa foi documental, retrospectiva e comparativa; com 3408 reportagens entre 1994 e 2018. O material foi dividido em dois corpora: 12 anos antes e 12 anos depois da lei, e analisado com software IRaMuTeQ. No primeiro corpus, a mídia divulgava casos de celebridades e pouco acerca de pessoas do cotidiano. Também trouxe a luta feminista para diminuir a violência doméstica. Em virtude da então inexistência de uma legislação específica, os destaques eram as delegacias especializadas e as casas abrigo. No segundo corpus, observou-se as conquistas geradas pela lei e seus desafios. Identificou-se a necessidade de olhar para a lei por um viés não apenas punitivista, abordando as esferas preventivas e assistenciais. Destaca-se a importância de problematizar a difusão da lei na mídia, visto que os conteúdos perpassados afetam a construção de representações sociais.(AU)

Violência por parceiro íntimo entre homens que se relacionam com homens / Intimate partner violence among men who relate with men / Violencia de pareja íntima entre hombres que tienen relaciones con hombres

A violência por parceiro íntimo (VPI) consiste em atos que ameacem causar ou efetivamente causem danos em um parceiro dentro de uma relação afetivo-sexual, independente da configuração ou tempo do relacionamento ou de haver coabitação ou não entre as partes. Nas relações homossexuais, a VPI é invisibilizada de diversas maneiras, mesmo sendo reconhecida como uma grave violação de direitos humanos. O estudo objetivou compreender os significados da VPI para um grupo de homens que se relacionam com homens (HRH). Participaram da pesquisa oito HRH, selecionados através da técnica "bola de neve", utilizada devido à sensibilidade do tema, considerando os estigmas de ser HRH. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevista semiestruturada e foram analisados pela Análise Temática. Como resultados, foram construídas seis categorias: 1º) O armário; 2º) Homofobia 3º) Racismo, poder e vulnerabilidade a VPI; 4º) Sexualidade; 5º) Infidelidade; 6º) HIV, que discutem a interseccionalidade de diversas formas de opressão na produção de VPI entre HRH. Conclui-se que a VPI vivenciada por esse grupo é influenciada por diversos fatores que envolvem a interseccionalidade de vários marcadores sociais, como os estereótipos de masculinidade em relação a hipersexualização e infidelidade, a homofobia como fator direto do estresse minoritário, o racismo que hierarquiza os corpos e invisibiliza o afeto de homens negros, e o estigma de HIV no imaginário social.(AU)

Intimate partner violence (IPV) consists of acts that threaten to harm or actually harm to a partner within an affective-sexual relationship, regardless of the configuration or duration of the relationship or whether or not there is cohabitation between the parties. In homosexual relationships, IPV is made invisible in several ways, even though it is recognized as a serious violation of human rights. The study aimed to understand the meanings of IPV for a group of men in same sex relationships (MSSR). Eight MSSR participated in the research, selected by snowball sampling, used due to the topic's sensitivity, considering the stigmas involved in being MSSR. Data were constructed via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Thematic Analysis. As a result, six categories were constructed: 1) The closet persons; 2) Homophobia; 3) Racism, power, and vulnerability to IPV; 4) Sexuality; 5) Infidelity; 6) HIV, which discuss the intersectionality of various forms of oppression in the production of IPV among MSSR. Thus, the IPV experienced by this group is influenced by several factors that involve the intersectionality between different social markers, such as stereotypes of masculinity in relation to hypersexualization and infidelity, homophobia as a direct factor of minority stress, the racism that hierarchizes bodies and makes the affection of Black men and the stigma of HIV invisible in the social imaginary.(AU)

La violencia de pareja (VP) consiste en actos que amenazan con causar o de hecho causan daño a una pareja dentro de una relación afectivo-sexual, independientemente de la configuración o duración de la relación o de si existe o no cohabitación entre las partes. En las relaciones homosexuales, la VP se invisibiliza de varias formas, a pesar de que se reconoce como una grave violación de los derechos humanos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender los significados de VP para un grupo de hombres que se relacionan con hombres (HRH). Ocho HRH participaron de la investigación, seleccionados mediante la técnica de "bola de nieve", utilizada debido a la sensibilidad del tema, considerando los estigmas de ser HRH. Los datos se construyeron mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y se sometieron a análisis temático. Como resultado se construyeron seis categorías: 1.ª) El armario; 2.º) Homofobia; 3.º) Racismo, poder y vulnerabilidad a la VP; 4.º) Sexualidad; 5.º) Infidelidad; 6.ª) HIV; que discuten la interseccionalidad de diferentes formas de opresión en la producción de VP entre HRH. Se concluye que la VP vivida por este grupo está influida por varios factores que involucran la interseccionalidad entre distintos marcadores sociales, como los estereotipos de masculinidad en relación con la hipersexualización y la infidelidad, la homofobia como factor directo de estrés minoritario, el racismo que jerarquiza cuerpos e invisibiliza en el imaginario social el afecto de los hombres negros y el estigma del HIV en el imaginario social.(AU)

Violência sexual e aborto legal: possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica / Sexual offence and legal abortion: opportunities and challenges from psychological working / Violencia sexual y aborto legal: posibilidades y desafíos de la atención psicológica

A violência sexual e o aborto legal são temas tabus em nossa sociedade. No campo da saúde, a(o) psicóloga(o) atua em fases distintas, seja na avaliação psicológica do pedido pelo aborto legal, que culminará ou não em sua aquiescência; seja no momento posterior à solicitação, no atendimento em enfermarias ou ambulatorial. Partindo de relato de experiência, este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica no atendimento em saúde para pessoas em situação de gestação decorrente de violência sexual e que buscam pelo aborto legal. Para tanto, dividimos o artigo em três momentos. No primeiro deles, será possível encontrar dados conceituais, estatísticos e históricos sobre ambos os temas, trazendo recortes nacionais e internacionais. No segundo, trazemos apontamentos sobre o que chamamos de "eixos norteadores", ou seja, dialogamos com aspectos fundamentais para o trabalho nesta seara, sendo eles gênero, família, sexualidade e trauma. Por fim, no terceiro, aprofundamos a reflexão sobre o atendimento psicológico atrelado aos conceitos já discutidos, analisando de forma crítica principalmente um dos pontos mais espinhosos da atuação: a avaliação para aprovação (ou recusa) do pedido pelo aborto. Apoiamo-nos no referencial psicanalítico e defendemos que esta atuação psicológica é primordialmente uma oferta de cuidado, comprometido com as demandas das pessoas atendidas e com a promoção de saúde mental, e consideramos que o papel da psicologia é essencial para o reconhecimento do sofrimento e dos efeitos do abandono socioinstitucional na vida do público atendido.(AU)

Sexual abuse and legal abortion are taboo subjects in our society. On the health area, the psychologist works on different fields, such as psychological evaluation from the request of legal abortion, that will end or not on its approval, and also in a further moment, either the care on wards or ambulatorial treatment. Relying on a case report, this article aims to contemplate the possibilities and challenges from psychological work on healthcare to pregnant women from sexual violence and seek legal abortion. For this purpose, we divide this article in three moments. On the first, it will find definitions, statistics, and historical data about both issues, including national and international information. On the second, we bring notes called 'guiding pillar,' that is, we interact with fundamental aspects from this area, such as gender, family, sexuality, and trauma. On the third one, in-depth discussions we dwell on psychological care tied to the concepts previously addressed, critically analyzing one of the hardest moments of working in this area: the evaluation to approve (or refuse) the request for abortion. We lean over psychoanalytic thoughts and argue that this psychological work is primarily an offer of care, committed to the needs from those who seek us and to promoting good mental health and, also, we consider that psychology is essential to acknowledge the suffering and the effects of social and institutional neglect on the lives of the people seen.(AU)

La violencia sexual y el aborto son temas tabús en nuestra sociedad. En el campo de la salud, el(la) psicólogo(a) actúa en diferentes fases: en la evaluación psicológica de la solicitud del aborto legal, que culminará o no en su obtención, y/o en el momento posterior a la solicitud en la atención en enfermería o ambulatorio. Desde un reporte de experiencia, este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y los desafíos de la Psicología en la atención en salud para personas en estado de embarazo producto de violencia sexual y que buscan un aborto legal. Para ello, este artículo está dividido en tres momentos. En el primer, presenta datos conceptuales, estadísticos e históricos sobre los dos temas, trayendo recortes nacionales e internacionales. En el segundo, comenta los llamados "ejes temáticos", es decir, se establece un diálogo con aspectos fundamentales para el trabajo en este ámbito, como género, familia, sexualidad y trauma. Por último, en el tercer, profundiza en la reflexión sobre la atención psicológica asociada a los conceptos discutidos, analizando de forma crítica uno de los puntos más espinosos de la actuación: la evaluación para la aprobación (o negativa) de la solicitud de aborto. Se utilizó el referencial psicoanalítico y se argumenta que esta atención psicológica es sobre todo una forma de cuidado, comprometida con las demandas de las personas atendidas y la promoción de la salud mental, y el papel de la Psicología es esencial para reconocer el sufrimiento y los efectos del abandono socioinstitucional en la vida del público atendido.(AU)

An assessment of the effect of green signal countdown timers on drivers' behavior and on road safety at intersections, based on driving simulator experiments and naturalistic observation studies.

INTRODUCTION: Motor-vehicle crashes at signalized intersections are a significant traffic safety problem. To address this problem, many Asian cities have installed signal countdown displays at signalized intersections, aiming to assist drivers to make correct decisions in response to traffic signals. METHOD: In this study, we assessed the short-term and long-term effects of green signal countdown timers (GSCTs) on road safety, using a combination of driving simulator experiments and naturalistic observations. RESULTS: In our driving simulator experiments, 80 participants drove at 50 km/h in scenarios in which a car either approached a signalized intersection alone or following another car. In naturalistic observations, short-term (1-week) and long-term (1-year) intersection safety in the presence and absence of GSCTs were compared. These observations revealed that GSCTs reduced the number of red-light-running violations over the short term, but not over the long term. In fact, GSCTs appeared to lead to an overall increase in rear-end crash risk at intersections, as their presence resulted in drivers exhibiting more sudden acceleration and braking, and altered intersection-crossing speeds and patterns. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that GSCTs worsen safety at signalized intersections, and thus their removal should be considered.

Medidas preventivas e comportamento de risco em mulheres privadas de liberdade em um estabelecimento prisional brasileiro / Preventive measures and risk behavior in women deprived of their liberty in a Brazilian prison

A atenção primária tem papel fundamental no diagnóstico precoce de patologias como câncer de mama e do colo do útero, através da realização do exame ginecológico, teste Papanicolau, exame das mamas e mamografia. Além disso, possibilita o acesso à educação em saúde na promoção do autocuidado e prevenção de doenças relacionadas à saúde da mulher e de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Nesta perspectiva, este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a saúde da mulher privada de liberdade em um estabelecimento prisional da serra gaúcha quanto a adoção de medidas preventivas e comportamento de risco. Para tal, realizou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa, com a aplicação de um questionário à 41 apenadas reclusas em um estabelecimento prisional da cidade de Caxias do Sul/RS. Os principais resultados mostram que 65,9% das mulheres não realizam acompanhamento ginecológico após o ingresso na prisão. Quanto ao exame das mamas, o conhecimento existe, mas a realização periódica não acontece, podendo evidenciar a falta e/ou diminuição do seu autocuidado e da procura pelo serviço em saúde. O estudo mostra que é necessário que medidas de gestão e políticas públicas para a resolução dos problemas de saúde e aos comportamentos de risco das mulheres privadas de liberdade.

Primary care has a fundamental role in the early diagnosis of pathologies such as breast and cervical cancer, through gynecological examination, Pap test, breast examination and mammography. In addition, it provides access to health education in promoting self-care and preventing diseases related to women's health and sexually transmitted infections. In this perspective, this study aims to identify the health of women deprived of liberty in a prison establishment in the Serra Gaúcha regarding the adoption of preventive measures and risky behavior. To this end, a quantitative survey was conducted, with the application of a questionnaire to 41 inmates in a prison in the city of Caxias do Sul / RS. The main results show that 65.9% of women do not undergo gynecological follow-up after entering prison. As for the examination of the breasts, the knowledge exists, but the periodic realization does not happen, and it may show the lack and / or decrease in self-care and the demand for health services. The study shows that it is necessary for management measures and public policies to solve health problems and risk behaviors of women deprived of their liberty.

Socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence and perceived dangerousness of SARS-CoV-2 infections in two early German hotspots: findings from a seroepidemiological study.

OBJECTIVE: Evidence on socioeconomic inequalities in infections with the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is still limited as most of the available studies are ecological in nature and individual-level data is sparse. We therefore analysed individual-level data on socioeconomic differences in the prevalence and perceived dangerousness of SARS-CoV-2 infections in local populations. Data were obtained from a population-based seroepidemiological study of adult individuals in two early German SARS-CoV-2 hotspots (n = 3903). Infection was determined by IgG antibody ELISA, RT-PCR testing and self-reports on prior positive PCR tests. The perceived dangerousness of an infection and socioeconomic position (SEP) were assessed by self-reports. Logistic and linear regression were applied to examine associations of multiple SEP measures with infection status and perceptions of dangerousness. RESULTS: We found no evidence of socioeconomic inequalities in SARS-CoV-2 infections by education, occupation, income and subjective social status. Participants with lower education and lower subjective social status perceived an infection as more dangerous than their better-off counterparts. In successfully contained local outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in Germany, infections may have been equally distributed across the socioeconomic spectrum. But residents in disadvantaged socioeconomic groups might have experienced a higher level of mental distress due to the higher perceived dangerousness of an infection.

Testing the Confluence Model of the Association Between Pornography Use and Male Sexual Aggression: A Longitudinal Assessment in Two Independent Adolescent Samples from Croatia.

According to confluence model theorizing, pornography use contributes to sexual violence, but only among men who are predisposed to sexual aggression. Support for this assertion is limited to cross-sectional research, which cannot speak to the temporal ordering of assumed causes and consequences. To address this issue, we employed generalized linear mixed modeling to determine whether hostile masculinity, impersonal sexuality, and pornography use, and their interactions, predicted change in the odds of subsequently reported sexual aggression in two independent panel samples of male Croatian adolescents (N1 = 936 with 2808 observations; N2 = 743 with 2972 observations). While we observed the link between hostile masculinity and self-reported sexual aggression in both panels, we found no evidence that impersonal sexuality and pornography use increased the odds of subsequently reporting sexual aggression-regardless of participants' predisposed risk. This study's findings are difficult to reconcile with the view that pornography use plays a causal role in male sexual violence.

Análise de processos éticos: tipos penais no exercício da enfermagem / Análisis de procesos éticos: tipos penales en el ejercicio de la enfermería / Analysis of ethical issues: criminal acts in nursing practice

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar tipos penais no exercício da enfermagem e a existência de fatores relacionados a conduta profissional nas ocorrências éticas envolvendo tipos penais a partir da análise de depoimentos contidos nos processos éticos julgados no Conselho Regional de Enfermagem de São Paulo (Coren/SP). Método: Estudo exploratório-descritivo de abordagem quanti-qualitativa, nos processos éticos contendo ilícitos éticos considerados tipos penais. Os dados foram coletados nos processos ético-profissionais de enfermagem julgados pelo Coren/SP em 2012 e 2013. Resultados: Os tipos penais evidenciados na análise foram: abandono de incapaz; apropriação indébita; importunação sexual; estelionato; exercício ilegal de profissão; exercício ilegal da medicina; falsidade ideológica; extravio, sonegação ou inutilização de livro ou documento; falsificação de documento; falsificação, corrupção, adulteração ou alteração de produto destinado a fins terapêuticos ou medicinais; furto; homicídio; lesão corporal; maus tratos; peculato; tráfico de entorpecentes; uso de documento falso e vilipêndio a cadáver. Dos depoimentos emergiram sete categorias temáticas: Arrependimento Posterior; Percepção do ato ilícito; Fatores relacionados às condições de trabalho; Fatores Psicológicos e/ou sociais; Fatores Financeiros; Inobservância da responsabilidade e Dualidade. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo foram de suma importância para identificar as ocorrências envolvendo tipos penais e com isso, a necessidade de se aprofundar a discussão sobre os problemas éticos na prática cotidiana do trabalho em enfermagem. Nessa perspectiva, o estudo denota a necessidade de se investir em melhores condições de trabalho e na formação qualificada dos profissionais de enfermagem no seu cotidiano, valorizando-os e incentivando-os à prática ética e humanizada do outro e de si.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar tipos penales en el ejercicio de la enfermería y la existencia de factores relacionados con la conducta profesional en los casos éticos que incluyen tipos penales a partir del análisis de declaraciones en procesos éticos juzgados en el Consejo Regional de Enfermería de São Paulo (Coren/SP). Métodos: Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, de enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo en procesos éticos que contienen ilícitos éticos considerados tipos penales. Los datos se recolectaron de los procesos ético-profesionales de enfermería juzgados por el Coren/SP en 2012 y 2013. Resultados: Los tipos penales encontrados en el análisis fueron: abandono de incapaz; apropiación indebida; hostigamiento sexual; estafa; ejercicio ilegal de la profesión; ejercicio ilegal de la medicina; falsedad ideológica; pérdida, apropiación o inutilización de libro o documento; falsificación de documento; falsificación, corrupción, adulteración o modificación de producto destinado a fines terapéuticos o medicinales; hurto; homicidio; lesión corporal; malos tratos; malversación; tráfico de estupefacientes; uso de documento falso y profanación de cadáver. De las declaraciones surgieron siete categorías temáticas: Arrepentimiento posterior; Percepción del acto ilícito; Factores relacionados con las condiciones de trabajo; Factores psicológicos o sociales; Factores financieros; Incumplimiento de responsabilidad y Dualidad. Conclusión: Los resultados del estudio fueron de suma importancia para identificar los casos que incluyen tipos penales y, por lo tanto, también lo es la necesidad de profundizar la discusión sobre problemas éticos en la práctica cotidiana del trabajo de enfermería. Bajo esta perspectiva, el estudio denota la necesidad de invertir en mejores condiciones de trabajo y en la formación calificada de los profesionales de enfermería en su cotidianidad, además de valorizarlos e incentivarlos a una práctica ética y humanizada del otro y de sí mismo.

Abstract Objective: To identify criminal acts in nursing practice and the existence of factors related to professional behavior in ethical issues involving crime, based on the analysis of testimonies contained in ethical lawsuits judged by the Regional Nursing Council of São Paulo (Coren/SP). Method: Exploratory descriptive study with a quantitative and qualitative approach, analyzing ethical lawsuits containing ethical illicit acts considered criminal acts. Data were collected in the ethical-professional nursing lawsuits judged by Coren/SP in 2012 and 2013. Results: The criminal acts evidenced in the analysis were: abandonment of disabled person; embezzlement; sexual abuse; swindling; criminal impersonation; illegal practice of medicine; identity fraud; loss, fraud or destruction of a book or document; forgery of document; counterfeiting, contamination, adulteration or alteration of product intended for therapeutic or medicinal purposes; theft; bodily injury; maltreatment; peculation; drug trafficking; use of false document and abuse of corpse. The testimonies gave rise to seven thematic categories: Repentance for the past; Perception of the illegal act; Factors related to working conditions; Psychological and/or social factors; Financial factors; Non-admission of liability; with responsibility and Duality between perception and fact. Conclusion: The results of the study were extremely important to identify the occurrences involving criminal acts and demonstrate the need to broaden the discussion on ethical issues in daily nursing practice. In this perspective, the study demonstrates the need to invest in better working conditions and quality training for nursing professionals in their daily lives, valuing them and encouraging them to have an ethical and humane practice towards the other and themselves.

Psychosocial risk factors in young offenders.

INTRODUCTION: Juvenile delinquency is a multi-causal social phenomenon, in which socio-cultural and economic, family and individual factors are interrelated. In young people with a greater number of associated risk factors, the measures seem to be insufficient, both in open and closed environments, since the rate of recidivism is higher. OBJECTIVE: Identify the psychosocial risk factors that exist at intra and interpersonal level in juvenile offenders, as well as determine if these factors are interrelated. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A literature review of articles found in different databases was carried out. The articles containing the key words selected at the beginning of the study were reviewed, and of all of them, those that met the established inclusion requirements, which are date of publication and language, were included. RESULTS: The results of all the studies analyzed confirm the idea that a greater number of psychosocial risk factors occur in young offenders than in normalized young people. There are factors related to a family that has inadequate socialization styles, even negligent ones, accentuated by very substandard economic situations that are usually present. Along with this, the consumption of substances is a variable that is repeated continuously in these young people; united to a group of deviant pairs, that favor the appearance of criminal behaviours. CONCLUSION: It is possible to identify the main psychosocial risk factors that occur in young offenders, and define an interrelation between these factors, but it is not linear nor can it be homogenized. More resources and prevention programs, as well as intervention, are needed at the individual, family and community levels.

Psychiatric commitment under the criminal law in China: An empirical perspective.

This article examines the legislation and practice of compulsory treatment in China. Part I traces the Chinese history of criminal commitment law, explains the research methodology, and highlights some general empirical findings. Part II provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of compulsory treatment law in China, it covers both substantial issues such as criteria of compulsory treatment and procedural issues such as the commitment hearing, enforcement, and discharge of compulsory treatment. It also explores the compulsory treatment law from the human rights protection perspective. Our primary objective is to present the empirical findings to enable the legislative and other involved government agencies to make informed decisions about the future evolution of Chinese law in this area.

Development and evaluation of context-based assessment system for visualization-enhanced construction safety education.

Construction jobsites remain among the most dangerous workplaces, with fatalities, accidents and injuries still plaguing the industry. Safety education is critical in fostering graduates capable of ensuring safe construction work; however, current learner assessment methods in pedagogy fail to ascertain the possession of safety knowledge and skills as they would be required in practice. This article aims to address this problem by proposing context-based learner assessment in construction safety education. A novel assessment system is developed and deployed with final-year construction management students, with learner testing through visualization-enhanced safety theory questions, site inspection scenario questions and job safety analysis review questions. The cognitive impact of the assessment approach is investigated through the NASA task load index, and its effectiveness is verified through educator and learner trials. Results demonstrate that the proposed system has significant potential as an innovative assessment tool for safety education.

Attitudes to depression and psychiatric medication amid the enduring financial crisis in Attica: Comparison between 2009 and 2014.

BACKGROUND: Only a handful of studies have explored the effect of the financial crisis on public attitudes to mental illness. AIMS: This study examines changes in lay attitudes to depression and psychiatric medication between 2009 and 2014 in Attica region. Furthermore, it explored a potential interaction with employment status. METHODS: Data were drawn from two surveys conducted in 2009 and 2014 using the same sampling procedure, interview mode, and survey instrument. Specifically, a random and representative sample of 586 people was recruited in 2009 and of 604 in 2014. Attitudes to depression were measured by the Personal Stigma subscale of the Depression Stigma Scale and attitudes to psychiatric medication by a self-constructed scale with good psychometric properties. Data collection occurred via telephone. RESULTS: There has been no overall change in lay attitudes to depression. Nonetheless, a positive change was recorded with regard to the belief that depression is a sign of personal weakness and a negative change with respect to people with depression being dangerous. Attitudes to psychiatric medication have worsened during the study period. Employment status was not found to interact with the survey year. CONCLUSION: Anti-stigma efforts should be tailored on counteracting the dangerousness stereotype, while they should prioritize targeting attitudes to psychiatric medication.