Aspectos metodológicos de la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida en Venezuela / Methodological aspects of the National Survey of Living Conditions in Venezuela

La presente revisión surge dada la importancia otorgada a la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI) de Venezuela, la edición de dicha encuesta proporciona información representativa de la situacióneconómica, social y de salud de los hogares del país. Los resultados de la encuesta permiten a investigadores y expertos analizar y comprender la magnitud de la crisis en sus diversos aspectos y sus efectos sobre la población y las condiciones de vida, lo que la convierte en una herramienta esencial para entender los problemas que enfrenta la población de Venezuela y la forma de abordarlos de manera efectiva. La ENCOVI proporciona información útil, no solo, a la sociedad civil y Organizaciones No Gubernamentales (ONGs), también a instituciones gubernamentales, al ser divulgada a través de medios de comunicación, aportando importantes insumos para el abordaje de los problemas públicos y los desafíos encada sector, permitiendo comprender las condiciones de vida en los hogares venezolanos. La investigación se basa en un diseño bibliográfico-documental, efectuando para ello 6 fases constituidas por: búsqueda, compilación, revisión, selección,organización y examen sistemático. El objetivo es describir aspectos metodológicos utilizados en la encuesta nacional de condiciones de vida desde el 2014 hasta el 2022.

The present review arises given the importance givento the National Survey of Living Conditions (ENCOVI) of Venezuela, the edition of said survey provides representative information on the economic, social and health situation ofhouseholds in the country. The results of the survey allowresearchers and experts to analyze and understand the magnitudeof the crisis in its various aspects and its effects on the populationand living conditions, which makes it an essential tool tounderstand the problems faced by the population. of Venezuelaand how to address them effectively. The ENCOVI providesuseful information, not only to civil society and NGOs, butalso to government institutions when disseminated throughthe media, providing important inputs for addressing publicproblems and challenges in each sector, allowing understandingof the conditions of life in Venezuelan homes. The research is based on a bibliographic-documentary design, carrying out6 phases consisting of: search, compilation, review, selection,organization and systematic review. The objective is to describemethodological aspects used in the national survey of livingconditions from 2014 to 2022.

Embarazo subsecuente en la adolescencia: causas, consecuencias y posibles soluciones / Subsequent pregnancy in adolescence: Causes, consequences and possible solutions

Introducción: México se encuentra en los primeros lugares de embarazo en la adolescencia entre los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. Por lo tanto, el embarazo de primera vez y subsecuente representa un problema sanitario con impacto negativo en el desarrollo de la adolescente y su hijo, por lo que es necesario estudiar el fenómeno a fin de prevenirlo y contribuir al mejoramiento de las condiciones de salud y vida de dos grupos vulnerables (adolescentes e hijos). Desarrollo: las causas del embarazo subsecuente son diversas, implican aspectos relacionados con el entorno familiar y comunitario, el acceso a los servicios de salud y el nivel educativo. Aunque no es exclusivo de un estrato social, se presenta con mayor frecuencia en adolescentes de bajos recursos. Las consecuencias son de índole físico, psicológico, económico y social, y agudizan las condiciones negativas de salud y las mencionadas como causas, con riesgo de que se repita y se perpetue el problema. Conclusiones: las intervenciones basadas en la atención centrada en la persona han mostrado efectos positivos en la conducta anticonceptiva de las adolescentes. Su adopción e implementación en países en desarrollo amerita la suma de esfuerzos interinstitucionales e interdisciplinares de forma vertical y transversal, con sentido bidireccional, a fin de hacer cambios significativos en la prevención de este fenómeno.

Introduction: Mexico ranks in the first places of teenage pregnancy among the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. For this reason, the first and subsequent pregnancy represents a health problem with a negative impact on the development of the adolescent girl and her child, which is why it is necessary to study the phenomenon, in order to prevent it and to contribute to the improvement of health and living conditions of two vulnerable groups (adolescents and children). Development: The causes of subsequent pregnancy are diverse, involving aspects related to the family and community environment, as well as access to health services, and the educational level. Although it is not exclusive to a social stratum, it occurs more often in low-income adolescents. The consequences are of a physical, psychological, economic and social nature, and they exacerbate the negative health conditions and those mentioned as causes, with the risk of repeating and perpetuating the problem. Conclusions: Person-centered interventions have demonstrated positive effects on the contraceptive behavior of adolescents. Its adoption and implementation in developing countries deserve the sum of inter-agency and interdisciplinary efforts in a vertical and cross-cutting manner with a two-way sense of making significant changes in the prevention of this phenomenon.

Psychological state of a sample of patients with mood disorders during the first French COVID-19 lockdown.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, evidence shows the negative psychological impact of lockdown measures in the general population. It is also important to identify predictors of psychological distress in vulnerable people, particularly patients with history of depressive episodes (the most prevalent psychiatric disorder), in order to adapt mental health strategies for future lockdown measures. This study aim was to (1) compare in 69 healthy controls (HC) and 346 patients with a major depressive episode in the two previous years (PP) self-reported psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, insomnia, suicidal ideation, traumatic stress, anger) and living conditions during the first national French lockdown, and (2) identify predictors of significant psychological distress in PP. The levels of psychological symptoms were very low in HC compared with PP, independently of the living conditions. Half of PP had no psychiatric contact during the lockdown. Loneliness and boredom were independent predictors of depression, anxiety and insomnia, whereas daily physical activity was a protective factor. Virtual contacts protected against suicidal ideation. Our results highlight the need of specific strategies to target loneliness and boredom and to improve care access, including telepsychiatry. Longitudinal studies must investigate the COVID-19 pandemic psychological impact in clinical samples.

[Living and health conditions of the immigrant population of the settlements of Huelva.] / Condiciones de vida y salud de la población inmigrante de los asentamientos de Huelva.

OBJECTIVE: Due to the agricultural labor supply in the province of Huelva, the immigrant population has been growing, establishing a situation of irregularity that favors precarious work and hinders access to decent housing. Therefore, our objective was to identify the socio-sanitary needs of the immigrant population facing the living conditions with which they live in the irregular settlements of the province of Huelva. METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study of mixed method on an estimated population of 2500 residents in 23 settlements. A quantitative study of socio-sanitary variables was carried out using a survey and observation guide, and a water, air and soil quality study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 inhabitants of the settlements until the saturation of the speeches. RESULTS: The settlements were located far away from the towns. Surrounded by garbage, without running water, electricity, sewer, toilets or showers. Its residents were stocked up on purchased food and water from fields, wells and public fountains, which they stored in jugs of plant protection products. They were mostly in an irregular situation. 49% had a health card and 48% ever went to a health center, declared mostly a good perception of health. They stood out as expressed needs: access to water (main demand), protection from the risk of fire, improvement of the irregular situation and the working conditions, and the need to help and to protect their family of origin. CONCLUSIONS: These living conditions belong to an underdeveloped environment within an advanced society, with access to water being the main problem. Legal irregularity is key for them, preventing them regularized employment contracts and the perception of being able to access to a better future. Their self-perception of health is good and they do not make a greater use of health services, despite the conditions in which they live.

OBJETIVO: Debido a la oferta laboral agrícola de la provincia de Huelva, la población inmigrante ha ido creciendo, estableciéndose una situación de irregularidad que favorece las labores precarias y dificulta el acceso a una vivienda digna. Por ello, nuestro objetivo fue identificar las necesidades socio-sanitarias de la población inmigrante ante las condiciones de vida con las que habitan en los asentamientos irregulares de la provincia de Huelva. METODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal de método mixto sobre una población estimada de 2.500 residentes en 23 asentamientos. Se realizó estudio cuantitativo de variables socio-sanitarias mediante encuesta y guía de observación y estudio calidad de agua, aire y suelo. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a 13 habitantes de asentamientos hasta la saturación de los discursos. RESULTADOS: Los asentamientos se localizaban alejados de los municipios. Rodeados de basura, sin agua corriente, electricidad, alcantarillado, inodoros ni duchas. Sus residentes se abastecían de alimentos comprados y agua procedente de campos, pozos y fuentes públicas, que almacenaban en garrafas de productos fitosanitarios. Mayoritariamente estaban en situación irregular. Un 49% tenían tarjeta sanitaria y un 48% acudieron alguna vez a un centro sanitario, manifestando mayoritariamente una buena percepción de salud. Destacaron como necesidades expresadas: el acceso al agua (demanda principal), protección ante el riesgo de incendio, mejora de la situación de irregularidad y las condiciones de trabajo, y la necesidad ayudar y proteger a su familia de origen. CONCLUSIONES: Estas condiciones de vida pertenecen a un entorno sub-desarrollado dentro de una sociedad avanzada, siendo el acceso al agua, el problema principal. La irregularidad legal es clave para ellos, impidiéndoles contratos de trabajo regularizados y la percepción de poder acceder a un futuro mejor. Su autopercepción de salud es buena y no hacen un mayor uso de los servicios sanitarios, a pesar de las condiciones en las que habitan.

Measuring algorithmically infused societies.

It has been the historic responsibility of the social sciences to investigate human societies. Fulfilling this responsibility requires social theories, measurement models and social data. Most existing theories and measurement models in the social sciences were not developed with the deep societal reach of algorithms in mind. The emergence of 'algorithmically infused societies'-societies whose very fabric is co-shaped by algorithmic and human behaviour-raises three key challenges: the insufficient quality of measurements, the complex consequences of (mis)measurements, and the limits of existing social theories. Here we argue that tackling these challenges requires new social theories that account for the impact of algorithmic systems on social realities. To develop such theories, we need new methodologies for integrating data and measurements into theory construction. Given the scale at which measurements can be applied, we believe measurement models should be trustworthy, auditable and just. To achieve this, the development of measurements should be transparent and participatory, and include mechanisms to ensure measurement quality and identify possible harms. We argue that computational social scientists should rethink what aspects of algorithmically infused societies should be measured, how they should be measured, and the consequences of doing so.

Small but protective social capital against suicide ideation in poor communities: A community-based cross-sectional study.

Coupled with the lowest level of social connectedness, South Korea has the highest suicide rate among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. A possible link between community and suicide is social capital imprinted in social connectedness. This study explores whether social capital is protective against suicide ideation in relation to the poverty level of communities, and whether the associations are specific to certain elements of social capital.A total of 908 participants were included to assess cross-sectional association of social capital at individual level with suicide ideation by comparing between poor (government-leased apartments) and non-poor communities (nongovernment-leased apartments). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine various social capital dimensions in relation to suicide ideation.Suicide ideation was far higher among those living in the poor communities (poor communities 12%; non poor communities 6.3%) and the level of social capital was lower in the poor communities. Nevertheless, the protective effect of social capital, in particular, the cognitive dimension against suicide ideation was demonstrated only in the poor communities (eg, odds ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval: 0.12-0.58 for trust in the poor communities). Low income was significantly associated with suicide ideation only in the poor communities, but depression and resilience were associated with suicide ideation both in the poor and non-poor communities.To increase the reliability of the results, established measures based on relevant literature were utilized, but measures on bridging social capital and social network might have relatively low reliability.As to protection against suicide ideation, the extent of reliance on social capital was higher in poor communities than in non-poor communities, in particular, the cognitive dimension was likely to activate in this regard.

Association Between Residential Neighborhood Social Conditions and Health Care Utilization and Costs.

BACKGROUND: Social factors are important drivers of health. However, it is unclear to what extent neighborhood social conditions are associated with total and preventable health care utilization and costs. OBJECTIVES: To examine the association of neighborhood social conditions with total annual and potentially preventable Medicare costs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Retrospective cohort study. Medicare claims data from 2013 to 2014 linked with neighborhood social conditions at the US census block group level of 2013 for 93,429 Medicare fee-for-service and dually eligible patients. MEASURES: Neighborhood social conditions were measured by Area Deprivation Index at the census block group level, categorized into quintiles. Outcomes included total annual and potentially preventable utilization and costs. RESULTS: After adjustment for demographics and comorbidities, patients with the least disadvantaged social conditions had higher total annual Medicare costs [$427; 95% confidence interval (CI), $200-$655] and similar potentially preventable costs (-$23; 95% CI, -$56 to $10) as compared with patients with the intermediate level social conditions. Patients with the most disadvantaged social conditions had similar total Medicare costs (-$22; 95% CI, -$342 to $298) but higher potentially preventable costs ($53; 95% CI, $1-$104) than patients with the intermediate level social conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Disadvantaged neighborhood conditions are associated with lower total annual Medicare costs but higher potentially preventable costs after controlling for demographic, medical, and other patient characteristics. Socioeconomic barriers may limit access and use of primary care and disease management services, resulting in a higher proportion of their health care costs going to potentially preventable care.

Social Stability Relates Social Conditions to the Syndemic of Sex, Drugs, and Violence.

The distribution of violence, sexually transmitted infections, and substance use disorders is not random, but rather the product of disease, behavior, and social conditions that co-occur in synergistic ways (syndemics). Syndemics often disproportionately affect urban communities. Studies of syndemics, however, rarely apply consistent measures of social conditions. Here, the construct of social stability (SS) (housing, legal, residential, income, employment, and relationship stability) was evaluated as a consistent measure of social conditions related to sex, drug, and violence exposures in a new population in a Mid-Atlantic urban center. Lower SS predicted greater likelihood of any and combinations of risk. The magnitude varied based on specification: odds of sex-drug-violence exposure were greater for low vs. high latent SS class (OR = 6.25; 95%CI = 2.46, 15.96) compared with low vs. high SS category (OR = 2.64; 95%CI = 1.29, 5.39). A latent class characterized by residential instability was associated with greater likelihood of risk-a relationship that would have been missed with SS characterized only as an ordinal category. SS reliably captured social conditions associated with sexual, drug, and violence risks, and both quantity and quality of SS matter.

How Depressive Symptoms among African American Women Relate to Measures of Social Disorder in Her Childhood and Pregnancy Neighborhood.

Pregnant African American women who report higher levels of social disorder (e.g., vacant housing, drug dealing) in their neighborhoods also report higher levels of depressive symptoms. The effects of social disorder in the neighborhood during childhood on depressive symptoms during pregnancy are not known. Also unknown is the interaction between social disorders in the neighborhood during childhood and during pregnancy regarding depressive symptoms during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine whether higher levels of social disorder in the neighborhood during pregnancy buffered the association of social disorder in the neighborhood during childhood (at age 10 as reference) with depressive symptoms during pregnancy among African American women. We conducted a secondary data analysis of 1383 African American women from the Life-course Influences on Fetal Environments (LIFE) Study (Detroit, Michigan, 2009-2011). Women were interviewed in the hospital 24-72 h after the births. The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale measured depressive symptoms. Scales measuring social disorder in the neighborhood both during childhood and during pregnancy were also included in the interviews. Women with CES-D scores ≥ 16 were younger, were more likely to be single, and had lower levels of education and household income compared with women with CES-D < 16. There was a significant association between women who report social disorder in their neighborhoods during childhood and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. This effect was moderated by measures of social disorder in the neighborhood during pregnancy (p = .037). Women who reported both low levels of social disorder in their neighborhoods during childhood and during pregnancy had the lowest CES-D scores after controlling for maternal age, marital status, years of education, and family income. The model had a good fit to the data (χ2(6) = 6.36, p = .38). Health care providers should inquire about neighborhood conditions during childhood and during pregnancy and provide referrals for appropriate professional and community support for women who report social disorder in their neighborhoods and depressive symptoms.

The second clinical survey of the population-based study on health and living conditions in regions with Sami and Norwegian populations - the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey: Performing indigenous health research in a multiethnic landscape.

Background Globally, there is a huge lack of relevant research about widespread lifestyle diseases and living conditions in indigenous communities. Northern and Middle Norway have a history of multiple ethnic groups and the Sami has been acknowledged as the indigenous people of Norway by the Norwegian State. The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey, a part of the SAMINOR Study, was carried out to provide health information about the Sami population in Norway. Methods The cross-sectional population-based SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey consists of both questionnaires and a clinical examination performed in 10 municipalities during 2012-2014. Results In total, 6004 men and women (participation rate 48%) aged 40-79 years took part in this study. In inland Finnmark, the Sami are in the majority (80-90%) as opposed to the coastline of Troms and Nordland, where the Sami population form a minority (20%). More women than men participated (54% versus 43%, respectively). Obesity was prevalent in this sample and a high mean glycated haemoglobin was observed. Conclusions: This article describes the methods and data collection of the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey and presents some characteristics of the sample. The definition of ethnic groups is a core question in the survey and includes several criteria. To ensure that indigenous values and priorities are reflected in the research themes, we recommend that future research projects be directed in close collaboration with the Sami Parliament and the local communities.

The Impact of One's Sex and Social Living Situation on Rehabilitation Outcomes After a Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate sex differences and the impact of social living situation on individual functional independence measure outcomes after stroke rehabilitation. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study using Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries (N = 125,548) who were discharged from inpatient rehabilitation facilities in 2013 and 2014 after a stroke. Discharge individual functional independence measure score, dichotomized as ≥5 and <5, was the primary outcome measure. A two-step generalized linear mixed model was used to measure the effect of sex on each functional independence measure item while controlling for many clinical and sociodemographic covariates. RESULTS: After adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors, females had higher odds of reaching a supervision level for 14 of 18 functional independence measure items. Males had higher odds of reaching a supervision level on 2 of 18 functional independence measure items. Individuals who lived alone before their stroke had higher odds of reaching a supervision level than individuals who lived with a caregiver or with family for all functional independence measure items. CONCLUSIONS: When sociodemographic and clinical factors are controlled, females are more likely to discharge from inpatient rehabilitation at a supervision level or better for most functional independence measure items. Individuals who live alone before their stroke have higher odds of discharging at a supervision level or better.

Violence against indigenous children and adolescents in Venezuela.

Research on violence in indigenous communities refers to traditional practices of competition for scarce goods and clashes with other populations over their territories. Violence against children is not described, and authors of some studies state a tradition of good treatment towards them. In our study we shows that the situation has changed and new forms of violence are affecting 725,000 inhabitants from 51 indigenous groups of Venezuela, especially those composed of children and adolescents. The method used was interviews with key informants and for secondary census, civil society data and journalists' reports. Results describe the existence of four types of violence: (a) structural violence, derived from the shortage of food and medicines that have caused deaths due to malnutrition and lack of medical attention, prostitution, girl trafficking and forced emigration; (b) violence of organized crime, which exercise control of illegal mining and affect the Yanomami and Pemón peoples, as workforce for the production of coca and drug trafficking with the Yupka people; and contraband of gasoline in the Wayúu people; (c) domestic violence due to cultural changes derived from new patterns of alcohol consumption or the use of physical punishment of children between Piaroa and Yekuana peoples; and (d) the illegal violence of the State for the imposition of mining with the Pemón people or the repression for the protests with the Warao and Inga peoples. In the article we show the great difference between the official discourse of protection of indigenous peoples and the realities of violence, criminal exploitation and violation of rights suffered by indigenous children and adolescents.

Health disparities based on neighbourhood and social conditions: Open Comparisons-an indicator-based comparative study in Sweden.

OBJECTIVE: The overarching goal of the Swedish public health policy is to create the right societal conditions for good and equitable health throughout the population and to reduce avoidable health inequalities within a generation. The objective of this article is to highlight the main findings of the Open Comparisons in Public Health (OCPH) 2019 study. STUDY DESIGN: The OCPH is a longitudinal indicator-based comparative study, encompassing 39 public health indicators with results from Sweden's 21 regions and 290 municipalities. METHODS: Descriptive statistics and 95% confidence intervals were used to compare results between municipalities, regions and time points. Correlation analysis was used to study the strength of the relationship between the results of municipalities and their socio-economic conditions. RESULTS: Across the population, levels of health are good and have, in some areas, improved over recent decades. However, some significant health disparities remain according to neighbourhood, sex, age and educational background. Health disparities related to the level of education are often larger than those between women and men, and there are larger differences within a region than between regions. Health disparities have, in some cases, increased, such as for life expectancy. CONCLUSION: If health equity is to be achieved, leaders at all levels must collaborate and advocate for political action and local efficient public health interventions to eliminate health disparities as a result of neighbourhood and social conditions.

Health-related educational inequalities in paid employment across 26 European countries in 2005-2014: repeated cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The study investigates the trends in health-related inequalities in paid employment among men and women in different educational groups in 26 countries in 5 European regions. DESIGN: Individual-level analysis of repeated cross-sectional annual data (2005-2014) from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. SETTING: 26 European countries in 5 European regions. PARTICIPANTS: 1 844 915 individuals aged 30-59 years were selected with information on work status, chronic illness, educational background, age and gender. OUTCOME MEASURES: Absolute differences were expressed by absolute differences in proportion in paid employment between participants with and without a chronic illness, using linear regression. Relative differences were expressed by prevalence ratios in paid employment, using a Cox proportional hazard model. Linear regression was used to examine the trends of inequalities. RESULTS: Participants with a chronic illness had consistently lower labour force participation than those without illnesses. Educational inequalities were substantial with absolute differences larger within lower educated (men 21%-35%, women 10%-31%) than within higher educated (men 5%-13%, women 6%-16%). Relative differences showed that low-educated men with a chronic illness were 1.4-1.9 times (women 1.3-1.8 times) more likely to be out of paid employment than low-educated persons without a chronic illness, whereas this was 1.1-1.2 among high-educated men and women. In the Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and Eastern regions, these health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were more pronounced than in the Continental and Southern region. For most regions, absolute health-related educational inequalities in paid employment were generally constant, whereas relative inequalities increased, especially among low-educated persons. CONCLUSIONS: Men and women with a chronic illness have considerable less access to the labour market than their healthy colleagues, especially among lower educated persons. This exclusion from paid employment will increase health inequalities.

Bienestar Psicológico en Migrantes latinos en la ciudad de Temuco / Psychological Wellbeing in Latino Migrants and Chilean Natives in the City of Temuco

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de bienestar psicológico durante el primer semestre del año 2019 en migrantes latinos de la ciudad de Temuco Chile (59,3% mujeres, y 40,7 % hombres). Se aplicó la escala de bienestar psicológico de Ryff con técnica muestral bola de nieve usando un sistema de contacto a través de redes y medios electrónicos, cautelando todas las dimensiones éticas siendo certificado por un comité acreditado. Como resultado relevante se pueda indicar que existe un nivel de bienestar más alto en mujeres que en hombres, que el bienestar pareciera estar asociado a la empleabilidad y que las dimensiones más sensibles en esta población son el dominio del entorno y las relaciones positivas. Este estudio permite tener claridad respecto de las dificultades de integración que han tenido los migrantes y la urgente necesidad de definir programas de inclusión y apoyo social(AU)

The objective of the study was to determine the level of psychological well-being during the first semester of 2019 in Latino migrants from the city of Temuco, Chile (59.3% women, and 40.7% men). The psychological well-being scale of Ryff was applied with a snowball sampling technique using a contact system through networks and electronic means, safeguarding all the ethical dimensions being certified by an accredited committee. As a relevant result, it can be indicated that there is a higher level of well-being in women than in men, that welfare seems to be associated with employability and that the most sensitive dimensions in this population are the domain of the environment and positive relationships. This study makes it possible to be clear about the integration difficulties that migrants have had and the urgent need to define inclusion and social support programs(AU)

The politics of institutionalizing preventive health.

Prevention is an attractive idea to policymakers in theory, particularly in health where the burden of spending and care is increasingly taken up by complex and chronic conditions associated with lifestyle choices. However, prevention in general, and preventive health in particular, has proven hard to implement in practice. In this paper, we look to one tangible legacy of the recent rise of the prevention agenda: agencies with responsibility for preventive health policy. We ask how this form of institutionalizing preventive health happens in practice, and what consequences it has for the advancement of the prevention agenda. We draw on qualitative data to compare the trajectories of newly formed agencies in Australia, New Zealand and England. We find that building and maintaining legitimacy for such agencies may come at the expense of quick progress or radical action in service of the prevention agenda.

Intentional homicide, drug trafficking and social indicators in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. / Homicídios dolosos, tráfico de drogas e indicadores sociais em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.

To study the association between intentional homicide, drug trafficking and social indicators in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2010. This is an ecological study, based on cases of intentional homicides and drug trafficking registered by the Civil Police of Bahia, as well as social indicators. A negative binomial regression model, utilizing R software (version 2.13.0), was used to verify the association between the homicide rate, drug trafficking and the proportion of black males aged 15 - 49. There were 1391 homicides in 2010, giving a rate of 108.5 homicides per 100,000 people. It was observed that in neighborhoods with a proportion of black males aged 15 - 49 over 60%, this rate increased by 89% (≥ 60% and ≤ 80%) and 87% (> 80%), compared to neighborhoods with less than 60% of black males aged 15 - 49. Regarding the factor of drug trafficking, there was a statistically significant average increase of 40% in terms of this coefficient in neighborhoods with five or more cases of drug trafficking, compared to neighborhoods with less than five of such cases. The empirical evidence that was observed can help to contribute to the existing knowledge about the phenomenon of deaths due to homicide in large cities, and it will also help managers, public security and organized civil society to face this problem.

O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a associação entre homicídio doloso, tráfico de drogas e indicadores sociais em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, no ano de 2010. Trata-se de estudo ecológico a partir dos casos de homicídios dolosos e de tráfico de drogas registrados pela Polícia Civil da Bahia com indicadores sociais. A análise entre o coeficiente de homicídio doloso, tráfico de drogas e proporção de homens negros de 15 a 49 anos foi feita através do modelo de regressão binomial negativa, com software R versão 2.13.0. Foram registrados 1.391 homicídios dolosos em 2010, gerando coeficiente de 108,5 homicídios por 100mil habitantes. Na associação foi observado que nos bairros com proporção de homens negros de 15 a 49 anos acima de 60%, esse coeficiente aumentou 89% (≥ 60% e ≤ 80%) e 87% (> 80%), comparado com bairros com proporção menor que 60%. Quanto ao tráfico de drogas, houve aumento médio de 40% estatisticamente significante nesse coeficiente nos bairros com 5 ou mais casos, comparado com bairros com menos de 5. As evidências empíricas observadas poderão contribuir para o conhecimento sobre o fenômeno dos óbitos por homicídios dolosos nas grandes cidades e poderá auxiliar gestores, segurança pública e sociedade civil organizada no enfrentamento desse problema.

Homicídios dolosos, tráfico de drogas e indicadores sociais em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil / Intentional homicide, drug trafficking and social indicators in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a associação entre homicídio doloso, tráfico de drogas e indicadores sociais em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, no ano de 2010. Trata-se de estudo ecológico a partir dos casos de homicídios dolosos e de tráfico de drogas registrados pela Polícia Civil da Bahia com indicadores sociais. A análise entre o coeficiente de homicídio doloso, tráfico de drogas e proporção de homens negros de 15 a 49 anos foi feita através do modelo de regressão binomial negativa, com software R versão 2.13.0. Foram registrados 1.391 homicídios dolosos em 2010, gerando coeficiente de 108,5 homicídios por 100mil habitantes. Na associação foi observado que nos bairros com proporção de homens negros de 15 a 49 anos acima de 60%, esse coeficiente aumentou 89% (≥ 60% e ≤ 80%) e 87% (> 80%), comparado com bairros com proporção menor que 60%. Quanto ao tráfico de drogas, houve aumento médio de 40% estatisticamente significante nesse coeficiente nos bairros com 5 ou mais casos, comparado com bairros com menos de 5. As evidências empíricas observadas poderão contribuir para o conhecimento sobre o fenômeno dos óbitos por homicídios dolosos nas grandes cidades e poderá auxiliar gestores, segurança pública e sociedade civil organizada no enfrentamento desse problema.

Abstract To study the association between intentional homicide, drug trafficking and social indicators in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil in 2010. This is an ecological study, based on cases of intentional homicides and drug trafficking registered by the Civil Police of Bahia, as well as social indicators. A negative binomial regression model, utilizing R software (version 2.13.0), was used to verify the association between the homicide rate, drug trafficking and the proportion of black males aged 15 - 49. There were 1391 homicides in 2010, giving a rate of 108.5 homicides per 100,000 people. It was observed that in neighborhoods with a proportion of black males aged 15 - 49 over 60%, this rate increased by 89% (≥ 60% and ≤ 80%) and 87% (> 80%), compared to neighborhoods with less than 60% of black males aged 15 - 49. Regarding the factor of drug trafficking, there was a statistically significant average increase of 40% in terms of this coefficient in neighborhoods with five or more cases of drug trafficking, compared to neighborhoods with less than five of such cases. The empirical evidence that was observed can help to contribute to the existing knowledge about the phenomenon of deaths due to homicide in large cities, and it will also help managers, public security and organized civil society to face this problem.

The Structure of Subjective Well-Being and Its Relation to Objective Well-Being Indicators: Evidence from EU-SILC for Serbia.

In this article, we examine the structure of the subjective well-being and its relation to objective well-being indicators using the data from the European Union's Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) from Serbia. This is one of the first papers to analyze a new module on subjective well-being from EU-SILC micro-dataset (with over 20,000 respondents). We investigate the factor structure of the items and the differences in the association of subjective well-being dimensions with objective indicators of well-being within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Better Life Initiative framework. Three factors emerge from the principal components analysis: general life satisfaction, affective well-being, and satisfaction with the local environment. The analysis further reveals that life satisfaction is more related to the material living conditions, such as income, unemployment, and housing conditions, while affective well-being is more related to non-material indicators of well-being such as perceived health, personal security, and social connections. On the other hand, positive and negative affect within the affective well-being are not clearly separable, nor is the eudaimonic indicator from either life satisfaction or affective well-being.