Progress of polio eradication and containment requirements after eradication.

Wild poliovirus (WPV) is nearing eradication, and only three countries have never interrupted WPV transmission (Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria). WPV2 was last detected in 1999, and it was declared eradicated in 2015. WPV3 has not been detected since 2012. Since 2016, WPV1 has been detected in only two countries (Afghanistan and Pakistan), with only 22 cases reported in 2017 and 12 cases reported in 2018 (as of July 10). Because of WPV2 eradication and the risk of emergence of type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses from continued use of trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV), trivalent OPV was replaced by bivalent OPV (types 1 and 3) in a globally coordinated effort in 2016. WPV2 eradication and trivalent OPV cessation also mean that breach of containment in a facility working with type 2 poliovirus is now a major risk to reseed type 2 circulation in the community. As a result, the World Health Organization has developed a "Global Action Plan to minimize poliovirus facility-associated risk after type-specific eradication of wild polioviruses and sequential cessation of oral polio vaccine use." Because poliovirus has long been used as a standard for qualification of intravenous immunoglobulin, disinfectant products, and sanitation methods, poliovirus containment has implications far beyond poliovirus laboratories.

Hematologic Assessment in Pet Rats, Mice, Hamsters, and Gerbils: Blood Sample Collection and Blood Cell Identification.

Hamsters, gerbils, rats, and mice are presented to veterinary clinics and hospitals for prophylactic care and treatment of clinical signs of disease. Physical examination, history, and husbandry practice information can be supplemented greatly by assessment of hematologic parameters. As a resource for veterinarians and their technicians, this article describes the methods for collection of blood, identification of blood cells, and interpretation of the hemogram in mice, rats, gerbils, and hamsters.

Biossegurança: uma revisão / Biosafety: a review

A biossegurança é o conjunto de ações voltadas para a prevenção, minimização ou eliminação de riscos que possam comprometer a saúde do homem e dos animais e o meio ambiente. Os primeiros debates sobre a biossegurança tiveram início na década de 1970, devido a preocupações com a segurança nos espaços laboratoriais e com as consequências que os constantes avanços tecnológicos na área de engenharia genética poderiam significar para o homem, bem como para os sistemas ecológicos. No Brasil, a regulamentação para atividades relacionadas a essas áreas teve início em 1995, com a criação da Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança. Suas funções são fiscalizar a manipulação de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGM) e certificar a segurança dos espaços laboratoriais. Este trabalho tem como finalidade disseminar os conceitos de biossegurança e proporcionar informações que auxiliarão na segurança do homem e do meio ambiente em aspectos relacionados às atividades de pesquisa, produção, ensino, desenvolvimento tecnológico e prestação de serviços.

Biosafety is a set of actions directed to the prevention, minimization or elimination of risks that could jeopardize the human's and animal's health and of the environment. The first debates about biosafety were held in the early 1970's due to the outbreak of transmissible diseases and to the concern to the safety in laboratory arenas. In Brazil, the regulations to activities related to these areas began in 1995 with the formation of the National Technical Biosafety whose functions are the inspection of the manipulated Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) and of the laboratory arena safety. This review describes the biosafety concepts and their applicability known in order to improve the human safety as well as the environment in related issues to the research activities, production, teaching, technological development and given service.