Benefit-cost analysis of becoming certified pollinator friendly.

Despite significant drop in pollinator abundance, no studies exist on the benefits and costs of pollinator conservation in the public domain. An in-person survey was conducted at three large, public US universities to estimate benefits to become Bee Campus USA certified. We test whether different types of reminders on existing student sustainability fees affect Willingness to Pay. Costs of achieving this certification per university were obtained. Net Present Value demonstrates that the net benefits to each school are largely positive, except under the most restrictive assumption. Information reminders of existing fees lead to little change in support of pollinator conservation.

Challenges and opportunities to livestock breeding programmes in India.

Animal breeding in India has a long and chequered history. High pressure on agricultural land and increasing human population opened a new opportunity for the livestock and poultry sector as a promising food industry. Productivity of livestock in India is low due to less coverage of livestock under structured breeding programmes, inadequate nutrition and its entanglement with several socio-economic issues. A bottom-up approach to breeding policy formulation addressing local needs is required with assured flow of investments. Cattle slaughter is banned in India; hence, a legal policy to curb widespread indiscriminate mating is required which may incur substantial financial and infrastructural burdens for castration of stray males and strengthening of cow rehabilitation centres. Genetic evaluation of indigenous cattle with progeny testing (PT) requires substantial financial support, without affecting the already existing PT for exotic cattle breeds used in the local cross-breeding programmes and PT of new genotypes obtained from crosses of exotic and local breeds of cattle and for purebred buffaloes. Small ruminants need special attention due to their socio-economic importance in rural and often highly disadvantaged communities and because they are the second most important meat-producing species after poultry. Genetic improvement of small ruminants should be accompanied by attention to shrinking grazing resources which would require strong political will together with financial support. The outreach of breeding programmes for small ruminants is currently limited; there is also a lack of linkage between the market and producers that discourages farmers from adopting clear breeding objectives like improvement in growth rate, as animals are seldom sold on weight basis. Apart from government agencies, involvement of private sector, non-government organizations, local co-operatives, self-help groups and self-sustainable community-based breeding programmes can strengthen market linkages. Strengthening of the existing infrastructure along with technical input and skilled manpower is essential for achieving the breeding objectives.

The contribution of transgenic and genome-edited animals to agricultural and industrial applications.

For centuries, animal breeders have intentionally selected the parents of the next generation based on their concept of the 'ideal' animal. The dramatic differences seen in the appearance and productivity of different breeds show the power of such selection on DNA sequence variations. Unfortunately, the global furore over the use of modern biotechnologies to introduce desired genetic variations into animal breeding programmes, and the regulatory uncertainty associated with these recombinant DNA techniques, has effectively precluded the use of these technologies in food animal breeding programmes. Ironically, many of these early transgenic animal applications targeted traits that favoured sustainability, such as disease resistance and decreased environmental impact. As a consequence, transgenic animals have had little opportunity to affect global agriculture, and only a handful of pharmaceutical applications have been successfully commercialised. New developments in genome editing hold considerable promise for targeting traits that improve both animal health and welfare, and frequently involve no introduction of DNA sequences from other species. Nonetheless, future global regulation and public acceptance of such methods remain uncertain. Proposals to regulate genome-edited animals based solely on the process used to influence DNA sequence variations (i.e. intentional genome editing) and any potential attendant risks, with no counterbalancing consideration of the ensuing benefits or risks associated with conventional selection programmes, will potentially forestall the use of genome editing in animal breeding programmes. No activity can survive a risk-only evaluation, and there are considerable opportunity costs associated with preventing breeders' access to safe technologies in order to achieve genetic improvements in livestock populations.

Pendant des siècles, les éleveurs ont exercé une sélection des reproducteurs au sein de leurs troupeaux afin de donner naissance à de nouvelles générations d'animaux correspondant à leur conception de l'animal d'élevage « idéal ¼. Les différences d'aspect et de productivité constatées entre les différentes races démontrent l'importance des effets de cette sélection sur les mutations des séquences d'ADN. Malheureusement, l'indignation planétaire suscitée par le recours aux biotechnologies modernes pour introduire des traits d'amélioration génétique chez les animaux d'élevage et les incertitudes sur la réglementation applicable aux techniques de l'ADN recombiné ont eu pour effet d'exclure l'utilisation de ces technologies dans les programmes d'élevage d'animaux destinés à la consommation humaine. L'ironie de la chose est que la plupart des premières applications recourant aux animaux transgéniques visaient à introduire des traits favorisant un élevage durable, par exemple des traits induisant une résistance contre certaines maladies ou permettant de diminuer l'impact environnemental des élevages. En conséquence, les conditions n'étaient guère réunies pour que les animaux transgéniques contribuent à transformer l'agriculture mondiale et seules quelques rares applications pharmaceutiques, ont pu être mises au point et commercialisées avec succès. Les récents développements de l'édition génomique ouvrent des voies extrêmement prometteuses pour cibler des traits permettant d'améliorer la santé et le bien-être des animaux, très souvent sans qu'il soit nécessaire d'introduire des séquences d'ADN provenant d'autres espèces. Néanmoins, des incertitudes subsistent sur l'évolution de la réglementation mondiale en la matière et sur l'acceptation sociale de ces méthodes à l'avenir. On peut donc s'attendre à ce que l'utilisation de l'édition génomique dans les programmes de sélection animale sera devancée par des propositions visant à la réglementer ; ces propositions ne prendront en compte que le processus induisant une modification ciblée de séquences d'ADN et les risques potentiels qui lui sont associés, sans les contrebalancer par un examen des bénéfices apportés ni des risques inhérents aux programmes de sélection classiques. Aucune activité ne peut survivre à une évaluation basée exclusivement sur les risques ; par ailleurs, les coûts d'opportunité induits par le fait d'empêcher les éleveurs d'accéder à des technologies sûres pour améliorer le patrimoine génétique des populations d'animaux d'élevage sont considérables.

Durante siglos, los criadores de animales han seleccionado intencionadamente a los progenitores de la siguiente generación en función de su concepción de animal «idóneo¼. Las espectaculares diferencias de aspecto externo y productividad que se observan entre las distintas razas ponen de manifiesto el poder de esta selección ejercida sobre las variaciones de secuencias de ADN. Lamentablemente, el clamor mundial contra el empleo de las modernas biotecnologías para introducir las variaciones genéticas deseadas en los programas de producción animal, sumado a las incertidumbres reglamentarias existentes en torno a esas técnicas de ADN recombinante, han obstaculizado el uso eficaz de estas tecnologías en programas de cría selectiva de animales destinados a la producción alimentaria. Irónicamente, muchas de esas primeras aplicaciones de animales transgénicos tenían que ver con rasgos que favorecían la sostenibilidad, como la resistencia a enfermedades o la reducción del impacto ambiental. Como consecuencia, apenas ha habido ocasión de que los animales transgénicos influyan en la agricultura mundial y solo se han comercializado con éxito un puñado de aplicaciones farmacéuticas. Las últimas novedades surgidas en la edición genómica parecen bastante prometedoras para actuar sobre rasgos que mejoren tanto la salud como el bienestar de los animales, a menudo sin que ello requiera la introducción de secuencias de ADN de otras especies. Sin embargo, sigue reinando la incertidumbre acerca del grado de aceptación pública y la futura reglamentación de tales métodos a escala mundial. Lo más probable es que las propuestas de reglamentar la cuestión de los animales obtenidos por edición genómica atendiendo únicamente al proceso empleado para obtener variantes de secuencias de ADN (esto es, la edición genómica deliberada) y a los eventuales riesgos conexos (sin tener en cuenta, en contrapartida, los consiguientes beneficios o riesgos asociados a los programas de selección convencionales) desemboquen en la imposibilidad de aplicar la edición genómica a programas de cría selectiva de animales. No hay actividad alguna que pueda superar el filtro de una evaluación basada únicamente en el riesgo, y el hecho de impedir que los criadores accedan a tecnologías seguras para lograr la mejora genética de sus poblaciones de ganado entraña importantes costos de oportunidad.

Surveying selected European feed and livestock production chains for features enabling the case-specific post-market monitoring of livestock for intake and potential health impacts of animal feeds derived from genetically modified crops.

This review, which has been prepared within the frame of the European Union (EU)-funded project MARLON, surveys the organisation and characteristics of specific livestock and feed production chains (conventional, organic, GM-free) within the EU, with an emphasis on controls, regulations, traceability, and common production practices. Furthermore, an overview of the origin of animal feed used in the EU as well as an examination of the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in feed is provided. From the data, it shows that livestock is traceable at the herd or individual level, depending on the species. Husbandry practices can vary widely according to geography and animal species, whilst controls and checks are in place for notifiable diseases and general health symptoms (such as mortality, disease, productive performance). For feeds, it would be possible only to make coarse estimates, at best, for the amount of GM feed ingredients that an animal is exposed to. Labeling requirements are apparently correctly followed. Provided that confounding factors are taken into account, practices such as organic agriculture that explicitly involve the use of non-GM feeds could be used for comparison to those involving the use of GM feed.

Institutional development: from legal pluralism to institutional bricolage in West African pastoralism.

Pastoralists in Africa are increasingly vulnerable to the effects of globalisation, climate change and changes in land use. They are confronted with problems related to access to scarce natural resources and their regulation, the management of mobility, and too little investment in health systems, livestock production and social service delivery. However, this paper focuses on positive trends and vital innovations in pastoral societies. These rely on robust institutions and policy frameworks that contribute to economically secure, politically stable, and environmentally sustainable livelihoods for African pastoral societies. The authors analyse ways in which internal and external efforts can improve the economic viability and social aspects of pastoralism. The institutions that manage natural resources and their effects on livelihoods and access to social services must be critically reviewed. The authors suggest that a new model for the economic and social development of African pastoralism should be positioned between donor- or governmentdriven development (in other words, 'seeing like a state') and the autonomous development goals of pastoralists ('seeing like a pastoralist'). Pastoralists are resourceful, entrepreneurial and innovative people, fully able to support new institutional systems and services which recognise their way of life and production systems. It seems evident that African pastoralism will maintain its vitality and creativity through a process of 'bricolage', with institutional and policy innovations based on a constant renegotiation of norms, the reinvention or transformation of tradition, the importance of legitimate authority and the role of the people themselves in shaping such arrangements.

Les pasteurs africains sont en situation de vulnérabilité accrue face aux effets de la mondialisation, du changement climatique et de la transformation de l'utilisation des terres. Ils sont confrontés à des problèmes liés à l'accès et à la réglementation des ressources naturelles qui se raréfient sans cesse, à la gestion de la mobilité et au manque d'investissements dédiés aux systèmes de santé, à la production animale et à la fourniture de services sociaux. Néanmoins, dans cet article l'accent est mis sur les tendances positives et sur les innovations vitales actuellement à l'oeuvre dans les sociétés pastorales. Celles-ci reposent sur des institutions robustes et des cadres d'élaboration de politiques qui contribuent à garantir aux sociétés pastorales africaines une source de revenus économiquement intéressants, politiquement stables, et durables au plan écologique. Les auteurs analysent les possibilités d'améliorer au moyen d'initiatives internes et extérieures la viabilité économique et les aspects sociaux du pastoralisme. Il est indispensable de procéder à une évaluation critique des institutions chargées de la gestion des ressources naturelles et d'analyser leurs effets sur les moyens d'existence des pasteurs et sur leur accès aux services sociaux. Les auteurs considèrent qu'un nouveau modèle de développement économique et social du pastoralisme africain devrait trouver sa place entre le développement impulsé par les donateurs ou par les gouvernements (autrement dit, le point de vue étatique) et les objectifs autonomes de développement des pasteurs eux-mêmes (le point de vue du pasteur). Les pasteurs sont des individus pleins de ressources et animés par l'esprit d'entreprise et d'innovation, ce qui les rend parfaitement capables de soutenir de nouveaux systèmes et services institutionnels dès lors que ceux-ci prennent en compte leur mode de vie et leurs systèmes de production. Il semble clair que le pastoralisme africain préservera sa vitalité et sa créativité tout au long d'un processus de bricolage, ce qui se traduira par des innovations institutionnelles et politiques fondées sur une renégociation permanente des normes, sur la réinvention ou la transformation des traditions, sur l'impératif de légitimer l'autorité et sur la participation des populations à la conception des dispositifs mis en place.

Las sociedades pastorales africanas son cada vez más vulnerables a los efectos de la mundialización, el cambio climático y la transformación de los usos del suelo. Afrontan problemas relacionados con el acceso a recursos naturales escasos y su regulación, con la gestión de la movilidad y con la insuficiencia de las inversiones en sistemas de salud, producción ganadera y prestación de servicios sociales. Los autores, sin embargo, se centran en las tendencias positivas y las innovaciones esenciales que tienen lugar en las sociedades pastorales, fruto de instituciones robustas y de conjuntos de políticas que favorecen medios de sustento económicamente seguros, políticamente estables y ambientalmente sostenibles en las sociedades pastorales africanas. Los autores se detienen a analizar el modo en que las iniciativas internas y externas pueden mejorar tanto la viabilidad económica como una serie de aspectos sociales del pastoreo. Es preciso someter a un examen crítico las instituciones que gestionan los recursos naturales, así como los efectos de esa gestión en los medios de sustento y el acceso a los servicios sociales. Los autores abogan por un nuevo modelo de desarrollo económico y social del pastoreo africano que convendría posicionar a medio camino entre el desarrollo impulsado por donantes o administraciones públicas (o dicho de otro modo, visto «desde la óptica del estado¼) y los objetivos de desarrollo fijados por las propias sociedades de pastores (esto es, «desde la óptica del pastoreo¼). Las sociedades pastorales están formadas por gente ingeniosa, emprendedora e innovadora, perfectamente capaz de secundar nuevos servicios y sistemas institucionales que tengan en cuenta sus modos de vida y sistemas de producción. Parece evidente que el mantenimiento de la vitalidad y creatividad del pastoreo africano habrá de pasar por un proceso de «bricolaje¼ que traiga consigo innovaciones institucionales y políticas basadas en la renegociación constante de las normas, la reinvención o transformación de la tradición, la importancia de la autoridad legítima y la intervención de la propia población en el proceso de configurar toda esta nueva organización.

Institutional development and policy frameworks for pastoralism: from local to regional perspectives.

Pastoralists are among the most politically and economically marginalised communities in the world. They have less and less access to the natural resources on which their livelihoods depend and very limited access to basic socio-economic services and infrastructure. This paper builds on a number of studies carried out in the Sahel, the Horn of Africa, Central Asia and the Swiss Alps to address the institutional dynamics required for sustainable pastoralism. Specifically, the authors question the way in which institutions and policies are currently shaped and suggest that reforming these could contribute to new avenues for pastoralism. Among the main drivers of pastoralist marginalisation are poor public and private institutional arrangements. The consequences are violent conflict and increased mobility and relocation. Responses to the current weaknesses of pastoralism must encompass inclusive, comprehensive institutions which allow access to resources, economic viability and integration in the new socio-ecological space. The authors argue that those involved in pastoral development in national as well as international arenas, including pastoralist groups, states and agencies, are creatively engaged in a process of innovation for pastoralism, and this will contribute towards new forms of governance and improved institutional and policy frameworks.

Les communautés pastorales comptent parmi les plus marginalisées au plan politique et économique. Les pasteurs peuvent de moins en moins accéder aux ressources naturelles dont ils tirent leur subsistance ; leur accès aux services et aux infrastructures socio-économiques de base est également très limité. À partir d'une série d'études conduites au Sahel, dans la Corne de l'Afrique, en Asie centrale et dans les Alpes suisses, les auteurs cherchent à déterminer la dynamique institutionnelle nécessaire à la pérennisation du pastoralisme. En particulier, ils remettent en cause la manière dont les institutions et les politiques sont conçues à l'heure actuelle, estimant que leur réforme permettrait d'ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives pour le pastoralisme. La médiocrité des dispositifs institutionnels tant publics que privés compte parmi les principaux facteurs de la marginalisation des pasteurs. Celle-ci entraîne des conflits violents et une mobilité et relocalisation accrues. Les réponses aux faiblesses actuelles du pastoralisme passent nécessairement par des institutions à l'action inclusive et exhaustive, garantissant l'accés aux ressources, la viabilité économique et l'intégration dans le nouvel espace socio-écologique. Les auteurs estiment que les acteurs du développement du pastoralisme sur la scène nationale autant qu'internationale, y compris les groupes de pasteurs, les états et les agences de développement sont engagés de manière créative dans un processus d'innovation en faveur du pastoralisme, ce qui contribuera à créer de nouvelles formes de gouvernance et de meilleurs cadres institutionnels et d'élaboration des politiques.

Las comunidades que viven del pastoreo están entre las más marginadas tanto política como económicamente. Cada vez les resulta más difícil acceder a los recursos naturales de los que dependen para vivir y disponen de un acceso muy deficiente a la infraestructura y los servicios socioeconómicos básicos. Los autores, partiendo de una serie de estudios realizados en el Sahel, el Cuerno de África, Asia Central y los Alpes suizos, examinan la dinámica institucional necesaria para que el pastoreo llegue a ser sostenible. En concreto, tras cuestionar los procedimientos por los que actualmente se forjan instituciones y se formulan políticas, sugieren que la reforma de estos mecanismos podría ser útil para abrir nuevos horizontes al pastoreo. Entre los principales factores que determinan la marginación de las sociedades pastorales figuran las carencias de los dispositivos institucionales públicos y privados, lo que tiene por consecuencia conflictos violentos y un mayor grado de movilidad y relocalizaciones. Toda respuesta a la actual situación de fragilidad del pastoreo debe acompañarse de instituciones integradoras y completas, que hagan posible el acceso a los recursos, la viabilidad económica y la integración en el nuevo espacio socioecológico. Los autores postulan que todas aquellas instancias que intervienen en las cuestiones de desarrollo pastoral en foros tanto nacionales como internacionales, en particular los propios grupos de pastores, amén de los Estados y organismos, son componentes creativos de un proceso de innovación al servicio del pastoreo, proceso que ayudará a alumbrar nuevas formas de gobernanza, así como regímenes institucionales y parámetros normativos más eficaces.

The Impact of Farmers' Strategic Behavior on the Spread of Animal Infectious Diseases.

One of the main strategies to control the spread of infectious animal diseases is the implementation of movement restrictions. This paper shows a loss in efficiency of the movement restriction policy (MRP) when behavioral responses of farmers are taken into account. Incorporating the strategic behavior of farmers in an epidemiologic model reveals that the MRP can trigger premature animal sales by farms at high risk of becoming infected that significantly reduce the efficacy of the policy. The results are validated in a parameterized network via Monte Carlo simulations and measures to mitigate the loss of efficiency of the MRP are discussed. Financial aid to farmers can be justified by public health concerns, not only for equity. This paper contributes to developing an interdisciplinary analytical framework regarding the expansion of infectious diseases combining economic and epidemiologic dimensions.

Risk Assessment of High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Introduction into Poland via Legal Importation of Live Poultry.

The risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus introduction via import of live poultry results from the probability that infected birds are exported from apparently HPAI-free areas during the silent phase of the epidemic, i.e., the period between an incursion of the virus into a susceptible population and a report on the outbreak by an exporting country. In our study we adapted a stochastic model, previously published in 2010 by Sánchez-Vizcaíno et al., with our own modifications in which the probability of HPAI introduction was assessed as the sum of the probabilities of entry of at least one infected bird from each susceptible species exported from each country into each Polish region (county). The mean annual probability of HPAI introduction into Poland via legal trade of live poultry was very low (3.07 × 10(-3), which corresponds to 1 outbreak every 326 yr). The highest risk was associated with the import of turkeys (62%) and chickens (33%). The exporting countries that contributed the most to the overall risk were Italy (31%), the Netherlands (24%), and the Czech Republic (17%). The risk was not evenly distributed across the country and it seemed higher in western, north-central, and eastern Poland while several counties of the north-west, central, or south-east parts of the country were at negligible risk. The applied model provides quantitative evidence that the risk of HPAI introduction through legal trade of poultry does not play a major role and that other paths, such as wild birds migrations or illegal trade, should be considered as the most-likely routes along which the virus can be introduced.

Eight more ways to deal with antibiotic resistance.

The fight against antibiotic resistance must be strengthened. We propose actions that U.S. government agencies and private sector entities can take to build a more comprehensive effort. These actions can increase the viability of investing in new antibiotics, ensure the quality and stewardship of all antibiotics, and make responses to emerging resistance more informed. Success requires the thoughtful exercise of federal authority and a firm commitment to share data and reward developers for the value generated with new, life-saving antibiotics.

[Estimation of the financial reserves required by livestock disease compensation funds for rebates in the course of disease outbreaks using the example of Saxony-Anhalt (Germany)]. / Abschätzung der für Kompensationen im Zusammenhang mit Tierseuchenausbrüchen erforderlichen finanziellen Rücklagen einer Tierseuchenkasse am Beispiel Sachsen-Anhalts.

With certain restrictions, the federal states of Germany are obligated to financially compensate livestock owners for animal losses due to livestock diseases. If livestock disease compensation funds demand contributions from livestock owners for certain species in order to pay compensations, the federal states have to pay only one half of the rebate. The remaining 50% has to be financed through reserves of the respective compensation fund built up with the contributions. But there is no reference on how to calculate such financial reserves. Therefore, for the livestock disease compensation fund of Saxony-Anhalt (Germany), an attempt was made to estimate the required reserves.To this end, expert opinions concerning the expected number of affected holdings in potential outbreaks of different diseases were collected. In a conservative approach, assuming these diseases occur in parallel within a single year, overall costs as well as individual costs for altogether 25 categories and subcategories of livestock species were stochastically modeled.The 99.9th percentile of the resulting frequency distribution of the overall costs referred to a financial volume of about 23 million euro. Thus, financial reserves of 11,5 million euro were recommended to the livestock disease compensation fund.

Vantagens e desvantagens da pecuária no Brasil segundo atores da cadeia produtiva de carne bovina / Advantages and disadvantages of livestock farming in Brazil, according to beef chain actors

Este estudo objetivou identificar as vantagens e desvantagens de se produzir carne bovina para o mercado doméstico epara exportação, segundo a percepção dos atores da cadeia produtiva no Brasil. Para tanto, foi utilizada a metodologiaqualiquantitativa do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, ferramenta que possibilita representar a opinião coletiva sobre um dadotema. A pesquisa de campo baseou-se em uma amostra de trinta e quatro indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, em sua maioriacom alto grau de escolaridade, pertencentes a cinco diferentes categorias de atores relacionadas à atividade pecuáriade corte no Brasil: pecuaristas, frigoríficos, empresas certificadoras, associações de classe e órgãos governamentais deregulação e inspeção. Os resultados indicaram que os pecuaristas percebem mais desvantagens do que vantagens em seproduzir carne bovina para exportação, especialmente pelo fato de que são os frigoríficos que estabelecem os preços nastransações domésticas. Além disso, sugerem também que a carne bovina brasileira destinada ao mercado doméstico é piordo que aquela destinada à exportação, reconhecendo-se também a segmentação do mercado interno, com exigências dequalidade diferenciadas.(AU)

This study aimed at identifying the advantages and disadvantages of beef production for the domestic market and for exportaccording to the perception of the production chain actors in Brazil. For that purpose, the qualiquantitative methodologyof the Collective Subject Discourse was used. This tool allows the representation of a collective opinion about a specificsubject. The field survey sample was composed of thirty-four individuals, both male and female, most of them with higheducation background, belonging to five different actor categories related to cattle growing in Brazil: farmers, slaughterhouses, certifying companies, class associations and regulatory governmental entities. The results indicated that farmersperceive more disadvantages than advantages in producing beef for export, especially due to the fact that the slaughterhouses establish the prices in the domestic transactions. Besides that, the results suggest that the Brazilian beef for thedomestic market is worse than that for export. A segmentation of the domestic market is also known, with differentiatedquality requirement.(AU)

Genetically modified animals from life-science, socio-economic and ethical perspectives: examining issues in an EU policy context.

The interdisciplinary EC consortium (the PEGASUS project) aimed to examine the issues raised by the development, implementation and commercialisation of genetically modified (GM) animals, and derivative foods and pharmaceutical products. The results integrated existing social (including existing public perception) environmental and economic knowledge regarding GM animals to formulate policy recommendations relevant to new developments and applications. The use of GM in farmed animals (aquatic, terrestrial and pharmaceutical) was mapped and reviewed. A foresight exercise was conducted to identity future developments. Three case studies (aquatic, terrestrial and pharmaceutical) were applied to identify the issues raised, including the potential risks and benefits of GM animals from the perspectives of the production chain (economics and agri-food sector) and the life sciences (human and animal health, environmental impact, animal welfare and sustainable production). Ethical and policy concerns were examined through application of combined ethical matrix method and policy workshops. The case studies were also used to demonstrate the utility of public engagement in the policy process. The results suggest that public perceptions, ethical issues, the competitiveness of EU animal production and risk-benefit assessments that consider human and animal health, environmental impact and sustainable production need to be considered in EU policy development. Few issues were raised with application in the pharmaceutical sector, assuming ethical and economic issues were addressed in policy, but the introduction of agricultural GM animal applications should be considered on a case-by-case basis.

Constraints to cattle production in a semiarid pastoral system in Kenya.

Livestock keeping is the mainstay for the pastoral community while also providing social and cultural value. This study ranked main production constraints and cattle diseases that impacted livelihood and estimated herd prevalence, incidence rate, and impact of diseases on production parameters in a semiarid pastoral district of Narok in Kenya. Data collection employed participatory techniques including listing, pairwise ranking, disease incidence scoring, proportional piling, and disease impact matrix scoring and this was disaggregated by gender. Production constraints with high scores for impact on livelihood included scarcity of water (19%), lack of extension services (15%), presence of diseases (12%), lack of market for cattle and their products (10%), and recurrent cycle of drought (9%). Diseases with high scores for impact on livelihood were East Coast fever (ECF) (22%) and foot and mouth disease (FMD) (21%). High estimated incidence rates were reported for FMD (67%), trypanosomosis (28%), and ECF (15%), while contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) had an incidence rate <1%. Milk yield was affected by FMD, ECF, and trypanosomosis, while ECF was the cause of increased mortality. FMD, ECF, CBPP, and brucellosis caused increased abortion, while effect of gender and location of study was not significant. Despite CBPP being regarded as an important disease affecting cattle production in sub-Sahara Africa, its estimated incidence rate in herds was low. This study indicates what issues should be prioritized by livestock policy for pastoral areas.

Impact of regulatory perturbations to disease spread through cattle movements in Great Britain.

During the past decade the British livestock industry has suffered from several major pathogen outbreaks, and a variety of regulatory and disease control measures have been applied to the movement of livestock with the express aim of mitigating the spread of infection. The Rapid Analysis and Detection of Animal-related Risks (RADAR) project, which has been collecting data on the movement of cattle since 1998, provides a relatively comprehensive record of how these policies have influenced the movement of cattle between animal holdings, markets, and slaughterhouses in Britain. Many previous studies have focused on the properties of the network that can be derived from these movements--treating farms as nodes and movements as directed (and potentially weighted) edges in the network. However, of far greater importance is how these policy changes have influenced the potential spread of infectious diseases. Here we use a stochastic fully individual-based model of cattle in Britain to assess how the epidemic potential has varied from 2000 to 2009 as the pattern of movements has changed in response to legislation and market forces. Our simulations show that the majority of policy changes lead to significant decreases in the epidemic potential (measured in multiple ways), but that this potential then increases through time as cattle farmers modify their behaviour in response. Our results suggest that the cattle industry is likely to experience boom-bust dynamics, with the actions that farmers take during epidemic-free periods to maximise their profitability likely to increase the potential for large-scale epidemics to occur.

From cruelty to welfare: the emergence of farm animal welfare in Britain, 1964-71.

There is a long history of concern in Britain for how animals are treated. Until the 1960s, these concerns were expressed largely in terms of cruelty or suffering, which was prevented through various acts of Parliament. Over the period 1964-71, amidst public debates about intensive farming, a new discourse of animal welfare emerged. To understand what welfare meant and how it became established as a term, a concept and a target of government regulation, it is necessary to examine farming politics and practices, the existing tradition of animal protection and attempts to rethink the nature of animal suffering.

Reducing concentrated animal feeding operations permitting requirements.

Many owners and operators of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) need to secure National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits from the federal or state permitting authority. Because of the expense and inconvenience of permit applications, farm groups have challenged revisions to the federal CAFO Rule as well as state regulations claiming selected provisions exceeded the authority of the permitting agency. In 2011, 2 courts responded with decisions that clarify federal and state permitting regulations. Another goal of agricultural groups is to change the regulatory authority of the state from an environmental agency to a department of agriculture. These developments suggest that by altering the permitting authority, CAFO owners and operators may alleviate some of the burdens of the permitting process.