Towards a social harm approach in drug policy.

In this paper, we explore how the social harm approach can be adapted within drug policy scholarship. Since the mid-2000s, a group of critical criminologists have moved beyond the concept of crime and criminology, towards the study of social harm. This turn proceeds decades of research that highlights the inequities within the criminal legal system, the formation of laws that protect the privileged and punish the disadvantaged, and the systemic challenge of the effectiveness of retribution and punishment at addressing harm in the community. The purpose of this paper is to first identify parallels between the social harm approach and critical drug scholarship, and second to advocate for the adoption of a social harm lens in drug policy scholarship. In the paper, we draw out the similarities between social harm and drug policy literatures, as well as outline what the study of social harm can bring to an analysis of drug policy. This includes a discussion on the ontology of drug crime, the myth of drug crime and the ineffective use of the crime control system in response to drug use. The paper then discusses how these conversations in critical criminology and critical drugs scholarship can be brought together to inform future drug policy research. This reflection details the link between social harm and the impingement of human flourishing, explores the role of decolonizing drug policy, advocates for the centralization of lived experience within the research process and outlines how this might align with harm reduction approaches. We conclude by arguing that the social harm approach challenges the idea that neutrality is the goal in drug policy and explicitly seeks to expand new avenues in activist research and social justice approaches to policymaking.

Nutritional Criminology: Why the Emerging Research on Ultra-Processed Food Matters to Health and Justice.

There is mounting concern over the potential harms associated with ultra-processed foods, including poor mental health and antisocial behavior. Cutting-edge research provides an enhanced understanding of biophysiological mechanisms, including microbiome pathways, and invites a historical reexamination of earlier work that investigated the relationship between nutrition and criminal behavior. Here, in this perspective article, we explore how this emergent research casts new light and greater significance on previous key observations. Despite expanding interest in the field dubbed 'nutritional psychiatry', there has been relatively little attention paid to its relevancy within criminology and the criminal justice system. Since public health practitioners, allied mental health professionals, and policymakers play key roles throughout criminal justice systems, a holistic perspective on both historical and emergent research is critical. While there are many questions to be resolved, the available evidence suggests that nutrition might be an underappreciated factor in prevention and treatment along the criminal justice spectrum. The intersection of nutrition and biopsychosocial health requires transdisciplinary discussions of power structures, industry influence, and marketing issues associated with widespread food and social inequalities. Some of these discussions are already occurring under the banner of 'food crime'. Given the vast societal implications, it is our contention that the subject of nutrition in the multidisciplinary field of criminology-referred to here as nutritional criminology-deserves increased scrutiny. Through combining historical findings and cutting-edge research, we aim to increase awareness of this topic among the broad readership of the journal, with the hopes of generating new hypotheses and collaborations.

"Cê anda igual bandido!": o que dizem os jovens sobre a construção midiática do criminoso? / "You look like a thug!": how do young people view the media's construction of the criminal? / « "T'as l'air d'un voyou! ¼: comment les jeunes perçoivent-ils la construction médiatique du criminel? / "¡Pareces un bandido!': ¿qué dicen los jóvenes sobre la construcción del criminal en los medios de comunicación?

Resumo A partir do cenário brasileiro, marcado por diferentes expressões da violência, são construídas práticas midiáticas que representam a juventude pauperizada de forma a criminalizar tal grupo. Este artigo apresenta uma discussão a respeito dos sentidos produzidos por jovens de 14 a 16 anos sobre as representações midiáticas expressas por setores da mídia hegemônica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa participante, delineada a partir da perspectiva do sociólogo Orlando Fals-Borda e da ideia de coautoria de Mikhail Bakhtin. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma cidade do estado de Minas Gerais, e foram construídos sete grupos de discussão, em que reportagens nas quais jovens são associados a episódios tidos como criminosos foram discutidas. Por meio dos diálogos construídos, foi possível identificar que o conteúdo midiático pode resultar em uma série de violências nas vidas desses jovens, que resistem através da busca por estratégias criativas, envolvendo a arte e mídias alternativas.

Abstract From a scenario marked by different expressions of violence emerge media practices set on criminalizing impoverished youth. This article examines the meanings produced by youth aged 14 to 16 years about the media representations broadcasted by hegemonic sectors. A participative research designed based on sociologist Orlando Fals-Borda's work and Mikhail Bakhtin's co-authorship was conducted with youth from the state of Minas Gerais. Seven discussion groups were created to debate the association between youth and criminal activity on the news. Analysis of the dialogues showed that media content can impart a series of violence in their lives. However, they resist through creative strategies involving art and alternative media.

Résumé A partir d'un scénario marqué par différentes expressions de la violence ressortent des pratiques médiatiques visant à criminaliser la jeunesse appauvrie. Cet article discute les significations produits par des jeunes de 14 à 16 ans à propos des représentations médiatiques formulées par les secteurs hégémoniques. Une recherche intervenante, esquissée d'après la perspective du sociologue Orlando Fals-Borda et du concept de cocréation de Mikhail Bakhtin, a été réalisée dans une ville de l'État du Minas Gerais. Sept groupes de discussion ont été créé pour débattre des reportages où des jeunes sont associés à des épisodes criminels. L'analyse des dialogues a montré que le contenu des médias peut mener à une série de violences dans leur vie. Pourtant, ils résistent grâce à des stratégies créatives faisant appel à l'art et aux médias alternatifs.

Resumen A partir del escenario brasileño, marcado por diferentes expresiones de violencia, se construyen prácticas mediáticas, para criminalizar a la juventude más pobre. Este artículo discute los sentidos producidos por jóvenes de 14 a 16 años respecto a las representaciones mediáticas, expressadas por sectores de los medios hegemónicos. Se trata de una investigação participante, diseñada a partir de la perspectiva del sociólogo Orlando Fals-Borda y la idea de coautoría de Mikhail Bakhtin. La investigación fue realizada en una ciudad del estado de Minas Gerais, mediante siete grupos de discusión, donde se analizaron las asociaciones que hacen de los jóvenes con episodios delictivos. A partir de los diálogos establecidos, se encontró que lo proyectado por los medios de comuncación puede resultar de considerables violencias en la vida de aquellos jóvenes, quienes se resisten a través de la búsqueda de estrategias creativas como el arte y medios alternativos.

(Sobre)viver na rua: narrativas das pessoas em situação de rua sobre a rede de apoio / (About) living on the street: narratives of homeless people about the support network / (Sobre)vivir en la calle: narrativas de personas en situación de calle sobre la red de apoyo

A população em situação de rua (PSR), em seu cotidiano, se relaciona com diferentes pessoas, grupos e/ou coletivos ligados à execução das políticas públicas, às organizações não governamentais, familiares ou a membros da sociedade civil. Pensar nessas dinâmicas de trabalho, cooperação e auxílio remete a pensar sobre uma rede de apoio que constrói estratégias com essa população. Tendo presente essas problematizações, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as narrativas das pessoas em situação de rua sobre como é produzida sua rede de apoio. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, de orientação etnográfica, sendo utilizada a observação participante, registros em diário de campo e entrevistas narrativas. Participaram seis pessoas em situação de rua que recebem alimentação ofertada por projetos sociais em uma cidade do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados produzidos foram analisados a partir da Análise Temática. As análises expressam as especificidades das narrativas das trajetórias de vida associadas à chegada às ruas e à composição de uma rede de apoio na rua. Ao conhecer como se produz e opera essa rede de apoio, a partir das narrativas das pessoas em situação de rua, problematiza-se a complexidade dessa engrenagem e o desafio de produzir ações integradas entre as diferentes instâncias da rede. Nisso, destaca-se a potencialidade de práticas que levem conta à escuta, ao diálogo e à articulação na operacionalização de políticas públicas atentas às necessidades dessa população.(AU)

The street population, in their daily lives, relates to different people, groups and/or collectives linked to the execution of public policies, to non-governmental organizations, family members, or to members of civil society. Thinking about these dynamics of work, cooperation, and assistance leads to thinking about a support network that builds strategies with this population. Having these problematizations in mind, this study aims to analyze the narratives of homeless people about how their support network is produced. To this end, a qualitative study was carried out, with ethnographic orientation, using participant observation, records in a field diary, and narrative interviews. Participated in the research six homeless people who receive food offered by social projects in a municipality in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul. The data produced were analyzed using the Thematic Analysis. The analyzes express the specifities of the narratives of life trajectories associated with the arrival on the streets and the composition of a support network on the street. By knowing how the support network is produced and operated, the complexity of this gear and the challenge of producing integrated actions between the different instances of the network are problematized. Thus, it highlights the potential of practices that consider listening, dialogue, and articulation in the operationalization of public policies that are attentive to the needs of this population.(AU)

Las personas en situación de calle en su cotidiano se relacionan con distintas personas, grupos y/o colectivos, que están vinculados a la ejecución de políticas públicas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, familiares o miembros de la sociedad civil. Pensar en estas dinámicas de trabajo, cooperación y ayuda nos lleva a una red de apoyo que construye estrategias con estas personas. Teniendo en cuenta esta problemática, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las narrativas de las personas en situación de calle acerca de cómo se produce su red de apoyo. Con este fin, se realizó un estudio cualitativo, etnográfico, utilizando observación participante, registros de diario de campo y entrevistas narrativas. Este estudio incluyó a seis personas en situación de calle que reciben alimentos ofrecidos por proyectos sociales en una ciudad del interior de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Se utilizó el Análisis Temático. Los análisis expresan las especificidades de las narrativas de las trayectorias de vida asociadas con la llegada a las calles y la composición de una red de apoyo en la calle. Al saber cómo se produce y opera la red de apoyo, a partir de las narrativas de las personas en la calle, se problematizan la complejidad de este equipo y el desafío de producir acciones integradas entre las diferentes instancias de la red. Destaca el potencial de las prácticas que tienen en cuenta la escucha, el diálogo y la articulación en la implementación de políticas públicas que estén atentas a las necesidades de esta población.(AU)

Encarceramento feminino: um debate entre criminologia e perspectivas feministas / Female incarceration: a debate between criminology and feminist perspectives / Encarcelamiento femenino: un debate entre la criminología y las perspectivas feministas

Este ensaio teórico-reflexivo tem como objetivo discutir sobre as contribuições dos estudos da criminologia e sua crítica para as diversas formas de aprisionamento feminino, e mais atualmente para o encarceramento em massa no sistema prisional, além de abrir espaço para o debate sobre as diferentes perspectivas feministas e as relações com os estudos criminológicos, sobretudo com os posicionamentos da chamada criminologia crítica. Reconhecem-se importantes avanços e conquistas feministas no debate sobre a estruturação masculinizada do direito penal e do seu fazer jurídico, mas também a manutenção de diversas formas de violência de gênero que configuram um sistema penal antropocêntrico, seletivo, racista e discriminatório. Indica-se a urgência de estudos interseccionais que considerem as particularidades e reinvindicações das mulheres no cárcere e suas formas de militância, sobretudo diante de população carcerária feminina composta majoritariamente por mulheres negras, pobres e periféricas. Faz-se visível a necessidade de uma análise dos fatores que atravessam o encarceramento feminino por uma ótica feminista plural, adequada às realidades que se estudam e atenta às múltiplas perspectivas que podem existir dentro do feminismo.(AU)

This theoretical-reflexive essay aims to discuss the contributions of criminological studies and their critique of the various forms of imprisonment of women, and more recently of mass incarceration in the prison system, in addition to opening space for the debate on the different feminist perspectives and their relations with criminological studies, especially with the positions of the so-called critical criminology. Important feminist advances and conquests are recognized in the debate about the masculinized structure of penal law and its legal practice, but also the maintenance of diverse forms of gender violence that configure an anthropocentric, selective, racist, and discriminatory penal system. It indicates the urgency of intersectional studies that consider the particularities and claims of women in prison and their forms of militancy, especially in the face of the female prison population composed mostly of black, poor, and peripheral women. The need for an analysis of the factors that cross women's imprisonment from a plural feminist perspective, adequate to the realities under study and attentive to the multiple perspectives that may exist within feminism, becomes visible.(AU)

Este ensayo teórico-reflexivo pretende discutir las aportaciones de los estudios criminológicos y su crítica a las distintas formas de encarcelamiento femenino, y más recientemente de encarcelamiento masivo en el sistema penitenciario, además de generar debate sobre las distintas perspectivas feministas y sus relaciones con los estudios criminológicos, especialmente con las posiciones de la Criminología Crítica. Se reconocen importantes avances y logros feministas en el debate sobre la estructuración masculinizada del derecho penal y su práctica jurídica, además del mantenimiento de diversas formas de violencia de género que configuran un sistema penal antropocéntrico, selectivo, racista y discriminatorio. Se necesitan estudios interseccionales que consideren las particularidades y reivindicaciones de las mujeres en prisión y sus formas de militancia, principalmente ante la población penitenciaria femenina compuesta mayoritariamente por mujeres negras, pobres y periféricas. Se hace evidente la necesidad de analizar los factores que inciden en el encarcelamiento femenino desde una perspectiva feminista plural, adecuada a las realidades que se estudian y atenta a las múltiples perspectivas que pueden existir dentro del feminismo.(AU)

Violência sexual e aborto legal: possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica / Sexual offence and legal abortion: opportunities and challenges from psychological working / Violencia sexual y aborto legal: posibilidades y desafíos de la atención psicológica

A violência sexual e o aborto legal são temas tabus em nossa sociedade. No campo da saúde, a(o) psicóloga(o) atua em fases distintas, seja na avaliação psicológica do pedido pelo aborto legal, que culminará ou não em sua aquiescência; seja no momento posterior à solicitação, no atendimento em enfermarias ou ambulatorial. Partindo de relato de experiência, este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades e desafios da atuação psicológica no atendimento em saúde para pessoas em situação de gestação decorrente de violência sexual e que buscam pelo aborto legal. Para tanto, dividimos o artigo em três momentos. No primeiro deles, será possível encontrar dados conceituais, estatísticos e históricos sobre ambos os temas, trazendo recortes nacionais e internacionais. No segundo, trazemos apontamentos sobre o que chamamos de "eixos norteadores", ou seja, dialogamos com aspectos fundamentais para o trabalho nesta seara, sendo eles gênero, família, sexualidade e trauma. Por fim, no terceiro, aprofundamos a reflexão sobre o atendimento psicológico atrelado aos conceitos já discutidos, analisando de forma crítica principalmente um dos pontos mais espinhosos da atuação: a avaliação para aprovação (ou recusa) do pedido pelo aborto. Apoiamo-nos no referencial psicanalítico e defendemos que esta atuação psicológica é primordialmente uma oferta de cuidado, comprometido com as demandas das pessoas atendidas e com a promoção de saúde mental, e consideramos que o papel da psicologia é essencial para o reconhecimento do sofrimento e dos efeitos do abandono socioinstitucional na vida do público atendido.(AU)

Sexual abuse and legal abortion are taboo subjects in our society. On the health area, the psychologist works on different fields, such as psychological evaluation from the request of legal abortion, that will end or not on its approval, and also in a further moment, either the care on wards or ambulatorial treatment. Relying on a case report, this article aims to contemplate the possibilities and challenges from psychological work on healthcare to pregnant women from sexual violence and seek legal abortion. For this purpose, we divide this article in three moments. On the first, it will find definitions, statistics, and historical data about both issues, including national and international information. On the second, we bring notes called 'guiding pillar,' that is, we interact with fundamental aspects from this area, such as gender, family, sexuality, and trauma. On the third one, in-depth discussions we dwell on psychological care tied to the concepts previously addressed, critically analyzing one of the hardest moments of working in this area: the evaluation to approve (or refuse) the request for abortion. We lean over psychoanalytic thoughts and argue that this psychological work is primarily an offer of care, committed to the needs from those who seek us and to promoting good mental health and, also, we consider that psychology is essential to acknowledge the suffering and the effects of social and institutional neglect on the lives of the people seen.(AU)

La violencia sexual y el aborto son temas tabús en nuestra sociedad. En el campo de la salud, el(la) psicólogo(a) actúa en diferentes fases: en la evaluación psicológica de la solicitud del aborto legal, que culminará o no en su obtención, y/o en el momento posterior a la solicitud en la atención en enfermería o ambulatorio. Desde un reporte de experiencia, este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre las posibilidades y los desafíos de la Psicología en la atención en salud para personas en estado de embarazo producto de violencia sexual y que buscan un aborto legal. Para ello, este artículo está dividido en tres momentos. En el primer, presenta datos conceptuales, estadísticos e históricos sobre los dos temas, trayendo recortes nacionales e internacionales. En el segundo, comenta los llamados "ejes temáticos", es decir, se establece un diálogo con aspectos fundamentales para el trabajo en este ámbito, como género, familia, sexualidad y trauma. Por último, en el tercer, profundiza en la reflexión sobre la atención psicológica asociada a los conceptos discutidos, analizando de forma crítica uno de los puntos más espinosos de la actuación: la evaluación para la aprobación (o negativa) de la solicitud de aborto. Se utilizó el referencial psicoanalítico y se argumenta que esta atención psicológica es sobre todo una forma de cuidado, comprometida con las demandas de las personas atendidas y la promoción de la salud mental, y el papel de la Psicología es esencial para reconocer el sufrimiento y los efectos del abandono socioinstitucional en la vida del público atendido.(AU)

Lawsuits in health: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the national and international scientific evidence available in the literature on types of judicialization of health lawsuits. METHOD: Integrative review, which selected primary studies in the PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus databases, with the. DESCRIPTORS: judicial decisions, health's judicialization, Saúde (in Portuguese), Health, and the keyword: Judicial Action. RESULTS: 30 studies were selected. In Brazil, the majority were legal claims for medicines and the other for medical errors, requests for vaccines, supplies for diabetics, food compounds, surgical procedure, examinations, among others. In international studies, lawsuits were found for medication, benefit coverage and hospitalization for psychiatric treatment. CONCLUSION: It is evident that the most demanded type of lawsuit was access to the medication at an international level. It is still more noticeable the little discussion on this subject, demonstrating that judicialization of medicines can indicate a reality of Brazil.

Lawsuits in health: an integrative review / Acciones judiciales en salud: revisión integrativa / Ações judiciais em saúde: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the national and international scientific evidence available in the literature on types of judicialization of health lawsuits. Method: Integrative review, which selected primary studies in the PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science and Scopus databases, with the Descriptors: judicial decisions, health's judicialization, Saúde (in Portuguese), Health, and the keyword: Judicial Action. Results: 30 studies were selected. In Brazil, the majority were legal claims for medicines and the other for medical errors, requests for vaccines, supplies for diabetics, food compounds, surgical procedure, examinations, among others. In international studies, lawsuits were found for medication, benefit coverage and hospitalization for psychiatric treatment. Conclusion: It is evident that the most demanded type of lawsuit was access to the medication at an international level. It is still more noticeable the little discussion on this subject, demonstrating that judicialization of medicines can indicate a reality of Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las evidencias científicas nacionales e internacionales disponibles en la literatura sobre los tipos de acciones de judicialización de la salud. Método: Revisión integrativa, que seleccionó estudios primarios en las bases de datos PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science y Scopus, con los Descriptores: decisiones judiciales, judicialización de la salud, Salud, Health, y la palabra clave: Judicial Action. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 30 estudios, siendo que en Brasil, la mayoría se trataba de demandas judiciales por medicamentos y las demás por acciones por error médico, solicitud por vacunas, insumos para diabéticos, compuestos alimentarios, procedimiento quirúrgico, exámenes, entre otras. En estudios internacionales, se encontraron acciones por medicamentos, cobertura de beneficios e internación para tratamiento psiquiátrico. Conclusión: Se evidencia que el tipo de acción más demandada fue el acceso al medicamento a nivel internacional. Es aún más perceptible la poca discusión sobre esta temática, demostrando que la judicialización de medicamentos puede indicar una realidad característica de Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as evidências científicas nacionais e internacionais disponíveis na literatura sobre os tipos de ações de judicialização da saúde. Método: Revisão integrativa, que selecionou estudos primários nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, Web of Science e Scopus, com os Descritores: decisões judiciais, judicialização da saúde, Saúde, Health, e a palavra-chave: Judicial Action. Resultados: Foram selecionados 30 estudos, sendo que no Brasil, a maioria se tratava de demandas judiciais por medicamentos e as demais por ações por erro médico, solicitação por vacinas, insumos para diabéticos, compostos alimentares, procedimento cirúrgico, exames, entre outras. Em estudos internacionais, foram encontradas ações por medicamentos, cobertura de benefícios e internação para tratamento psiquiátrico. Conclusão: Evidencia-se que o tipo de ação mais demandada foi o acesso ao medicamento a nível internacional. Ainda é mais perceptível a pouca discussão sobre essa temática, demonstrando que a judicialização de medicamentos pode indicar uma realidade característica do Brasil.

Visión empresarial como nuevo aporte a la teoría beckeriana del crimen en el Perú / The entrepreneurial vision is a new contribution to the Becker's crime theory in Perú / Visão empresarial como novo aporte à teoria beckeriana do crime no Peru

Resumen El presente documento pretende abordar el crimen de motivación económica como un modelo de negocio equivocado. El objetivo es considerar el crimen como una actividad con propósitos similares a los de una empresa y, por tanto, objeto de estudio también de la administración: maximización de utilidades a través de la minimización de costos asociada a la realización y mantenimiento de sus operaciones; competitividad e influencia de un clima propicio para la expansión de sus operaciones, para generar utilidades de manera ilegal, teniendo como colateral el crimen. La metodología usada aborda una revisión histórica, tomando como base la Teoría del Crimen Racional (Becker, 1968) y otras, que explican los beneficios e incentivos que hacen sustentable el negocio criminal, y el resultado pone de relieve la introducción de herramientas de la ciencia administrativa para la comprensión del fenómeno criminal de motivación económica.

Abstract This paper aims to approach crime of economic motivation as a wrong business model. The objective is to consider crime as an activity with the same goals of an enterprise. Therefore, this is a matter of study of business management, too: profit maximization through the cost minimization connected to the completion and maintenance of its operations; competiveness and influence of an appropriate climate for increasing its operations, for producing incomes illegally and having crime as collateral. The methodology conducted a historical review based on the Theory of the Rational Crime (Becker, 1968) and other theories that explain the benefits and incentives that make criminal business sustainable. The result underscores the tolos introduction of the business administration sciences for understanding the criminal matter of economic motivation.

Resumo O presente documento pretende abordar o crime de motivação econômica como um modelo de negócio errado. O objetivo é considerar o crime como uma atividade com propósitos similares aos de uma empresa e, portanto, também objeto de estudo da administração: maximização do lucro por meio da minimização de custos associada à realização e manutenção de suas operações; competitividade e influência de um clima propício para a expansão de suas operações, para gerar lucro de maneira ilegal, tendo o crime como colateral. A metodologia usada aborda uma revisão histórica com base na Teoria do Crime Racional (Becker, 1968) e outras, que explicam os benefícios e incentivos que fazem sustentável o negócio criminal, e o resultado salienta a introdução de ferramentas da ciencia administrativa para a compreensão do fenómeno criminal de motivação econômica.

Does Training and Coursework in Domestic Violence Affect Students' Perceptions of Behaviors as Domestic Violence?

Some argue that training and/or coursework in domestic violence (DV) could impact the beliefs criminal justice (CJ) majors have about DV and, in turn, affect their future job performance in cases involving victims of DV. This study examined the association of previous education and training in DV on the beliefs college students hold about what behaviors qualify as DV. Further, it examined the association between CJ versus non-CJ majors on beliefs about DV behaviors. Results indicated prior education on DV, but not training outside of coursework, was associated with differences in students' beliefs about acts of sexual aggression qualifying as DV. Education and training on DV were not significantly related to differences in beliefs about acts of physical or verbal/emotional aggression being DV. Moreover, CJ majors are less likely to believe that verbal/emotional aggression was an act of DV, compared to non-CJ majors. Implications of these findings for policy and educational efforts impacting CJ majors are discussed.

A Review of the Historical, Criminological, and Theoretical Understandings of the Cambodian American Population: A Call for More Comprehensive Research.

The collective view of Asian Americans as model minorities is evident with the extensive amount of statistical data showing support for the academic and socioeconomic success of Asian Americans in the United States. This perception, however, often presents an inaccurate portrayal of Asian Americans, in general, as it overlooks many of the difficulties and hardships experienced by Asian American ethnic groups such as Southeast Asians. Within this group, Cambodian Americans are at the highest risk for experiencing socioeconomic hardships, behavioral health problems, substance use disorders, and contact with the criminal justice system, with deportation also being a prevailing issue. Unfortunately, research in this area is scant and contemporary research on Cambodian Americans has several limitations. To begin to address this issue, the present article merges information from existing research on this population from a sociohistorical, criminological, and theoretical standpoint to call for more comprehensive research on Cambodian Americans.

How Can Governmental Positive Power Decrease Violence in Crime-Oriented Arenas? The Case of English Football.

This article will survey the dramatic change English football had undergone since the end of the last century. The authors will closely explore the implementation of the Taylor Report recommendations, to convince that which power and management techniques were used to decrease violence in public areas that were previously considered dangerous and crime-oriented. It will be argued that disciplinarian techniques were practiced, much like those described in Foucault's Discipline and Punish, while this very power has proven to be positive and revitalizing. It will be therefore concluded that power is at its most effective when operated via techniques of discipline and social inclusion. These arguments correspond with the positive criminology theory whose popularity within the discipline is gradually increasing.

The scaling of crime concentration in cities.

Crime is a major threat to society's well-being but lacks a statistical characterization that could lead to uncovering some of its underlying mechanisms. Evidence of nonlinear scaling of urban indicators in cities, such as wages and serious crime, has motivated the understanding of cities as complex systems-a perspective that offers insights into resources limits and sustainability, but that usually neglects details of the indicators themselves. Notably, since the nineteenth century, criminal activities have been known to occur unevenly within a city; crime concentrates in such way that most of the offenses take place in few regions of the city. Though confirmed by different studies, this concentration lacks broad analyses on its characteristics, which hinders not only the comprehension of crime dynamics but also the proposal of sounding counter-measures. Here, we developed a framework to characterize crime concentration which divides cities into regions with the same population size. We used disaggregated criminal data from 25 locations in the U.S. and the U.K., spanning from 2 to 15 years of longitudinal data. Our results confirmed that crime concentrates regardless of city and revealed that the level of concentration does not scale with city size. We found that the distribution of crime in a city can be approximated by a power-law distribution with exponent α that depends on the type of crime. In particular, our results showed that thefts tend to concentrate more than robberies, and robberies more than burglaries. Though criminal activities present regularities of concentration, we found that criminal ranks have the tendency to change continuously over time-features that support the perspective of crime as a complex system and demand analyses and evolving urban policies covering the city as a whole.

A Ditadura que se Perpetua: Direitos Humanos e a Militarização da Questão Social / The Dictatorship that Remains: Human Rights and the Militarization of the Social Issue / La Dictadura que se Perpetúa: Derechos Humanos y la Militarización de la Cuestión Social

Resumo: O presente artigo contempla um estudo teórico sobre os processos de permanência e de alastramento no corpo social, no tocante às políticas de segurança, dos elementos que se forjaram na história longa de nosso território brasileiro, desde a época da invasão colonial, dando ênfase ao acirramento de suas contradições na ditadura empresarial-militar e à contradição posta entre a militarização da questão social e a luta pela garantia dos direitos humanos na atualidade. A partir das reflexões da criminologia crítica ou radical e da análise do papel das ciências numa perspectiva materialista-histórico e dialética, buscou-se evidenciar os processos de construção da figura do inimigo interno hoje qualificado como "delinquente", bem como os desdobramentos da constituição de processos de criminalização em determinados modos de sociabilidade e de subjetividades. Nesse sentido, compreende-se que à Psicologia, como ciência e profissão, cabe a tarefa de posicionar-se frente às expressões da desigualdade social buscando desvelar as determinações históricas e a relação com a totalidade da qual emergem tais contextos....(AU)

Abstract: The present article is a theoretical study about the permanence and spread processes in the social body, regarding the security policies, of the elements that were forged in the long history of our Brazilian territory, from the time of the colonial invasion, emphasizing the contradictions in the military-business dictatorship, and the contradiction between the militarization of the social question and the struggle for the guarantee of human rights today. From the reflections of critical or radical criminology and the analysis of the role of sciences in a materialist-historical and dialectical perspective, this study sought to highlight the processes of construction of the figure of the internal enemy today qualified as "delinquent", as well as the unfolding of the constitution of processes of criminalization in certain modes of sociability and subjectivities. In this sense, it is understood that psychology, as a science and profession, has the task of positioning itself before the expressions of social inequality, seeking to unveil the historical determinations and the relation with the totality from which emerge such contexts....(AU)

Resumen: El presente artículo contempla un estudio teórico sobre los procesos de permanencia y de extensión en el cuerpo social, en lo que se refiere a las políticas de seguridad, de los elementos que se forjaron en la larga historia de nuestro territorio brasileño, desde la época de la invasión colonial, dando énfasis al crecimiento de sus contradicciones en la dictadura empresarial-militar, y la contradicción entre la militarización de la cuestión social y la lucha por la garantía de los derechos humanos en la actualidad. A partir de las reflexiones de la criminología crítica o radical y del análisis del papel de las ciencias bajo una mirada materialista-histórica y dialéctica, se buscó evidenciar los procesos de construcción de la figura del enemigo interno hoy calificado como "delincuente", así como los desdoblamientos de la constitución de procesos de criminalización en determinados modos de sociabilidad y de subjetividades. En ese sentido, se comprende que a la psicología, como ciencia y profesión, cabe la tarea de posicionarse frente a las expresiones de la desigualdad social buscando desvelar las determinaciones históricas y la relación con la totalidad de la cual emergen tales contextos....(AU)

The Emerging Neuroscience of Third-Party Punishment.

Although it is far too early to say that cognitive neuroscience will have any direct impact on how we sentence criminals, patterns are nevertheless emerging that suggest a neural framework for punishment that could one day have important legal and social consequences.

Disentangling the Effects of Racial Self-identification and Classification by Others: The Case of Arrest.

Scholars of race have stressed the importance of thinking about race as a multidimensional construct, yet research on racial inequality does not routinely take this multidimensionality into account. We draw on data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to disentangle the effects of self-identifying as black and being classified by others as black on subsequently being arrested. Results reveal that the odds of arrest are nearly three times higher for people who were classified by others as black, even if they did not identify themselves as black. By contrast, we find no effect of self-identifying as black among people who were not seen by others as black. These results suggest that racial perceptions play an important role in racial disparities in arrest rates and provide a useful analytical approach for disentangling the effects of race on other outcomes.

The development and validation of the Youth Actuarial Care Needs Assessment Tool for Non-Offenders (Y-ACNAT-NO).

BACKGROUND: In The Netherlands, police officers not only come into contact with juvenile offenders, but also with a large number of juveniles who were involved in a criminal offense, but not in the role of a suspect (i.e., juvenile non-offenders). Until now, no valid and reliable instrument was available that can be used by Dutch police officers for estimating the risk for future care needs of juvenile non-offenders. In the present study, the Youth Actuarial Care Needs Assessment Tool for Non-Offenders (Y-ACNAT-NO) was developed for predicting the risk for future care needs that consisted of (1) a future supervision order as imposed by a juvenile court judge and (2) future worrisome incidents involving child abuse, domestic violence/strife, and/or sexual offensive behavior at the juvenile's living address (i.e., problems in the child-rearing environment). METHODS: Police records of 3,200 juveniles were retrieved from the Dutch police registration system after which the sample was randomly split in a construction (n = 1,549) and validation sample (n = 1,651). The Y-ACNAT-NO was developed by performing an Exhaustive CHAID analysis using the construction sample. The predictive validity of the instrument was examined in the validation sample by calculating several performance indicators that assess discrimination and calibration. RESULTS: The CHAID output yielded an instrument that consisted of six variables and eleven different risk groups. The risk for future care needs ranged from 0.06 in the lowest risk group to 0.83 in the highest risk group. The AUC value in the validation sample was .764 (95% CI [.743, .784]) and Sander's calibration score indicated an average assessment error of 3.74% in risk estimates per risk category. CONCLUSIONS: The Y-ACNAT-NO is the first instrument that can be used by Dutch police officers for estimating the risk for future care needs of juvenile non-offenders. The predictive validity of the Y-ACNAT-NO in terms of discrimination and calibration was sufficient to justify its use as an initial screening instrument when a decision is needed about referring a juvenile for further assessment of care needs.

Estudio sobre las estrategias deafrontamiento y el bienestar subjetivo,psicológico y social en mujeres internasen un centro de reclusión femenino delCaribe colombiano (2012) / A study on coping strategies and the subjective, psychological andsocial well-being of female inmates in a women’s detention facilityat the Colombian Caribbean area (2012) / Estudo sobre as estratégias de afrontamento e o bem-estarsubjetivo, psicológico e social em mulheres internas em umcentro de reclusão feminino do Caribe colombiano (2012)

La investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento y el bienestar subjetivo, psicológico y social, durante el año 2012, de mujeres internas en un centro de reclusión femenino en el Caribe colombiano. La muestra estipulada para el estudio consistió en un total de 26 internas de ese centro de reclusión. Para la medición se aplicó la adaptación al español, realizada por Blanco & Díaz (2005), de las escalas de: Bienestar Subjetivo de Diener, Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff, Bienestar Social de Keyes y la Escala de Estrategias de Afrontamiento Individual de Londoño et ál. (2006). Los resultados mostraron que el uso de algunas estrategias de afrontamiento por parte de las reclusas está relacionado tanto con el bienestar psicológico como con el social; no obstante, no se encontró tal asociación con el bienestar de tipo subjetivo.

The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between the coping strategies and the subjective, psychological and social well-being of female inmates kept at a women’s detention facility during year 2012 at the Caribbean area in Colombia. The sample being stipulated for this studio consisted of a total of 26 inmates in this internment center. For the outcome measurement, use was made of the adaptation into Spanish made by Blanco & Diaz (2005) of Diener’s Subjective Well-being scale, Ryff’s Psychological Well-being scale, Keyes’ Social Well-being scale, and Londoño et al.'s (2006) Individual Coping scale. The results showed that the use of some coping strategies by the inmates relates to both psychological and social well-being. Nevertheless, this association was not found with well-being of the subjective type.

A investigação teve como objetivo determinar a relação entre as estratégias de afrontamento e bem-estar subjetivo, psicológico e social, durante o ano 2012, de mulheres internas em um centro de reclusão feminino no Caribe colombiano. A amostra estipulada para o estudo consistiu em um total de 26 internas desse centro de reclusão. Para a medição a adaptação ao espanhol foi aplicada, feita por Blanco & Diaz (2005), das escalas de: Bem-estar Subjetivo de Diener, Bem-estar Psicológico de Ryff, Bem-estar Social de Keyes e a Escala das Estratégias de Afrontamento Individual de Londoño (2006). Os resultados mostraram que o uso de algumas estratégias de afrontamento na parte das reclusas está relacionado tanto ao bem-estar psicológico quanto o social; contudo, não houve associação com o bem-estar do tipo subjetivo.

La riqueza del narcotráfico y la desigualdad en Colombia, 1976-2012 / Drug trafficking wealth, and inequality of income in Colombia, 1976-2012 / A riqueza do narcotráfico e a desigualdade em Colômbia, 1976-2012

Buscando comprender la trascendencia económica del narcotráfico sobre la concentración del ingreso en Colombia,se estima la magnitud de la repatriación de riqueza del narcotráfico(W) desde la mitad de la década de los setenta,considerando las Utilidades Repatriables (UR) y su absorción mediante Flujos de Capitales Encubiertos (FCE), a través del contrabando, la sobre/subfacturación del comercio y la inversión extranjera originada en paraísos fiscales. Las UR se calculan contablemente utilizando la información disponible de producción, precios y decomisos y supuestos documentados, mientras que los FCE contrastan cifras oficiales con registros del resto del mundo y estimativos según fundamentales teóricos. Así, la W explicaría el repunte en la desigualdad del ingreso, controlado por el crecimiento de la economía, y daría alcance a otras manifestaciones del deteriorode la equidad que han sido atribuidas al narcotráfico. Un nexo de calado regional, considerando que allí la desigualdadse encuentra asociada al crecimiento económico y a las incautacionesde bienes al narcotráfico. Un reto para las políticaspúblicas, a juzgar por su inadecuado diseño y ambiguos resultados,tras el propósito de contener la riqueza de origencriminal y promover la economía legal.

In an intent to understand the economic significance and in-fluence of drug-trafficking on the concentration of income inColombia, this article estimates the magnitude of the repatriationof drug trade wealth (W) since the mid-1970s by takinginto account Repatriable Profits (RP) and their absorptionthrough Hidden Capital Flows (HCF), smuggling, tradepractices such as over-billing or under-billing, and foreign investmentfrom tax haven countries. The RPs are accountedfor by using production, prices, seizures and confiscations aswell as documented assumptions, while in the HCFs officialnational figures are compared with records of the rest of theworld and estimates according to theoretical fundamentals.Thus, W might explain the spike in income inequality, as controlledby economic growth, and would match other manifestationsof the deterioration in equity attributed to drugtrafficking. Therefore, it implies a nexus of regional importanceif we consider that inequality there is associated witheconomic growth and the confiscations of drug traffickers’assets; and, judging by their inadequate design and ambiguousresults, another challenge for public policies aimedat curbing criminally-acquired wealth and promoting lawfuleconomy.

Procura-se compreender a transcendência econômica donarcotráfico sobre a concentração da renda na Colômbia,e se considera a magnitude da riqueza do narcotráfico (W)desde meados da década dos setenta, considerando UtilidadesRepatriáveis (UR) e sua absorção por meio dos Fluxos deCapitais Encobertos (FCE), através do contrabando, a sobre/sobfaturação do comércio e o investimento estrangeiro originadoem paraísos fiscais. As UR calculam-se contabilmenteusando a informação disponível da produção, dos preços edos confiscos e supostos documentados, enquanto os FCEcontrastam números oficiais com registros do resto do mundoe dos estimativos de acordo com teóricos fundamentais.Assim, a W explicaria a ascensão na desigualdade da renda,controlada pelo crescimento da economia, e daria o alcancea outras manifestações da deterioração da equidade queforam atribuídas ao narcotráfico. Um nexo de influênciaregional, considerando que lá a desigualdade é associadaao crescimento econômico e às confiscações dos bens aonarcotráfico. Um desafio para as políticas públicas, a julgarpor seu desenho inadequado e resultados ambíguos, após aintenção de conter a riqueza da origem criminal e promovera economia legal.

The contagious nature of imprisonment: an agent-based model to explain racial disparities in incarceration rates.

We build an agent-based model of incarceration based on the susceptible-infected-suspectible (SIS) model of infectious disease propagation. Our central hypothesis is that the observed racial disparities in incarceration rates between Black and White Americans can be explained as the result of differential sentencing between the two demographic groups. We demonstrate that if incarceration can be spread through a social influence network, then even relatively small differences in sentencing can result in large disparities in incarceration rates. Controlling for effects of transmissibility, susceptibility and influence network structure, our model reproduces the observed large disparities in incarceration rates given the differences in sentence lengths for White and Black drug offenders in the USA without extensive parameter tuning. We further establish the suitability of the SIS model as applied to incarceration by demonstrating that the observed structural patterns of recidivism are an emergent property of the model. In fact, our model shows a remarkably close correspondence with California incarceration data. This work advances efforts to combine the theories and methods of epidemiology and criminology.