Resolução de conflitos familiares por adolescentes e defesa do domínio pessoal / Adolescents' family conflict resolution and defense of personal domain / Resolución de conflictos familiares por adolescentes y defensa del dominio personal

Compreender as estratégias de resolução de conflitos utilizadas por adolescentes na relação com seus pais é fundamental para entender como ocorre seu desenvolvimento saudável. Este artigo investigou a resolução de conflitos de adolescentes em situações de confronto entre o seu domínio pessoal e o controle parental. 36 adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 17 anos, divididos igualmente conforme o sexo, responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, que continha quatro situações de conflito hipotéticas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo semântica e a testes não paramétricos. Os resultados foram categorizados em sete estratégias: Assunção de culpa, Submissão, Mentira, Hostilidade, Diálogo/Explicação, Negociação e Outra. A forma predominante de resolução utilizada foi o Diálogo/Explicação, considerada como uma forma recorrente de defender o domínio pessoal. Foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao sexo dos participantes e à situação hipotética. Por fim, os resultados são discutidos em termos de grau de autonomia e tipo de defesa do domínio pessoal.(AU)

Understanding the conflict resolution strategies used by adolescents in their relationship with their parents is fundamental to understanding how their healthy development occurs. This article investigated the resolution of conflicts by adolescents in confrontation situations between their personal domain and parental control. A total of 36 adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years, divided equally according to sex, answered a semi-structured interview that contained four hypothetical conflict situations. Data were subjected to semantic content analysis and non-parametric tests. The results were categorized into seven strategies: Assumption of Guilt, Submission, Lie, Hostility, Dialogue/Explanation, Negotiation, and Other. The predominant form of resolution used was Dialogue/Explanation, considered a recurrent form of defense of the personal domain. Differences were found depending on the participants' gender and the hypothetical situation. Finally, the results are discussed regarding the degree of autonomy and type of defense of the personal domain.(AU)

Enterarse de las estrategias de resolución de conflictos que los adolescentes utilizan en la relación con sus padres es fundamental para comprender cómo ocurre el desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes. A partir de una entrevista semiestructurada, presentamos cuatro situaciones hipotéticas de conflicto que fueron analizadas y respondidas por 36 adolescentes de entre 15 y 17 años, divididos según el género. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de contenido semántico y a pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados se categorizaron en siete estrategias de resolución de conflictos: Asunción de culpa, Sumisión, Mentira, Hostilidad, Diálogo/Explicación, Negociación y Otros. La forma de resolución más utilizada fue Diálogo/Explicación, y esta categoría fue una forma de defensa del dominio personal. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias en función del género de los participantes y conforme la situación hipotética. Los resultados se discuten en términos de grado de autonomía y tipo de defensa del dominio personal.(AU)

Percepções e expectativas de homens trans acerca dos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais pós-transição / Trans men's perceptions and expectations of post-transition affective-sexual relationships / Percepciones y expectativas de los hombres trans sobre las relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de la transición

As identidades transmasculinas ganharam visibilidade social e acadêmica no Brasil a partir de 2010, contudo, as questões subjetivas dos homens trans ainda são pouco debatidas, em particular temas associados aos relacionamentos afetivos na experiência desses sujeitos. Este estudo qualitativo tem por objetivo identificar as percepções e expectativas dos homens trans acerca dos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais no cenário pós-transição de gênero. Participaram da pesquisa 15 homens transexuais hormonizados, com idades entre 20 e 41 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada nas modalidades presencial e on-line. Empregou-se análise temática reflexiva, que resultou em dois temas analíticos. Os resultados apontam que os homens trans, ao contrário de suas expectativas iniciais, percebem que tiveram menos oportunidades de relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais depois de sua transição de gênero. Os participantes atribuem essa dificuldade especialmente ao fato de não terem se submetido à cirurgia de redesignação sexual. O desconforto é acentuado por sua materialidade corpórea divergente da cisnormatividade, sistema regulador que associa pessoas pertencentes ao gênero masculino à presença de um pênis. Outra fonte de desconforto é o repúdio social, que alimenta a abjeção, exotização e fetichização dos corpos transmasculinos. Também são descritas as especificidades do relacionamento dos homens trans com mulheres cisgênero, heterossexuais e lésbicas. Os resultados evidenciam que a fixação persistente no genital, como referente e signo determinante do gênero e da sexualidade, modula e regula a busca e o encontro de parceira(o) íntima(o).(AU)

Transmasculine identities have gained social and academic visibility in Brazil since 2010, but subjective issues, especially those associated with affective relationships, are still little discussed. This qualitative study sought to identify trans men's perceptions and expectations regarding post-transition affective-sexual relationships. A total of 15 transsexual men undergoing hormone therapy, aged between 20 and 41 years, participated in the research. Data were collected by means of in-person and online semi-structured interviews and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, which resulted in two analytical themes. Results show that trans men, differently from their initial expectations, perceive fewer opportunities for affective-sexual relationships after their gender transition. The participants attribute this difficulty, especially, to the fact that they have not undergone sexual reassignment surgery. Discomfort isaccentuated by their bodily materiality diverging from cisnormativity, the regulatory system that associates people belonging to the male gender with the presence of a penis. Another source of discomfort is the social repudiation, which reinforces the abjection, exoticization, and fetishization of transmasculine bodies. The specifics of trans men's relationships with cisgender, heterosexual, and lesbian women are also described. The results show that the persistent fixation on the genital, as a referent and determinant sign of gender and sexuality, modulates and regulates the search for and encounter of intimate partners.(AU)

Las identidades transmasculinas han ganado visibilidad social y académica en Brasil desde 2010, sin embargo, las cuestiones subjetivas de los hombres trans son aún poco discutidas, en particular las cuestiones asociadas a las relaciones afectivas en la experiencia de estos sujetos. Este estudio cualitativo tiene como objetivo identificar las percepciones y expectativas de los hombres trans sobre las relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de la transición de género. Participaron en la investigación 15 hombres transexuales hormonados, de edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 41 años. La recopilación de datos se realizó mediante una entrevista semiestructurada en las modalidades presencial y en línea. Se realizó un análisis temático reflexivo, que dio como resultado dos temas analíticos. Los resultados muestran que los hombres trans, al contrario de sus expectativas iniciales, perciben que han tenido menos oportunidades de relaciones afectivo-sexuales después de su transición de género. Los participantes atribuyen esta dificultad especialmente al hecho de no haberse sometido a cirugía de reasignación sexual. La incomodidad se acentúa por su materialidad corpórea divergente de la cisnormatividad, un sistema normativo según el cual las personas pertenecientes al género masculino deben tener pene. Otra fuente de malestar es el repudio social, que alimenta la abyección, la exotización y la fetichización de los cuerpos transmasculinos. También se describen las especificidades de las relaciones de los hombres trans con las mujeres heterosexuales, cisgénero y lesbianas. Los resultados muestran que la persistente fijación en los genitales, como referente y signo determinante del género y la sexualidad, modula y regula la búsqueda y el encuentro de parejas íntimas.(AU)

Relatos da pandemia: ser mulher e mãe em tempos de covid-19 / Pandemic reports: being a woman and mother in covid-19 times / Relatos de la pandemia: ser mujer y madre en tiempos del covid-19

Partindo da pergunta "Como tem sido ser mulher e mãe em tempos de pandemia?", o presente estudo convidou mulheres que são mães, em redes sociais virtuais, a partilhar um relato de suas experiências com a readaptação parental em função do distanciamento social causado pela pandemia de covid-19. O objetivo foi refletir sobre a experiência de ser mulher e mãe em tempos de covid-19 e distanciamento social, apontando algumas ressonâncias do cenário pandêmico na subjetividade dessas mulheres. O estudo teve como base o referencial psicanalítico, tanto na construção da pesquisa e análise dos relatos quanto na sua discussão. A análise dos cerca de 340 relatos coletados, os quais variaram de uma breve frase a longos parágrafos, apontou para uma série de questionamentos, pontos de análise e reflexões. A pandemia, e o decorrente distanciamento social, parece ter colocado uma lente de aumento sobre as angústias das mulheres que são mães, evidenciando sentimentos e sofrimentos sempre presentes. Destacaram-se, nos relatos, a sobrecarga das mulheres com as tarefas de cuidado dos filhos e da casa, a culpa, a solidão, a exaustão, e o sentimento de que não havia espaço nesse contexto para "ser mulher", sendo isso entendido especialmente a questões estéticas e de vaidade.(AU)

Starting from the question "How does it feel to be a woman and a mother in pandemic times?", this study invited women who are mothers, in virtual social networks, to share their experiences regarding parental adaptations due to social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective was to reflect on the experience of being a woman and a mother in the context of COVID-19 and of social distancing, pointing out some resonances of the pandemic scenario in the subjectivity of these women. The study was based on the psychoanalytical framework, both in the construction of the research and analysis of the reports and in their discussion. The analysis of about 340 collected reports, which ranged from a brief sentence to long paragraphs, pointed to a series of questions, analysis topics, and reflections. The pandemic, and the resulting social distancing, seems to have placed a magnifying glass over the anguish of women who are mothers, showing ever-present feelings and suffering. The reports highlighted women's overload with child and house care tasks, the guilt, loneliness, exhaustion, and the feeling that there was no space in this context to "be a woman," and it extends to aesthetic and vanity related questions especially.(AU)

A partir de la pregunta "¿cómo te sientes siendo mujer y madre en tiempos de pandemia?", este estudio invitó por las redes sociales a mujeres que son madres a compartir un relato de sus experiencias sobre la readaptación parental en función del distanciamiento social causado por la pandemia del covid-19. Su objetivo fue reflexionar sobre la experiencia de ser mujer y madre en tiempos del covid-19 y el distanciamiento social, señalando algunas resonancias del escenario pandémico en la subjetividad de estas mujeres. Este estudio se basó en el marco psicoanalítico, tanto en la construcción de la investigación y análisis de los informes como en su discusión. El análisis de los casi 340 relatos, que variaron de una pequeña frase a largos párrafos, generó en las investigadoras una serie de cuestionamientos y reflexiones. La pandemia y el consecuente distanciamiento social parece haber agrandado las angustias de las mujeres que son madres, evidenciando sentimientos y sufrimientos siempre presentes. En los relatos destacan la sobrecarga de las mujeres con las tareas de cuidado de los hijos y del hogar, la culpa, la soledad, el cansancio, así como el sentimiento de que no hay espacio em este contexto para "ser mujer", relacionado principalmente a cuestiones estéticas y de vanidad.(AU)

Uma teoria psicológica transfeminista: sobrevivendo aos escombros da saúde mental brasileira / A transfeminist psychological theory: surviving the debris of brazilian mental health / Una teoría psicológica transfeminista: sobrevivir a los escombros de la salud mental brasileña

Este artigo reflete sobre os modos como a cisnormatividade, conceito impulsionado pelos transfeminismos, tem auxiliado na composição da psicologia de maneira histórica. Ao elaborar uma crítica sobre como a violência de gênero está expressivamente presente no território brasileiro, discute-se como tem sido pensada a saúde mental, esfera que, uma vez inserida nesse contexto mais amplo, está sendo convocada a produzir saídas criativas em relação aos sujeitos que são alvo de discriminações transfóbicas. Na busca de deslocar o olhar do indivíduo para o social, foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico para investigar os diferentes impactos que a cisnormatividade opera em nossos currículos psicológicos, gerando efeitos na prática e na própria profissão. A aposta está em reconhecer outras epistemologias como projetos éticos e políticos a uma psicologia contemporânea, e a contribuição transfeminista a "outra" clínica. É nesse sentido que este trabalho se destina a pensar um modo de cuidado que esteja baseado na singularidade, mas que, ao mesmo tempo, seja capaz de dedicar alguma atenção ao paradigma normativo que nos guia como terapeutas.(AU)

This article reflects on the ways that cisnormativity, a concept boosted by transfeminisms, has played a historical role in the composition of psychology. Elaborating a criticism on how gender violence is expressively present in the Brazilian territory, we discuss how mental health is conceived, a sphere that, inserted in this wider context, is invited to create creative solutions related to the subjects who are the target of transphobic discrimination. Trying to shift the focus from the individual to the collective, a bibliographical study was conducted to recognize the different impacts that cisnormativity has in our psychological curriculums, having effects on the practice and on the profession itself. The goal is to recognize other epistemologies as ethical and political projects for contemporary psychology and the transfeminist contribution to "another" clinic. It is in this sense that this work aims to think about a form of care that is based on singularity, but that can also pay attention to the normative paradigm that guides us as therapists.(AU)

Este artículo reflexiona sobre las formas en que la cisnormatividad, un concepto impulsado por los transfeminismos, ha tenido un papel en la composición de la psicología de manera histórica. Al elaborar una crítica sobre como la violencia de género está expresamente presente en el territorio brasileño, se discute cómo se ha pensado la salud mental, dominio que, una vez insertado en este contexto más amplio, es convocado a producir soluciones creativas con relación a los sujetos que son objeto de discriminación transfóbica. Al desviar el enfoque del individuo hacia lo social, se realizó un estudio bibliográfico para investigar los diferentes impactos que tiene la cisnormatividad en nuestros planes de estudios psicológicos, generando efectos en la práctica y en la propia profesión. El foco está en reconocer otras epistemologías como proyectos éticos y políticos para la psicología contemporánea y la contribución transfeminista a una "otra" clínica. En este sentido, este trabajo pretende pensar en una forma de cuidado que se basa en la singularidad, al mismo tiempo que sea capaz de dedicar cierta atención al paradigma normativo que a nosotras nos guía como terapeutas.(AU)

O florir da violeta: um estudo de caso em avaliação terapêutica / The flowering of violet: a case study in therapeutic assessment / La flor de la violeta: un estudio de caso en evaluación terapéutica

A Avaliação Terapêutica (AT) é um processo avaliativo e interventivo proposto para ser semiestruturado e colaborativo com o objetivo de promover mudanças positivas no cliente, que é convidado a ter uma participação ativa durante o processo. Na AT, os resultados dos testes psicológicos padronizados ganham destaque como facilitadores do processo de autoconhecimento do cliente. Desse modo, usualmente, integram-se os achados de testes psicológicos de autorrelato com os métodos projetivos para gerar informações que possam ampliar a visão que o cliente tem de si. Neste artigo, buscou-se compreender o potencial de uso dos testes psicológicos e da relação colaborativa a partir de um caso atendido na perspectiva da AT. A participante, Violeta (nome fictício), foi atendida em 10 sessões com duração entre 60 e 115 minutos. Foram utilizados os testes psicológicos Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico (Ebep), Escala de Vulnerabilidade e Estresse no Trabalho (Event), Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventários de Habilidades Sociais 2 (IHS-2). Observou-se que, durante o processo, Violeta ampliou sua autopercepção, o que possibilitou mudanças no modo de agir em seus relacionamentos amorosos e na reflexão sobre como sua postura era vista por si e por seus colegas de trabalho. Acredita-se que a AT cumpriu com o objetivo de estabelecer uma experiência terapêutica que possibilitasse mudanças positivas para a cliente. Este estudo de caso contribuiu para ampliar a compreensão sobre a importância e o uso dos testes psicológicos neste modelo de avaliação psicológica.(AU)

The Therapeutic Assessment (TA) is an evaluative and interventional process proposed to be semi-structured and collaborative with the objective of promoting positive changes in the client, who is invited to have an active participation during the process. At the TA, the results of standardized psychological tests are highlighted as facilitators of the client's self-knowledge process. In this way, the findings of psychological self-report tests are usually integrated with projective methods to generate information that can broaden the client's view of themselves. In this article, understanding the potential use of psychological tests and of the collaborative relationship from a case treated from the TA perspective was sought. The participant, Violet (fictitious name), was assisted in 10 sessions lasting between 60 and 115 minutes. The psychological tests Psychological Well-Being Scale (EBEP), Vulnerability and Stress at Work Scale (EVENT), Personality Factorial Battery (BFP), Rorschach Method and Social Skills Inventories 2 (IHS-2) were used. It was observed that, during the process, Violet increased her self-perception, which allowed changes in her way of acting in her love life and in her reflection on how her posture was seen by herself and herco-workers. It is believed that TA fulfilled the objective of establishing a therapeutic experience that would enable positive changes for the client. This case study contributed to broaden the understanding about the importance and use of psychological testing in this psychological assessment model.(AU)

La Evaluación Terapéutica (ET) es un proceso de evaluación e intervención que se propone ser semiestructurado y colaborativo, con el objetivo de lograr cambios positivos en el cliente, quien es invitado a tener participación activa durante el proceso. En la ET se destacan los resultados de las pruebas psicológicas estandarizadas como facilitadoras del proceso de autoconocimiento del cliente. Los hallazgos de las pruebas psicológicas de autoinforme suelen integrarse con métodos proyectivos para generar información que pueda ampliar la visión que el cliente tiene de sí mismo. En este artículo se buscó comprender el uso potencial de las pruebas psicológicas y de la relación colaborativa a partir de un estudio de caso tratado desde la perspectiva de la ET. Atendieron a la participante Violeta (nombre ficticio), en 10 sesiones que duraron entre 60 y 115 minutos. Se utilizaron las pruebas psicológicas Escala de Bienestar Psicológico (EBEP), Escala de Vulnerabilidad y Estrés en el Trabajo (EVENT), Batería de Factorial de la Personalidad (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventario de Habilidades Sociales 2 (IHS-dos). Se observó que, durante el proceso, Violeta amplió su autopercepción, lo que permitió cambios en la forma de actuar en sus relaciones amorosas y en el reflejo de como ella y sus compañeros de trabajo veían su postura. Así, se cree que ET ha cumplido el objetivo de establecer una experiencia terapéutica que permitió cambios positivos a la cliente. Este estudio contribuyó a ampliar la comprensión sobre la importancia y el uso de las pruebas psicológicas en este modelo de evaluación psicológica.(AU)

Falling into an identity crisis: Integrating identity into the assessment and management of falls in older adults.

OBJECTIVES: This article examines the psychological effects of falls for older adults through the lens of identity and suggests these may be integrated in the assessment and management of older patients within acute care and rehabilitation settings post-fall. An illustrative vignette is described to demonstrate this approach. CONCLUSION: Falls in older adults are complex phenomena which can lead to an identity threat, sometimes manifest as psychological symptoms and poor engagement in post-fall rehabilitation. A psychiatric formulation which incorporates an older person's self-identity and agency may inform interventions to address psychological and behavioural sequelae of falls.

La evaluación de la identidad en el DSM-5: una propuesta que está pasando inadvertida / Assessment of identity in the DSM-5: a proposal is happening inadvertent

Objectives: The latest edition of DSM-5 proposed the inclusion of the evaluation of the identity as a criteria common to severe personality disorders, this paper will attempt to rescue the doomed interest to this alleged incorporation, for which we will have a brief theoretical review of Identity Criterion of ego as a diagnostic priority item that allows the distinction between Neurotic Organization versus Borderline. This paper deals with the revision of the Criteria of the Self Identity such as a priority diagnosis element.

Objetivos: Para la última edición del DSM-5 se propuso la inclusión de la evaluación de la Identidad como criterio común a todos los Trastornos Severos de la Personalidad. Dicha propuesta no logró incorporarse como Criterio General, quedando toda esa información contenida en el área destinada a futuras investigaciones (sección III del DSM-5). En este trabajo procuraremos rescatar el interés abocado a esta pretendida incorporación, para lo cual realizaremos una breve revisión teórica del Criterio Identidad del Yo como elemento diagnóstico prioritario que permite la distinción entre Organización Neurótica versus Limítrofe.

[Background and practical use of the assessment of identity development in adolescence (AIDA)]. / Grundlagen und praktische Anwendung des Assessments of Identity Development in Adolescence (AIDA).

A paradigm shift towards early detection and intervention of personality disorders in adolescence to prevent persistent and chronic suffering is currently taking place. Aside further distinct areas of impaired psychosocial integrity, disturbed identity development is seen as one core component of personality disorders. Thus, the detection of early antecedents of impaired identity development is an important step to allow for early intervention. The self-report questionnaire Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence (AIDA) is a reliable and valid diagnostic instrument to detect disturbed identity development. This questionnaire allows for global assessment of identity and a differentiation in fundamental subdomains as well and distinguishes between identity diffusion on one side and consolidated and stable identity on the other. In clinical practice, it supports the differentiation between severely disturbed identity as the core component of personality disorders and identity crisis or stable identity development that can be found in other mental disorders.

Configuração identitária do enfermeiro da estratégia de saúde da família em um município do interior do estado de Minas Gerais / Identity configuration of nurses of the family health strategy of a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais

Considerando os pressupostos acerca da construção da identidade social e os desafios organizacionais, estruturais, profissionais e ideológicos inscritos no atual cenário do modelo assistencial em saúde no Brasil emergiu este estudo, que teve como objetivo compreender a configuração identitária de enfermeiros da estratégia de saúde da família de um município do interior do estado de Minas Gerais. Para tanto, como percurso metodológico utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa, elegendo como estratégia para coleta de dados a entrevista orientada por roteiro semi-estruturado. A análise dos dados seguiu os pressupostos da análise de conteúdo, organizada por eixos temáticos. O cenário da pesquisa constituiu-se de um município localizado no interior do estado de Minas Gerais, com quatro equipes da estratégia de saúde da família. De tal modo, após aceitação do convite e assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE), participaram desta pesquisa vinte e um sujeitos, estratificados para análise entre sujeitos nucleares (quatro enfermeiros) e sujeitos secundários (quatro auxiliares de enfermagem, quatro agentes comunitários de saúde, um médico, um coordenador da atenção primária, um gestor municipal de saúde, cinco usuários do serviço, um odontólogo). Os dados obtidos das entrevistas foram tratados considerando a configuração da identidade social do enfermeiro, em face da caracterização da identidade virtual – obtida pela análise das falas dos sujeitos secundários – e da identidade real dos enfermeiros – obtida pela análise das falas dos sujeitos nucleares – culminando na conformação da configuração identitária dos enfermeiros da estratégia de saúde da família de tal município. A análise ...

Considering the assumptions about the construction of social identity and the organizational, structural, ideological challenges enrolled in the current scenario of the healthcare model in Brazil this study was emerged which aimed to understand the configuration of nurses’ identity of the family health strategy of a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais. For that, it was used a methodology of qualitative approach, choosing as a strategy for data collection a guided interview guided by a semi - structured interview. Data analysis followed the assumptions concerning content analysis, organized by theme. The setting of the research was the city which is located in the state of Minas Gerais, with a four teams of family´s health strategy. So, after acceptance of the invitation signing and the informed consent (IC), participated in this research twenty one subjects, stratified for analysis of nuclear subjects (four nurses) and secondary subjects (four auxiliary nursing four agents Community health, physician, primary care coordinator, a municipal health officer, five users of the service, a dentist). Data from the interviews were treated considering the configuration of the social identity of the nurse in the face of the characterization of virtual identity - obtained by analyzing the speech of secondary subjects - and the real identity of nurses - obtained by analyzing the speeches of the nuclear subject - culminating in shaping the identity configuration of nurses from this city of family health strategy. Data analysis allows us to understand that the identity of such configuration nurses is complex and in constant reconstruction and has determinant factors such as satisfaction and appreciation at work, the facilitating...

Effects of labor precarization and unemployment on men and on gender equity / Efectos del desempleo y la precarización laboral en los hombres y en la equidad de género / Efeitos do desemprego e da precarização do trabalho nos homens e na equidade de gênero

The present article presents the results of a multidisciplinary research project undertaken with a gender perspective in Mexico and Argentina. The project studies those changes taking place in gender relations and in the life of the subjects that are due to transformations of the economic structure leading to a growing unemployment. The aim is to relate the profound changes taking place in the economy and within labor relations to the crisis of masculinity, showing some of its effects. The starting point for the research is the precarization of working conditions and unemployment that are typical of today's globalized neoliberal world. Specialists from different fields of the two countries participated in the project. The qualitative methodology of the project included various research techniques, such as deep interviews and life histories. The men that were interviewed came from the middle and upper classes with a high level of education. The research presents certain results and conclusions that contribute to the reflection on the effects of structural transformations on the lives of men, families, and on gender relations, in terms of the problems, pathologies, and profound crisis created, but also on the possible positive changes that might take place.

El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar resultados de la investigación multidisciplinaria, realizada en México y Argentina, con perspectiva de género, que se realizó para estudiar cambios en las relaciones de género y en la vida de los sujetos, derivados de transformaciones en la estructura económica, fundamentalmente del empleo. Se trata de vincular los profundos cambios económicos y laborales con la crisis de la masculinidad y algunos de sus efectos. La investigación tiene como base la precarización laboral y el desempleo, característicos del mundo actual, neoliberal y globalizado. La investigación se realizó con la participación de especialistas, de distintas disciplinas, de los dos países. Es una investigación cualitativa en la que se utilizaron diversas técnicas de investigación, como entrevistas en profundidad e historias de vida. Se realizó entrevistando a hombres de clase media y alta, con alto nivel de escolaridad, Aporta reflexiones, resultados y conclusiones acerca de los efectos de cambios estructurales en la vida de los hombres, las familias y las relaciones entre los géneros, en términos de problemas, patologías, profundas crisis y también posibles cambios positivos que pueden presentarse.

O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os resultados da pesquisa multidisciplinar, feita no México e na Argentina, com perspectiva de gênero, que realizou-se para estudar mudanças nas relações de gênero e na vida dos sujeitos, derivados de transformações na estrutura econômica, fundamentalmente do emprego. Tenta-se vincular as profundas mudanças econômicas e trabalhistas com a crise da masculinidade e alguns dos seus efeitos. A pesquisa tem como base a precarização do trabalho e o desemprego, características do mundo atual, neoliberal e globalizado. A pesquisa foi feira com a participação de especialistas de diferentes disciplinas, dos dois países. É uma pesquisa qualitativa em que foram utilizadas diferentes técnicas de pesquisa, como entrevistas em profundidade e histórias de vida. Foi feita entrevistando homens de classe média e alta, com alto nível de escolarização. Contribui com reflexões, resultados e conclusões sobre os efeitos de mudanças estruturais na vida dos homens, das famílias e das relações entre os gêneros, em termos de problemas, patologias, profundas crises e também possíveis mudanças positivas que possam apresentar-se.

Effects of the TCARE® intervention on caregiver burden and depressive symptoms: preliminary findings from a randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the effects of a manualized care management protocol specifically designed for care managers working with caregivers, the Tailored Caregiver Assessment and Referral® (TCARE®) protocol, on caregiver identity discrepancy, burden, and depressive symptoms. METHODS: Preliminary data from a longitudinal, randomized, controlled intervention study with 266 family caregivers served by 52 care managers in 4 states were analyzed using repeated measures random effects regression procedures. Caregivers in the intervention and control groups were repeatedly assessed for up to 9 months on caregiver identity discrepancy, 3 areas of caregiving burden-objective, relationship, and stress burdens; depression; and intention for nursing home placement. RESULTS: We found significant group by time interaction effects for caregiver identity discrepancy, relationship burden, stress burden, depression, and intention for nursing home placement. Caregivers in the intervention group experienced significant improvement on these measures, whereas caregivers in the control group worsened on these measures over time. DISCUSSION: The preliminary findings provide strong support for effectiveness of the TCARE® protocol on improving caregiver well-being and mental health outcomes.

[Developmental problems in young adults suffering from mental illness: results from an in-depth interview study]. / Entwicklungsprobleme bei jungen Erwachsenen mit einer psychischen Erkrankung: Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Interviewstudie.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at investigating the impact of mental illness on the general psycho-social development of young adults. METHODS: Results from an in-depth interview study with 16 young adults (20 to 31 years old) suffering from mental illness are presented. Particularly, illness-related issues were explored from the perspective of developmental psychology. RESULTS: Coping with typical developmental tasks of early adulthood (e. g. autonomy; intimate relationships; vocational training) is impeded. At the same time, young patients wish as much normality as possible in their daily life, e. g. social contacts with not-affected peers. In many cases, young adults affected try to maintain a cautious distance to psychiatric facilities as well as to other patients. CONCLUSIONS: Young people suffering from mental illness are in a complicated process of identity formation, as they have to integrate the illness into their self-concept and their daily life (illness-identity work). Hence, their assistance needs are different from those of older patients. It is a challenge for community based psychiatry to provide help offers which meet the specific requirements of young mentally ill people.

The aging work force--helping employees navigate midlife.

The baby-boom generation is aging and workplace demographics are changing. Employees in this age group are now middle-aged. Occupational health nurses are in a unique position to guide these individuals through decisions that can affect the years ahead. Individuals in midlife may experience both physical and psychological changes, including changing physical appearance, decreased stamina, loss of family or friends, and altered vision. In the workplace, annual assessments can include evaluations to address normal changes, personal expectations, and needed support, counseling, or referrals. Middle-aged men and women are at a predictable turning point in life that offers an opportunity for growth. Education in the workplace can assist these individuals as they adjust to changes in relationships, make health care decisions, and plan for retirement.

Health-promotion needs of youth with a spinal cord injury in South Africa.

PURPOSE: To determine the health promotion needs through an exploration of health-related behaviours and the factors that influence the behaviour of physically disabled youth with spinal cord injury. METHODS: A descriptive and exploratory study that utilized a qualitative approach was carried out among ten participants aged between 15 and 29 years who were purposely selected. Information was obtained from individual face-to-face interviews and a focus-group discussion. RESULTS: The participants were involved in risky health behaviours including sedentary lifestyles, use of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs. Various factors that influenced their participation in these behaviours were identified including personal struggles with identity and adjustment issues. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize that participants were involved in health-risk behaviours, which are associated with development of secondary conditions such as respiratory problems, heart diseases, and stroke. Health-promotion strategies employed for these individuals should address the psychological impact of spinal cord injury (SCI) on the individual as an influence to participation in health risk behaviours.

Disturbed sense of identity in borderline personality disorder.

Traditionally, personal identity is considered to be important for psychological health and adaptive functioning. Identity diffusion and other more severe forms of disturbance associated with personal identity are regarded as being essential parts of the borderline personality disorder. Moreover, disturbances in identity are seen as being part of the dynamic background for many of the symptoms and maladaptive behaviors found in borderline patients. It is argued, that the development of personal identity is intimately related to, and indeed dependent on, elements of modern culture, with significant cultural changes having affected the conditions under which human identity develops. Therefore, the identity diffusion seen in patients with borderline disorders must be understood in relation to not only the individual patient's personal history and inner structures but also contemporary late modern culture and social organization.

Conductas suicidas en adolescentes / Suicidal behavior in adolescents

Se describen las conductas suicidas y se analizan aspectos psicopatológicos y psicosociales en 56 adolescentes de 10 a 24 años (41 mujeres - 15 hombres) consultantes en la Unidad de Atención Integral del Adolescente de Clínica Alemana de Santiago que presentaron conductas suicidas (ideación, gesto y/o intento). Los adolescentes con conductas suicidas, presentaron en su mayoría (N=30, 53 por ciento) conductas suicidas previas, y tuvieron tratamientos previos un 53 por ciento (N=30). La forma de conducta suicida actual predominante es el uso de medicamentos, encontrándose una diferencia significativa por sexo (76 por ciento mujeres – 25 por ciento hombres). En el análisis psicopatológico, se encontraron problemas en la organización de la función de identidad y en la estructura de personalidad, con un porcentaje importante (73 por ciento) de adolescentes con diagnóstico de trastornos de personalidad (CIE 10). Un alto porcentaje de jóvenes presenta otros problemas asociados, tales como obesidad, enfermedades de la piel, problemas relacionados con el estilo de vida como uso de drogas, alcohol, hábitos alimentarios inapropiados, problemas relacionados con el ambiente social, e historias familiares de trastornos mentales y de conducta. En cuanto a los aspectos psicosociales destacan en el ámbito familiar, dificultades en el funcionamiento familiar, encontrándose un 66% de familias disfuncionales. Se enfatiza la necesidad de realizar un proceso de diagnóstico integral del adolescente y sus familias, tanto psiquiátrico, como psicológico, y de otras especialidades médicas, así como llevar a cabo un proceso terapéutico integral que abarque diferentes momentos de intervención: tratamiento médico quirúrgico, tratamiento psiquiátrico, psicológico y apoyo psicosocial (familia, colegio, pares y comunidad).

A description of suicidal behavior and associated psychopathological and psychosocial aspects in 56 adolescents from 10 to 24 years of age (41 females-15 males) is presented. All of them consulted with suicidal behavior (ideas, gestures and/or attempt) at the Adolescent Unit in Clinica Alemana, Santiago-Chile. Half of this adolescents (N=30, 53 percent) with suicidal behavior had history of previous suicidal conduct and had received previous treatment. The preferred mechanism of suicidal attempt was ingestion of a pharmacological overdose with significant differences by sex (76 percent females- 25 percent males).In the psychopathological analysis we found difficulties in achieving the identity configuration process and personality structure, with a high frequency of personality disorder diagnosis (CIE-10) among them. A high percentage of adolescents had other associated problems such as obesity, skin diseases, drug and alcohol abuse and problems related with social environment and family histories of mental and conduct disorders. As a relevant psychosocial aspect we found dysfunction of family systems in 66 percent of the adolescents. We enphasized the relevancy of a complete and integral diagnostic procedure of adolescents and their families by psychiatrist, psychologist and other health care physicians, followed by a multisistemic therapeutic interventions including medical, surgical, psychiatric, psychological and psychosocial support (family, school, peers and community).

Melanie Klein and Repression: an examination of some unpublished Notes of 1934.

Fifteen pages of unpublished Notes were found in the Melanie Klein Archives dating from early 1934, a crucial moment in Klein's development. She was at this time, 1934, moving away from child analysis, whilst also rethinking and revising her allegiance to Karl Abraham's theory of the phases of libidinal development. These Notes, entitled "Early Repression Mechanism," show Klein struggling to develop what became her characteristic theories of the depressive position and the paranoid-schizoid position. Although these Notes are precursors of the paper Klein gave later to the IPA Congress in 1934, they also show the origins of the emphasis she and her followers eventually gave to "splitting" rather than repression. The Notes give us an insight into the way that she worked clinically at the time. We see Klein's confidence develop as she diverged from the classical theories and technique. Her ideas were based on close attention to the detail of her clinical material, rather than attacking theoretical problems directly. The Notes show her method of struggling to her own conclusions, and they offer us a chance to grasp the roots of the subsequent controversy over Kleinian thought.

"It's overwhelming... everything seems to be too much:" A theory of crisis for individuals with severe persistent mental illness.

Crisis in individuals with severe persistent mental illness (SPMI) is a poorly understood phenomenon for which traditional crisis models do not apply. In this study we explored the crisis experience using in-depth interviews conducted with individuals with severe persistent mental illness from two community support programs. A grounded theory of the crisis experience was developed and the results illustrate that underlying vulnerability sets the stage for crisis occurrence which involves feeling overwhelmed and lacking control and manifests as agitation/anger/aggression, being low, feeling anxious, or euphoria. Immediate responses to crises involve getting help or managing alone and numerous factors contribute to crisis resolution and prevention.

[Second year nursing students' identity crisis. "Assessment of objectives"]. / Etudiants en soins infirmiers de deuxième année crise identitaire. "La mise à l'épreuve des motivations".

Nursing students, guided by aspirations, begin training with an idealized representation of the profession, and the experiences they will encounter during their studies will vary progressively. Nursing training is based initially on a pedagogical system alternating between the classroom and the work place, exposing the student to a variety of situations. This process of work experience during the three years of study is marked by a crisis period during the second year. This involves an identity crisis resulting in a change of objectives. The analysis indicates that this is structural. The beginning of the second year is characterised by the student's confrontation with the theoretical and practical applications of the course. It is the result of a year's experience and instruction, which puts into question the student's vision, beliefs, and the orientation towards a new conception of himself/herself and of the world. The realisation of an incongruity, this reality check, is followed by a feeling of deception. This conflict, common in the second year, must be recognised in order to avoid further compromise to the identity's transformation. As soon as the student finds himself/herself committed to a training program that does not contribute to the realisation of his/her objectives, the feeling of being thrown off balance in relation to his/her point of reference increases, and the end result will be absenteeism or opposition. The handling of this identity crisis, as well as the motivational procedure, implies a modification in the quality of the instructor and in our way of thinking and acting. Are we adequately prepared to manage this crisis? Do we have access to the theories needed to resolve this cognitive conflict?