Which is the Pivotal Vessel in Vascular Supercharging? An Assessment of Three Forms of Vascular Supercharging Models Using Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography.

BACKGROUND: The study aimed to perform continuous and dynamic observation on the blood flow changes in a rat abdominal model of supercharged flaps to examine the roles of arterial and venous supercharging in preventing distal flap necrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen rats were divided into three experimental groups. The left-sided flaps in all groups were used as controls such that the subxiphoid perforator vessels served as the only pedicle. Experimental groups I, II, and III consisted of supercharged right-sided flaps. Group I, the arteriovenous supercharging group, had flaps supercharged by the suprapubic perforator arteries and veins. Group II, the arterial supercharging group, had flaps supercharged by the suprapubic perforator arteries. Group III, the venous supercharging group, had flaps supercharged by the suprapubic perforator veins. Laser-induced near-infrared fluorescence angiography was performed before and after surgery. RESULTS: As revealed by near-infrared fluorescence angiography, the control group and venous supercharging group exhibited rapid reductions in blood supply and loss of arterial perfusion in distal areas. The distal flap necrosis was much smaller in the venous supercharging group than in the control group. Both the arteriovenous supercharging group and the arterial supercharging group exhibited adequate perfusion and resulted in full postoperative survival of the flaps. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that the distal arterial hypoperfusion is the major cause of the distal venous stasis and necrosis in the flaps. Sufficient arterial supercharging ensures the distal arterial perfusion and therefore diminishes the occurrence of distal flap necrosis.

Racial and Sex Disparities in Catheter Use and Dialysis Access in the United States Medicare Population.

BACKGROUND: Despite efforts to increase arteriovenous fistula and graft use, 80% of patients in the United States start hemodialysis on a central venous catheter (CVC). METHODS: To better understand in incident hemodialysis patients how sex and race/ethnicity are associated with time on a central venous catheter and transition to an arteriovenous fistula and graft, our observational cohort study analyzed US Renal Data System data for patients with incident ESKD aged ≥66 years who started hemodialysis on a CVC in July 2010 through 2013. RESULTS: At 1 year, 32.7% of 74,194 patients transitioned to an arteriovenous fistula, 10.8% transitioned to an arteriovenous graft, 32.1% stayed on a CVC, and 24.5% died. Women spent a significantly longer time on a CVC than men. Compared with white patients, patients who were black, Hispanic, or of another racial/ethnicity minority spent significantly more days on a CVC. In competing risk regression, women were significantly less likely than men to transition to a fistula and more likely to transition to a graft. Compared with white patients, blacks were significantly less likely to transition to a fistula but more likely to transition to a graft, Hispanics were significantly more likely to transition to a fistula, and other races/ethnicities were significantly more likely to transition to either a fistula or a graft. CONCLUSIONS: Female patients spend a longer time on a CVC and are less likely to transition to permanent access. Compared with white patients, minorities also spend longer time on a CVC, but are more likely to eventually transition to permanent access. Strategies to speed transition to permanent access should target groups that currently lag in this area.

Arteriovenous Fistula Use in the United States and Dialysis Facility-Level Comorbidity Burden.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Patients with multiple comorbid conditions are less likely to use an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis vascular access. Some dialysis facilities have high rates of AVF placement despite having patients with many comorbid conditions. This study describes variation in facility-level use of AVFs across the facility-level burden of patient comorbid conditions. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Medicare patients receiving hemodialysis for 1 year or more in US dialysis facilities. PREDICTORS: Facility-level burden of patient comorbid conditions; patient characteristics. OUTCOMES: Odds of AVFs versus other access types; facility-level use of AVFs. ANALYTICAL APPROACH: Facility-level comorbidity burden was calculated by summing individual comorbid conditions, determining the average per patient, then defining 11 groups based on facility percentile ranking. Generalized estimating equations with a logit link were used to estimate the odds of AVF placement at the patient level. For the facility-level analysis, a generalized estimating equation model with the identity link was fit to characterize the percentage of AVF use at each facility. RESULTS: Overall, AVF use was 65.8% in 315,919 prevalent hemodialysis patients among 5,813 facilities. After adjustment for patient characteristics, AVF use was 0.27, 0.30, 1.05, and 1.74 percentage points lower than the median among facilities in the 61st to 70th, 71st to 80th, 81st to 90th, and 91st to 99th percentiles of comorbidity, respectively, and 0.42, 0.63, 1.34, and 1.90 percentage points higher than the median among facilities in the 31st to 40th, 21st to 30th, 11th to 20th, and 1st to 10th percentiles of comorbidity, respectively. Facilities in the greater than 99th percentile of comorbidity burden had AVF use that was 3.47 percentage points lower than the median. Facilities in the less than 1st percentile of comorbidity burden had AVF use that was 2.64 percentage points greater than the median. LIMITATIONS: Limited to Medicare dialysis-dependent patients treated for 1 year or more. CONCLUSIONS: After adjustment for patient characteristics, we found small differences in facility rates of AVF use except in the extremes of high or low levels of comorbidity burden. Our study demonstrates that dialysis facilities with a relatively high patient comorbidity burden can achieve similar fistula rates as facilities with healthier patients. Although high comorbidity burden does not explain low facility AVF use, additional study is needed to understand differences in AVF use rates between facilities with similar comorbidity burdens.

Higher Surgeon Procedure Volume Is Associated with Improved Hemodialysis Vascular Access Outcomes.

The objective of this study was to examine the association between surgeon characteristics, procedural volume, and short-term outcomes of hemodialysis vascular access. A retrospective cohort study was performed using Medicare Part A and B data from 2007 through 2014 merged with American Medical Association Physician Masterfile surgeon data. A total of 29,034 procedures met the inclusion criteria: 22,541 (78%) arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and 6,493 (22%) arteriovenous graft (AVG). Of these, 13,110 (45.2%) were performed by vascular surgeons, 9,398 (32.3%) by general surgeons, 2,313 (8%) by thoracic surgeons, 1,517 (5.2%) by other specialties, and 2,696 (9.3%) were unknown. Every 10-year increase in years in practice was associated with a 6.9 per cent decrease in the odds of creating AVF versus AVG (P = 0.02). Surgeon characteristics were not associated with the likelihood of vascular access failure. Every 10-procedure increase in cumulative procedure volume was associated with a 5 per cent decrease in the odds of vascular access failure (P = 0.007). There was no association of provider characteristics or procedure volume with survival free of repeat AVF/AVG or TC placement at 12 months. A significant portion of the variability in likelihood of creating AVF versus AVG is attributable to the provider-level variation. Increase in procedure volume is associated with decreased odds of vascular access failure.

Utility of doppler ultrasound in the preoperative evaluation of the first vascular access for haemodialysis. / Utilidad de la valoración ecográfica previa a la realización del primer acceso vascular para hemodiálisis.

INTRODUCTION: Traditionally, the indication of the type of vascular access (VA) has been based on the surgeon's physical examination, but it is now suggested that imaging methods could provide a clinical benefit. Our aim was to determine whether or not preoperative Doppler ultrasound modifies outcomes of the first VA for haemodialysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort of patients undergoing a first VA from June 2014 to July 2017 who had a preoperative Doppler ultrasound (ECO group). They were compared to a historical cohort (January 2012-May 2014) of first VA indicated exclusively by clinical assessment (CLN group). RESULTS: A total of 86 patients from the CLN group were compared to 92 from the ECO group, which was younger (68.4 vs 64.0, P=.038). The primary patency (CLN/ECO) at 1 and 2years was 59.5%/71.9% and 53.1%/57.8% respectively, marginally better in the ECO group (P=.057). The assisted patency at 1 and 2years was 63.2%/80.7% and 58.1%/70.2%, respectively, significantly better for the ECO group (P=.010). Due to lack of patency/utility of the initial VA, 26.7% in the CLN group and 7.6% in the ECO group (P<.001) required a new VA during the first 6months. An average of 1.39 interventions were performed to achieve a useful VA in the CLN group and 1.08 in the ECO group (P<.001), the first VA being useful at the radiocephalic level in 31.0%/45.1% (P=.039). CONCLUSION: The indication of the first VA according to a preoperative Doppler ultrasound examination could decrease the need for new VA, enable them to be made more distal, and significantly improve patency.

Gender Disparities in Vascular Access Surgical Outcomes in Elderly Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: Despite national vascular access guidelines promoting the use of arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) over arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) for dialysis, AVF use is substantially lower in females. We assessed clinically relevant AVF and AVG surgical outcomes in elderly male and female patients initiating hemodialysis with a central venous catheter (CVC). METHODS: Using the United States Renal Data System standard analytic files linked with Medicare claims, we assessed incident hemodialysis patients in the United States, 9,458 elderly patients (≥67 years; 4,927 males and 4,531 females) initiating hemodialysis from July 2010 to June 2011 with a catheter and had an AVF or AVG placed within 6 months. We evaluated vascular access placement, successful use for dialysis, assisted use (requiring an intervention before successful use), abandonment after successful use, and rate of interventions after successful use. RESULTS: Females were less likely than males to receive an AVF (adjusted likelihood 0.57, 95% CI 0.52-0.63). Among patients receiving an AVF, females had higher adjusted likelihoods of unsuccessful AVF use (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46, 95% CI 1.36-1.56), assisted AVF use (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.17-1.54), and AVF abandonment (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10-1.50), but similar relative rate of AVF interventions after successful use (relative risk [RR] 1.01, 95% CI 0.94-1.08). Among patients receiving an AVG, females had a lower likelihood of unsuccessful AVG use (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73-0.94), similar rates of assisted AVG use (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.78-1.40) and AVG abandonment, and greater relative rate of interventions after successful AVG use (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.01-1.33). CONCLUSIONS: While AVFs should be considered the preferred vascular access in most circumstances, clinical AVF surgical outcomes are uniformly worse in females. Clinicians should also consider AVGs as a viable alternative in elderly female patients initiating hemodialysis with a CVC to avoid extended CVC dependence.

Utilization, patency, and complications associated with vascular access for hemodialysis in the United States.

BACKGROUND: This study examines the utilization and outcomes of vascular access for long-term hemodialysis in the United States and describes the impact of temporizing catheter use on outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence, patency, and associated patient survival for pre-emptively placed autogenous fistulas and prosthetic grafts; for autogenous fistulas and prosthetic grafts placed after a temporizing catheter; and for hemodialysis catheters that remained in use. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of all patients who initiated hemodialysis in the United States during a 5-year period (2007-2011). The United States Renal Data System-Medicare matched national database was used to compare outcomes after pre-emptive autogenous fistulas, preemptive prosthetic grafts, autogenous fistula after temporizing catheter, prosthetic graft after temporizing catheter, and persistent catheter use. Outcomes were primary patency, primary assisted patency, secondary patency, maturation, catheter-free dialysis, severe access infection, and mortality. RESULTS: There were 73,884 (16%) patients who initiated hemodialysis with autogenous fistula, 16,533 (3%) who initiated hemodialysis with prosthetic grafts, 106,797 (22%) who temporized with hemodialysis catheter prior to autogenous fistula use, 32,890 (7%) who temporized with catheter prior to prosthetic graft use, and 246,822 (52%) patients who remained on the catheter. Maturation rate and median time to maturation were 79% vs 84% and 47 days vs 29 days for pre-emptively placed autogenous fistulas vs prosthetic grafts. Primary patency (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25-1.28; P < .001) and primary assisted patency (aHR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.35-1.38; P < .001) were significantly higher for autogenous fistula compared with prosthetic grafts. Secondary patency was higher for autogenous fistulas beyond 2 months (aHR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.32-1.40; P < .001). Severe infection (aHR, 9.6; 95% CI, 8.86-10.36; P < .001) and mortality (aHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.27-1.31; P < .001) were higher for prosthetic grafts compared with autogenous fistulas. Temporizing with a catheter was associated with a 51% increase in mortality (aHR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.48-1.53; P < .001), 69% decrease in primary patency (aHR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.31-0.32; P < .001), and 130% increase in severe infection (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.2-2.5; P < .001) compared to initiation with autogenous fistulas or prosthetic grafts. Mortality was 2.2 times higher for patients who remained on catheters compared to those who initiated hemodialysis with autogenous fistulas (aHR, 2.25; 95% CI, 2.21-2.28; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Temporizing catheter use was associated with higher mortality, higher infection, and lower patency, thus undermining the highly prevalent approach of electively using catheters as a bridge to permanent access. Autogenous fistulas are associated with longer time to catheter-free dialysis but better patency, lower infection risk, and lower mortality compared with prosthetic grafts in the general population.

Disparities in early mortality among chronic kidney disease patients who transition to peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis with and without catheters.

PURPOSE: The early period after chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients transition to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) represents the highest mortality risk but is variable among different patient populations and clinical circumstances. We compared early mortality outcomes among a diverse CKD population that transitioned to ESRD. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study (1/1/2002 through 12/31/2013) of CKD patients (age ≥ 18 years) who transitioned to peritoneal dialysis (PD), hemodialysis (HD) with arteriovenous fistula/grafts, and HD with catheters was performed. Multivariable Cox regression modeling was used to estimate 6-month all-cause mortality hazard ratios (HR) among the three treatment groups after adjustment for patient and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Among 5373 ESRD patients (62.7 years, 41.3% females, 37.5% Hispanics, 13.3% PD, 34.9% HD with fistula/graft, 51.8% HD with catheter), 551 (10.3%) died at 6 months. Mortality rates were highest immediately after transition (299 deaths per 1000 person-years in first month). Compared to PD patients, the 6-month mortality HR (95% CI) was 1.87 (1.06-3.30) in HD with fistula/graft patients and 3.77 (2.17-6.57) in HD with catheter patients. Inpatient transition (HR 1.32), acute kidney injury (HR 2.06), and an eGFR ≥ 15 vs 5-9 (HR 1.68) at transition were also associated with higher early mortality risk. CONCLUSION: Among a diverse CKD population who transitioned to ESRD, we observed considerable differences in early mortality risk among PD, HD with fistula/graft, and HD with catheter patients. The identification of patient-specific and clinical environmental factors related to high early mortality may provide insights for managing advanced stages of CKD and shared decision making.

Hemodialysis Access Maintenance in the Medicare Population: An Analysis Over a Decade of Trends by Provider Specialty and Site of Service.

PURPOSE: To evaluate annual national trends in hemodialysis access maintenance procedures in the Medicare population by specialty and setting. METHODS: Medicare Physician Supplier Procedure Summary Master Files between 2005 and 2015 were analyzed for procedure codes of hemodialysis access angiography and percutaneous thrombectomy. Using physician specialty codes, component procedure volume for endovascular services were queried for radiology, medicine, and surgery. Data entries were analyzed by provider specialty and place of service. Average submitted and allowed charges per intervention were extracted. Linear regression modeling was used to identify trends in number of and allowed charges by specialty and practice setting. RESULTS: Between 2005 and 2015, the frequency of dialysis access angiography for Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries increased by a total of 74.71% (211,181 to 368,955). Specialty-specific analysis demonstrated volume increases of 220.21% (22,128 to 101,109) for surgery, 249.02% (32,690 to 114,094) for medicine, and 2.81% (135,564 to 139, 367) for radiology. By 2015, an increased trend from hospital-based to non-hospital-based procedures associated with significantly higher reimbursement rates to providers (+18,798 non-hospital-based cases/year, $46.95/year, P ≤ .001) was also observed, with medicine performing the highest volume of non-hospital-based procedures. In this period, there was also a modest total overall increase of percutaneous thrombectomy procedures by 7.75% (61,485 to 66,250). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of endovascular hemodialysis access maintenance procedures in the Medicare fee-for-service program has increased from 2005 to 2015, with the majority market share transitioning from radiologists to non-radiologists. Similarly, most access maintenance in this time period changed from hospital-based to non-hospital-based interventions.

Facility Practice Variation to Help Understand the Effects of Public Policy: Insights from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS).

Recent Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services policies have used dialysis facility practice variation to develop public ratings and adjust payments. In the Dialysis Facility Compare star rating system (DFC SRS), facility-relative rates of performance-based clinical measures varied nearly two-fold for mortality (standardized mortality ratio; 10th/90th percentiles: 0.71, 1.34) and hospitalization (standardized hospitalization ratio; 10th/90th percentiles: 0.64, 1.37), and nearly four-fold for transfusion (standardized transfusion ratio; 10th/90th percentiles: 0.43, 1.65). Medicare claims data (from July of 2014) demonstrate that facility variation for the proportions of patients on hemodialysis hospitalized (10th/90th percentiles: 27%, 50%) and transfused (10th/90th percentiles: 3%, 17%) within 6 months that far exceeds relatively modest recent overall longitudinal trends. DFC SRS-rated facility variation is also substantial for fistula (10th/90th percentiles: 50%, 78%) and catheter use >90 days (10th/90th percentiles: 3%, 19%). By contrast, DFC SRS-rated facility distributions for adult hemodialysis Kt/V>1.2 (10th/90th percentiles: 84%, 97%) and total serum calcium >10.2 mg/dl (median, 1%; 75th/90th percentiles: 3%, 5%) are quite narrow and may be of questionable value. Likewise, variation in the US Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study is over two-fold for facility median serum parathyroid hormone (10th/90th percentiles: 290 pg/ml, 629 pg/ml) and ferritin (10th/90th percentiles: 469 ng/ml, 1143 ng/ml) levels, and facility mean treatment time varies by 30 minutes (10th/90th percentiles: 204 minutes, 234 minutes). Rising serum parathyroid hormone and ferritin levels, and generally short dialysis treatment time, represent areas unchecked by existing policy; both overall trends and facility variation in these values may reflect unintended consequences of policy or reimbursement pressures and therefore raise concern. Additionally, outcomes in the transition period from advanced CKD to dialysis remain poor, and policy initiatives and performance accountability in this area remain insufficient. Innovative models of comprehensive care in advanced CKD and the early dialysis period which are more amenable to policy oversight are needed. In summary, facility variation is typically larger than prevailing longitudinal trends, and should not be overlooked. The combination of nationally representative observational databases (e.g., the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study) and ESRD registries can provide policy makers with additional tools to evaluate facility variation, develop policies, and monitor unintended effects.

Impact of Poverty and Health Care Insurance on Arteriovenous Fistula Use among Incident Hemodialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND: The impact of socioeconomic factors on arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation in hemodialysis (HD) patients is not well understood. We assessed the association of area and individual-level indicators of poverty and health care insurance on AVF use among incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients initiated on HD. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study using the United States Renal Data System database, we identified 669,206 patients initiated on maintenance HD from January 1, 2007 through December 31, 2012. We assessed the Medicare-Medicaid dual-eligibility status as an indicator of individual-level poverty and ZIP code-level median household income (MHI) data obtained from the 2010 United States Census. We conducted logistic regression of AVF use at start of dialysis as the outcome variable. RESULTS: The proportions of dual-eligible and non-dual-eligible patients who initiated HD with an AVF were 12.53 and 16.17%, respectively (p<0.001). Dual eligibility was associated with significantly lower likelihood of AVF use upon initiation of HD (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.91; 95% CI 0.90-0.93). Patients in the lowest area-level MHI quintile had an aOR of 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.99) compared to those in higher quintile levels. However, dual eligibility and area-level MHI were not significant in patients with Veterans Affairs (VA) coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Individual- and area-level measures of poverty were independently associated with a lower likelihood of AVF use at the start of HD, the only exception being patients with VA health care benefits. Efforts to improve incident AVF use may require focusing on pre-ESRD care to be successful.

Early Failure of Dialysis Access among the Elderly in the Era of Fistula First.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recent evidence indicates that fistula maturation and patency may be compromised in the elderly dialysis population compared with younger patients. The objective of this study was to characterize the short-term outcomes of arteriovenous fistulas and arteriovenous grafts for hemodialysis access in the Medicare population. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: This was a retrospective cohort study performed using Medicare Part A and B claims data from 2006 through 2011. The study population included 16,464 dialysis-dependent patients age ≥66 years undergoing arteriovenous fistula and arteriovenous graft creation. The primary outcome measure was incidence of repeat fistula/graft creation and tunneled catheter placements in the 12 months after arteriovenous fistula and graft creation. RESULTS: In the 12 months postindex fistula/graft, the mortality in the fistula group was 28.2% versus 29.9% in the graft group (P=0.03). A repeat fistula/graft creation was required in 26.9% of patients in the fistula group and 16.7% in the graft group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients who required a tunneled hemodialysis catheter in the 12 months after an index fistula creation (fistula 28.4% versus graft 27.3%, P=0.19). In the index fistula group, 44.4% of patients required a repeat fistula/graft creation and/or a tunneled catheter, compared with 33.7% in the graft group (P<0.001). At 365 days after the index fistula/graft, the repeat fistula/graft/catheter-free survival was 39.7% in the fistula group versus 46.0% in the graft group (P<0.001). Index fistula was associated with a higher risk of loss of repeat fistula/graft/catheter-free survival with an odds ratio of 1.19 (95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.24). CONCLUSIONS: Fistulas were associated with a somewhat lower mortality than grafts in the first 12 months after creation. However, the incidence of repeat fistula/graft creation and tunneled catheter placement is substantially higher in the first 12 months after fistula creation compared with grafts. One-year repeat fistula/graft/catheter-free survival is lower after fistula creation than grafts.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities Associated With Initial Hemodialysis Access.

IMPORTANCE: Superior outcomes have been established with the use of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) at first hemodialysis. However, considering the influence of comorbidities, medical insurance, and specialist care, racial/ethnic differences in the patterns of utilization of AVFs are unknown and deserve evaluation. OBJECTIVE: To assess national trends in initial hemodialysis access with respect to race/ethnicity stratified by comorbid disease, nephrology care, and medical insurance status within the US Renal Data System. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective analysis of all patients with end-stage renal disease in the US Renal Data System who initiated hemodialysis between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2010. Univariable statistics (χ² test and analysis of variance) and logistic regression were used to compare racial/ethnic groups (white vs black vs Hispanic). Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score-matching techniques were used to evaluate hemodialysis access rates between patients of different races/ethnicities with comparable characteristics. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Utilization rates of AVF, arteriovenous graft, and intravascular hemodialysis catheter. RESULTS: In this cohort of 396,075 patients, more white patients initiated hemodialysis with an AVF than black patients or Hispanic patients (18.3% vs 15.5% and 14.6%, respectively; P < .001). Black patients and Hispanic patients initiated hemodialysis with an AVF less frequently despite being younger and having less coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer than white patients with an AVF. When stratified by medical insurance status, black patients (odds ratios, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.82-0.98] for uninsured and 0.85 [95% CI, 0.84-0.87] for insured) and Hispanic patients (odds ratios, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.65-0.81] for uninsured and 0.81 [95% CI, 0.79-0.84] for insured) persistently initiated hemodialysis with an AVF less frequently than white patients (P < .05 for all). Arteriovenous fistula utilization at initial hemodialysis was lower among black patients (odds ratio, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.78-0.84]) and Hispanic patients (odds ratio, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.82-0.90]) compared with white patients within the category of patients who had nephrology care for longer than 1 year (P < .001 for all). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Black patients and Hispanic patients tend to initiate hemodialysis with an AVF less frequently than white patients despite being younger and having fewer comorbidities. These disparities persisted independent of factors that drive health access for fistula placement, such as medical insurance status and nephrology care. The sociocultural underpinnings of these disparities deserve investigation and redress to maximize the benefits of initiating hemodialysis via fistula in patients with end-stage renal disease irrespective of race/ethnicity.

Provider visit frequency and vascular access interventions in hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Medicare reimbursement policy encourages frequent provider visits to patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis. This study sought to determine whether more frequent face-to-face provider (physician and advanced practitioner) visits lead to more procedures and therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving arteriovenous fistulas and grafts, improved vascular access outcomes, and fewer related hospitalizations. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Multivariable regression was used to evaluate the association between provider (physician and advanced practitioner) visit frequency and interventions aimed at preserving vascular access, vascular access survival, hospitalization for vascular access infection, and outpatient antibiotic use in a cohort of 63,488 Medicare beneficiaries receiving hemodialysis in the United States. Medicare claims were used to identify the type of vascular access used, access-related events, and vascular access failure. RESULTS: One additional provider (physician and advanced practitioner) visit per month was associated with a 13% higher odds of receiving an intervention to preserve vascular access (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 12% to 14%) but was not associated with vascular access survival (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.03). One additional provider visit was associated with a 9% (95% CI, 5% to 14%) lower odds of hospitalization for vascular access infection and a corresponding 9% (95% CI, 5% to 14%) higher odds of outpatient intravenous antibiotic administration. However, the associated changes in absolute probabilities of hospitalization and antibiotic administration were small. CONCLUSIONS: More frequent face-to-face provider (physician and advanced practitioner) visits were associated with more procedures and therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving vascular accesses, but not with prolonged vascular access survival and only a small decrease in hospitalization for vascular access.

Barriers to adopting a fistula-first policy in Europe: an international survey among national experts.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to explore how vascular access care was reimbursed, promoted, and organised at the national level in European and neighbouring countries. METHODS: An electronic survey among national experts to collect country-level data. RESULTS: Forty-seven experts (response rate, 76%) from 37 countries participated. Experts from 23 countries reported that 50% or less of patients received routine preoperative imaging of vessels. Nephrologists placed catheters and created fistulas in 26 and 8 countries, respectively. Twenty-one countries had a fee per created access; the reported fee for catheter placement was never higher than for fistula creation. As the number of haemodialysis patients in a centre increased, more countries had a dedicated coordinator or multidisciplinary team responsible for vascular access maintenance at the centre-level; in 11 countries, responsibility was always with individual nephrologists, independent of a centre's size. In 23 countries, dialysis centres shared vascular access care resources, with facilitation from a service provider in 4. In most countries, national campaigns (n = 35) or educational programmes (n = 29) had addressed vascular access-related topics; 19 countries had some form of training for creating fistulas. Forty experts considered the current evidence base robust enough to justify a fistula-first policy, but only 13 believed that more than 80% of nephrologists in their country would attempt a fistula in a 75-year-old woman with comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Suboptimal access to surgical resources, lack of dedicated training of clinicians, limited routine use of preoperative diagnostic imaging and patient characteristics primarily emerged as potential barriers to adopting a fistula-first policy in Europe.

Agreement of reported vascular access on the medical evidence report and on medicare claims at hemodialysis initiation.

BACKGROUND: The choice of vascular access type is an important aspect of care for incident hemodialysis patients. However, data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Medical Evidence Report (form CMS-2728) identifying the first access for incident patients have not previously been validated. Medicare began requiring that vascular access type be reported on claims in July 2010. We aimed to determine the agreement between the reported vascular access at initiation from form CMS-2728 and from Medicare claims. METHODS: This retrospective study used a cohort of 9777 patients who initiated dialysis in the latter half of 2010 and were eligible for Medicare at the start of renal replacement therapy to compare the vascular access type reported on form CMS-2728 with the type reported on Medicare outpatient dialysis claims for the same patients. For each patient, the reported access from each data source was compiled; the percent agreement represented the percent of patients for whom the access was the same. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to identify characteristics associated with the agreement of reported access. RESULTS: The two data sources agreed for 94% of patients, with a Kappa statistic of 0.83, indicating an excellent level of agreement. Further, we found no evidence to suggest that agreement was associated with the patient characteristics of age, sex, race, or primary cause of renal failure. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vascular access data as reported on form CMS-2728 are valid and reliable for use in research studies.