Virus matrix interference on assessment of virucidal activity of high-touch surfaces designed to prevent hospital-acquired infections.

OBJECTIVES/PURPOSE: High-touch surfaces are a critical reservoir in the spread of nosocomial infections. Although disinfection and infection control protocols are well developed, they lack the ability to passively reduce the pathogenic load of high-touch surfaces. Copper and its alloys have been suggested as a surface that exhibit continuous biocidal effects. Antimicrobial studies on these surfaces are prevalent, while virucidal studies are not as well explored. The goal of this study was to first determine the virucidal activity of a copper-nickel-zinc alloy and to then examine the effect of soiling and virus preparation on virucidal activity. METHODS: A baculovirus vector was used as an easily quantifiable model of an infectious enveloped animal cell virus. Droplets containing virus were deposited on surfaces and allowed to stay wet using humidity control or were dried onto the surface. Virus was then recovered from the surface and assayed for infectivity. To examine how the composition of the droplet affected the survival of the virus, 3 different soiling conditions were tested. The first two were recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the third consisted of cell debris resulting from virus amplification. RESULTS: A copper-nickel-zinc alloy was shown to have strong virucidal effects for an enveloped virus. Copper, nickel, and zinc ions were all shown to leach from the alloy surface and are the likely cause of virucidal activity by this surface. Virucidal activity was achieved under moderate soiling but lost under high soiling generated by routine virus amplification procedures. The surface was able to repeatably inactivate dried virus droplets under moderate soiling conditions, but unable to do so for virus droplets kept wet using high humidity. CONCLUSION: Ion leaching was associated with virucidal activity in both wet and dried virus conditions. Soiling protected the virus by quenching metal ions, and not by inhibiting leaching. The composition of the solution containing virus plays a critical role in evaluating the virucidal activity of surfaces and surface coatings.

The current state of the platelet supply in the US and proposed options to decrease the risk of critical shortages.

Due to circumstances such as increased demand and an aging donor pool, the likelihood of critical platelet shortages is increasing. The platelet supply could be improved through the expansion of the donor pool, the identification and sustained utilization of high-quality donors, and changes in component processing and storage that result in a longer platelet shelf-life. Refrigerated platelets, stored at 1° to 6°C, have the potential to improve patient safety by decreasing the risk of bacterial contamination while concurrently allowing for a longer storage period (eg, 14 days) and improved hemostatic effectiveness in actively bleeding patients. An approach utilizing remuneration of apheresis platelet donors combined with pathogen reduction of the platelet components could be used as a means to increase the donor pool and identify and sustain safe, reliable, high-quality donors. Remuneration might provide an incentive for underutilized populations (eg, individuals <30 years old) to enter the apheresis platelet donor population resulting in a significant expansion of the platelet donor pool. Over time, approaches such as the use of refrigerated platelets, platelet donor remuneration, and the application of pathogen reduction technology, might serve to attract a large, reliable, and safe donor base that provides platelet collections with high yields, longer shelf-lives and, excellent hemostatic function.

Resuming elective hip and knee arthroplasty after the first phase of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: the European Hip Society and European Knee Associates recommendations.

PURPOSE: The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted health care systems all over the world. Elective surgical procedures have been postponed and/or cancelled. Consensus is, therefore, required related to the factors that need to be in place before elective surgery, including hip and knee replacement surgery, which is restarted. Entirely new pathways and protocols need to be worked out. METHODS: A panel of experts from the European Hip Society and European Knee Association have agreed to a consensus statement on how to reintroduce elective arthroplasty surgery safely. The recommendations are based on the best available evidence and have been validated in a separate survey. RESULTS: The guidelines are based on five themes: modification and/or reorganisation of hospital wards. Restrictions on orthopaedic wards and in operation suite(s). Additional disinfection of the environment. The role of ultra-clean operation theatres. Personal protective equipment enhancement. CONCLUSION: Apart from the following national and local guidance, protocols need to be put in place in the patient pathway for primary arthroplasty to allow for a safe return.

Lineamientos para el retorno progresivo a las actividades laborales en el contexto de pandemia por COVID - 19 / Guidelines for the progressive return to work activities in the context of the COVID pandemic-19

GENERALIDADES: Objetivo y población de las recomendaciones: Brindar a los empleadores recomendaciones generales de medidas preventivas y prácticas seguras para la prevención de contagio de COVID - 19 en centros laborales. Población a la cual se aplicará las recomendaciones: Empleados que retornan a sus centros laborales en contexto de pandemia por COVID - 19. Usuarios y ámbito de las recomendaciones: Usuarios de las recomendaciones clínicas. Estos lineamientos están dirigidos a los empleadores y autoridades administrativas de Institutos y centros especializados de EsSalud en contexto de pandemia por COVID - 19. Ámbito de las recomendaciones clínicas: El presente documento es de aplicación en centros laborales. MÉTODOS: a. Búsqueda y selección de protocolos, guías de práctica clínica y documentos técnicos prévios: El 05 de junio de 2020 se realizó una búsqueda manual de guías de práctica clínica, y documentos técnicos nacionales e internacionales que brinden orientaciones para el retorno seguro a los centros laborales en contexto de pandemia por COVID - 19. Se consideró tomar como principal fuente de información a aquellos documentos que brindaron recomendaciones para la prevención de la transmisión e infección por COVID - 19 en centros laborales. b. Formulación de recomendaciones: Se revisaron los documentos previamente seleccionados que describieron ampliamente los procedimientos y consideraciones a tener antes del retorno a las actividades laborales, así como las actividades preventivas durante el desarrollo de las actividades laborales. Posteriormente se adaptaron al contexto del Seguro Social de Salud ­ EsSalud aquellos documentos cuyas recomendaciones estaban en concordancia con lo establecido en los documentos técnicos locales. DEFINICIONES OPERATIVAS: Centro laboral: Unidad productiva en el que se desarrolla la actividad laboral de una organización con la presencia de trabajadores. Desinfección: Reducción por medio de sustancia químicas y/o métodos físicos del número de microorganismos presentes en una superficie o en el ambiente, hasta un nivel que no ponga en riesgo la salud. EPP: Equipo de Protección Personal. Limpieza: Eliminación de suciedad e impurezas de las superficies utilizando agua, jabón, detergente o sustancias químicas. Puestos de trabajo con riesgo de exposición a SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Son aquellos puestos con diferente nivel de riesgo, que depende del tipo de actividad que realiza, por ejemplo, la necesidad de contacto a menos de 1 metro con personas que se conoce o se sospecha que estén infectadas con el virus del SARS-CoV-2, o el requerimiento de contacto repetido o prolongado con personas que se conoce o se sospecha que estén infectadas con el virus SARS-CoV-2. Empleador: Persona natural, jurídica, privada o pública, que emplea a uno o varios trabajadores. Trabajador: Persona que tiene vínculo laboral con el empleador; y a toda persona que presta servicios dentro de un centro laboral, cualquiera sea la modalidad contractual, incluyendo al personal de contratas, subcontratas, tercerización de servicios, entre otros. Trabajo en modalidad mixto: Hace referencia a la combinación de trabajo presencial con trabajo remoto, alternando las modalidades en atención a las necesidades de la entidad. Trabajo presencial: Se refiere a las tareas o funciones desempeñadas por un servidor con presencia física en el centro de labores, como consecuencia de una prestación laboral. Trabajo remoto: Es la prestación de servicios sujeta a subordinación, con la presencia física del servidor en su domicilio o lugar de aislamiento domiciliario, utilizando cualquier medio o mecanismo que le posibilite realizar sus funciones fuera del centro laboral, siempre que la naturaleza de las labores lo permita. RECOMENDACIONES EN EL CENTRO LABORAL: 1. Información y sensibilización del riesgo de transmisión e infección por COVID ­ 19. Difusión de mensajes clave: Difundir mensajes charlas informativas, paneles informativos, distribución de material informativo y de recordatorio como afiches o por medios electrónicos. Medidas de prevención de riesgo de infección por COVID ­ 19: Medidas generales de higiene. Limpieza del ambiente laboral. Equipos de protección individual. Medidas de control de riesgo de infección por COVID - 19: Lavado y desinfección de manos obligatorio. Medidas de protección personal. Vigilancia de salud del trabajador.

Cabinas sanitizantes para la desinfección de grupos de personas / Sanitizing booths for disinfecting groups of people

INTRODUCCIÓN: En el contexto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 se vienen desarrollando estrategias con el fin de reducir la transmisión del virus causante, tales como distanciamiento físico, protección personal, lavado de manos, uso de desinfectantes tales como alcohol 70° y aislamiento social mediante cuarentenas. Con la posibilidad del término de la cuarentena, se ha generado un interés en la aplicación de medidas de utilidad para la prevención del contagio del COVID 19, muchas de las cuales no han sido revisadas y reguladas por las autoridades de salud, entre ellas, el uso de dispositivos tipo cabina, cámara, túnel o arco de aspersión para la aplicación de desinfectantes sobre las personas que transitan por el interior o a través de estos. Se pretende reducir la potencial contaminación infecciosa viral que esté presente sobre la superficie de la ropa de la persona que ingresa al lugar. De acuerdo a lo divulgado por medios de comunicación, y lo reportado por algunos fabricantes, se han estado utilizando para la aspersión sobre personas, diferentes productos cuyo uso autorizado es la desinfección de superficies, equipos, dispositivos. Las cabinas sanitizantes son estructuras modulares de desinfección utilizadas para grandes y continuos flujos de personas. El objetivo es obtener una desinfección de la superficie de las personas que ingresan a sitios confinados, o donde se compartirá con varias personas más, a fin de reducir los contagios, en particular de SARS-COV-2. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la evidencia sobre Cabinas, duchas o túneles sanitizantes saber: Evidencia de eficacia para eliminar el SARS-COV-2 y evidencia de seguridad para la población. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una ETS Ultrarrápida en forma colaborativa entre los miembros de Redarets y colaboradores externos. Todos los participantes suscribieron su declaración de conflictos de interés. Las preguntas que se busca responder son las siguientes. ¿Qué tipo de cabinas sanitizantes existen en Argentina?¿Cuáles son las diferencias de las cabinas sanitizantes en términos de componentes , tales como tiempo de exposición, tipo de desinfectante? ¿Cuál es la eficacia de las cabinas sanitizantes, para reducir la carga viral de superficies externas de las personas? ¿Cuál es la seguridad de las cabinas sanitizantes para las personas expuestas? RESULTADOS: Se identificaron al menos 6 productos comercializados por diferentes empresas en el país. La mayoría de ellas son transportables, y funcionan a base de ácido hipocloroso, salvo dos que usan adicionalmente ozono y radiación U.V. Así mismo, la ANMAT informó recientemente que las "cabinas sanitizantes o túneles de desinfección", no se encuentran autorizadas por esta Administración Nacional. Las cabinas difieren en sus especificaciones técnicas (detectores, temperatura, equipamiento); desinfectantes usados y tiempo de exposición del mismo. En cuanto a la eficacia de las cabinas sanitizantes, para reducir la carga viral de superficies externas solamente es eficaz a nivel superficial, ya que, de encontrarse presente, el SARS-CoV2, permanecerá en las mucosas y aerosoles de la persona contagiada (sintomático o asintomático), haciendo que a pesar de haberse rociado, sea contagioso, sin considerar los riesgos para la salud. En cuanto a la seguridad para la personas expuestas, los usuarios circulan sin recibir información clara y objetiva al respecto del producto que le aplican o los potenciales riesgos, ni cumplir un protocolo específico, por lo cual, algunos pasan muy rápidamente y otros no. Es infrecuente el uso de protección ocular y algunos entran con ropa que no cubre sus brazos y piernas, haciendo que el producto entre en contacto directo con la piel. La sensación de humedad en la cara, puede hacer que la persona se toque la cara y se refriegue los ojos facilitando la inoculación de partículas virales que pueden estar presentes en sus manos generando un potencial ingreso de agentes patógenos al organismo, generando irritación ocular o en la piel. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES: La ausencia de estudios y evidencia suficiente que permitan documentar la eficacia y seguridad de la aspersión directa de desinfectantes sobre las personas, es suficiente y contundente para dejar de exponer de forma innecesaria a la población a una diversidad de productos químicos cuyo fabricante no ha probado y desarrollado para ser aplicados sobre las personas, recomendándose no utilizar cabinas, túneles, arcos y demás sistemas de aspersión o nebulización de desinfectantes, como estrategia de desinfección de personas, en el contexto de la emergencia por COVID -19.(AU)

Design and implementation of the infection prevention program into risk management: Managing high level disinfection and sterilization in the outpatient setting.

Reusable, invasive medical devices within the outpatient setting pose a risk for patient harm. Ineffective disinfection of medical devices can potentially lead to transmission of pathogens between patients; and improper handling can lead to patient injury. A risk assessment was conducted, and the results strongly supported the necessity to develop a robust infection prevention program within the risk management department. This exclusive program was a proactive approach to preventing patient exposure within our healthcare system. Designing and integrating an Infection Prevention program into the Risk Management Department presented challenges, especially with the magnitude of devices and lack of standardization throughout our 33 clinics. Key components of the program included: capturing an accurate inventory of devices throughout the system, hiring a sterile processing expert, engaging support from senior leadership, adhering to rigorous auditing processes, and establishing a staff competency training structure. Since the program was launched 2 years ago, outcomes include: identification of high-risk practices with immediate resolution, increase in average clinic compliance to device reprocessing standards from 88% to 99%, elimination of 71% of scope reprocessing and 39% of instrument sterilization by clinic staff with allocation to central sterile processing departments, and development of a staff competency training structure.

Using Real-Time Locating Systems to Optimize Endoscope Use at a Large Academic Medical Center.

Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) manages a large inventory of surgical equipment which must be delivered to operating rooms on-time, efficiently, and according to a set of quality standards and regulatory guidelines. In recent years, flexible scope management has become a topic of interest for many hospitals, as they face pressure to reduce costs, prevent infections that can result from mismanagement, and are under increased regulatory oversight. This work conducted at MGH proposes a novel method for surgical equipment management in a hospital. The proposed solution uses a real-time locating system to track flexible scopes, a semantic reasoning engine to determine the state of each scope, and a user interface to inform staff about necessary interventions to avoid scope expirations while maximizing efficiency. This study aimed to accomplish three primary goals. First, the study sought to improve the hospital's compliance to quality standards in order to reduce risks of infection due to expired scopes. Second, the study aimed to improve the cost-efficiency of scope disinfecting processes through more efficient inventory management. Finally, the study served as an opportunity for the hospital to establish best practices for working with the newly installed real-time locating system. The system proposed in this work was implemented at MGH on a subset of the hospital's flexible scopes. The study results demonstrated a quality compliance increase from 88.9% to 94.5%. The study also showed an estimated $17,350 annual cost savings due to more efficient scope management. Finally, the study demonstrated the feasibility, increase in regulatory compliance, and cost savings that would make this technology valuable when scaled across the hospital to other types of scopes and medical devices.

Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Outbreak in a Medical Ward in Spain: Epidemiology, Control Strategy, and Importance of Environmental Disinfection.

Introduction: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) are a growing public health problem. We describe an outbreak by CRE and the measures to control it in a hospitalization unit in Spain. Methods: In June 2015, the system of prevention and control of CRE implemented in the hospital detected an increase in the incidence of patients with CRE in a mixed hospitalization facility (geriatrics, internal medicine, and pneumology), with the appearance of four related patients in 2 weeks, three of them being nosocomial cases. A multidisciplinary group was created and carried out: weekly screenings, general cleaning, four training sessions for personnel, two hand hygiene observation studies and environmental sampling. A higher incidence of new cases was detected in three adjoining rooms, in which environmental decontamination was performed with vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Results: In 5 months, a total of 18 cases were detected, 14 of them were nosocomial. Four different clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae OXA-48 were responsible for 83.3% of the cases. Adherence to hand hygiene increased from 36% to 85% after the training sessions. Seven percent of the environmental samples were positive for CRE in rooms with high incidence, moving to 0% after decontamination with hydrogen peroxide. Three patients died, one of them possibly associated with clinical infection due to CRE. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary information strategies, personnel training, and control of environmental reservoirs are effective to address outbreaks of CRE.

A qualitative risk assessment of cleansing and disinfection requirements after an avian influenza outbreak in commercial poultry.

1. During an avian influenza (AI) outbreak in the United Kingdom, the joint aim of the poultry industry and the Government is to eliminate and prevent the spread of infection, through control measures based on the current European Union (EU) Council Directive (2005/94/EC). An essential part of these measures is the cleansing and disinfection (C&D) of infected premises.2. This risk assessment assessed the differences in re-infection in a repopulated flock if the EU Directive is interpreted to permit secondary C&D to be undertaken either with or without dismantling complex equipment. The assessment estimated the probability of virus survival on different types of equipment in a depopulated contaminated poultry house before and after preliminary and secondary C&D procedures. A risk matrix spreadsheet tool was used to carry out the assessment and concluded that, provided secondary C&D is carried out with due diligence (i.e. carried out to a defined code of practice as agreed by both industry and policymakers), the risk of re-infection from equipment is negligible, both with and without dismantling complex equipment in all farm types considered.3. By considering the equipment types individually, the assessment identified those areas of the house which may still contain viable virus post-preliminary C&D and on which attention should be focussed during secondary C&D. The generic risk pathway and matrix spreadsheet tool have the potential to be used for other pathogens and species, given appropriate data.

Nebulizer cleaning and disinfection practices in families with cystic fibrosis: The relationship between attitudes, practice and microbe colonization.

BACKGROUND: The daily burden of health maintenance for children and families with cystic fibrosis (CF) is immense with respect to time and complexity of care. Infection control practices, specifically nebulizer cleaning and disinfection, are a recommended component of home health care for CF families due to colonization of home respiratory equipment with lung pathogens. To better inform education interventions at our center, we were interested in studying how families' views on infection prevention and awareness of CF Foundation infection prevention and control (IP&C) guidelines correlate with actual home nebulizer care and the presence of microorganisms on their nebulizers. METHODS: Twenty families who have children with CF were surveyed to better understand attitudes toward infection prevention, awareness of CFF IP&C guidelines and nebulizer cleaning and disinfection practices in the home. Their nebulizers were also cultured for microbes to correlate recovery with infection control behaviors. RESULTS: A subset of families recognizes the importance of germ avoidance but do not recognize nebulizer cleaning and disinfection as very important for infection control practices. Decreased frequency of disinfection, but not cleaning, was correlated with the recovery of organisms on the nebulizers. CONCLUSIONS: The study questionnaire results identify a gap between recognizing the importance of infection prevention and consistently implementing CFF IP&C guidelines in the home. This demonstrates the need at our center for new educational interventions to promote cleaning and disinfection of home nebulizers after each use as recommended by the CFF.

Worldwide practices on flexible endoscope reprocessing.

Background: Endoscopy related infections represent an important threat for healthcare systems worldwide. Recent outbreaks of infections with multidrug resistant micro-organisms have highlighted the problems of contaminated endoscopes. Endoscopes at highest risk for contamination have intricate mechanisms, multiple internal channels and narrow lumens that are especially problematic to clean. In light of raised awareness about the necessity for meticulous reprocessing of all types of endoscopes, a call for international collaboration is needed. An overview is presented on current practices for endoscope reprocessing in facilities worldwide. Method: An electronic survey was developed and disseminated by the International Society for Antimicrobials and Chemotherapy. The survey consisted of 50 questions aimed at assessing the reprocessing of flexible endoscopes internationally. It covered three core elements: stakeholder involvement, assessment of perceived risks, and reprocessing process. Results: The survey received a total of 165 completed responses from 39 countries. It is evident that most facilities, 82% (n = 136), have a standard operating procedure. There is, however a lot of variation within the flexible endoscope reprocessing practices observed. The need for regular training and education of reprocessing practitioners were identified by 50% (n = 83) of the respondents as main concerns that need to be addressed in order to increase patient safety in endoscope reprocessing procedures. Conclusion: This international survey on current flexible endoscope reprocessing identified a large variation for reprocessing practices among different health care facilities/countries. A standardised education and training programme with a competency assessment is essential to prevent reprocessing lapses and improve patient safety.

Evaluation of adenosine triphosphate test for cleaning assessment of gastroscopes and the effect on workload in a busy endoscopy center.

OBJECTIVE: Using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) tests to assess manual cleaning of gastroscopes and to determine the associated workload in a busy endoscopy unit. METHODS: Patient-used gastroscopes were sampled before and after cleaning to assess ATP levels, bioburden, and protein. Samples were collected by flushing 20 mL of sterile water through the biopsy port to the distal end. Time spent for reprocessing and performing the ATP test was recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-four samples were collected from 10 gastroscopes. After manual cleaning, 14/24 (58.3%) samples had no microbial growth (mean, 21 colony-forming units/cm2), and in 22/24 (91.7%) samples the protein was undetectable (mean, 0.04 µg/cm2). ATP test was above the cutoff (200 relative light units [RLU]) in 17/24 (70.8%) samples (mean, 498 RLU). After the second cleaning, 11/17 (64.7%) gastroscopes still failed the ATP test (mean, 321.2 RLU). The mean time spent to perform manual cleaning and ATP tests was 16 and 8 minutes, respectively. Hence, each test increased the length of time for cleaning plus testing cleanliness by 50%. CONCLUSION: Further studies regarding the optimal cutoff for ATP tests are needed. ATP tests for cleaning monitoring are easy to perform and provide immediate feedback to the team. However, the increased workload needs to be considered.

[Importance of cleaning and disinfection of critical surfaces in dental health services. Impact of an intervention program]. / Importancia del proceso de limpieza y desinfección de superficies críticas en un servicio dental. Impacto de un programa de intervención.

Introduction Dental care has become a challenge for healthcare associated infection prevention programs, since the environment, within other factors, plays an important role in the transmission chain. Materials and Methods An intervention program was designed for the Dental Unit of Hospital Militar de Santiago, between years 2014 and 2015. The program contemplated 3 stages: diagnostic, intervention and evaluation stage. Objective To improve the safety of critical surfaces involved in dental healthcare. Results During the diagnostic stage, the cleaning and disinfection process was found to be deficient. The most contaminated critical surface was the instrument holder unit, then the clean area and lamp handle. The surfaces that significantly reduced their contamination, after the intervention, were the clean area and the instrument carrier unit. Conclusion Training in the processes of cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and dental equipment is one of the cost-effective strategies in preventing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI), with simple and easy-to-apply methods.

Optimizing duodenoscope reprocessing: rigorous assessment of a culture and quarantine protocol.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Iatrogenic infections related to duodenoscopes remain a top concern for medical centers where ERCP is performed. We assessed the long-term results and impact of key interventions in the optimization of a rigorous "culture and quarantine" program for duodenoscope reprocessing. METHODS: We reviewed a prospectively collected, quality assurance database of all duodenoscope cultures (n = 4307) obtained for the initial 3-year duration of culture and quarantine from 2014 to 2017 in a single U.S.-based, high-volume endoscopy center. All duodenoscopes were subject to manual cleaning and automated reprocessing and drying, followed by sampling using a modified protocol developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Duodenoscopes were cultured per-use. RESULTS: A total of 4307 duodenoscope cultures were obtained during the study period. High-concern organisms were isolated from 33 of these cultures, resulting in a .697% high-level disinfection defect rate. Statistically significant interventions included withdrawal of a high-frequency culture-positive duodenoscope (scope A) from clinical service in addition to implementation of new manufacturer-recommended cleaning protocols. Withdrawal of a second high-frequency culture-positive duodenoscope (scope B) and a mandatory device retrofit had no effect on the observed rate of positive duodenoscope cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Withdrawal of duodenoscopes with a high rate of culture positivity and optimizing manual cleaning practices have contributed to an overall decline in the high-level disinfection defect rate. A stringent culture and quarantine protocol allowed identification of the culprit endoscopes. There remains a much-needed role for an inexpensive and highly reliable method to check on the adequacy of reprocessing given the inherent complexity of these tasks.

Importancia del proceso de limpieza y desinfección de superficies críticas en un servicio dental: impacto de un programa de intervención / Importance of cleaning and disinfection of critical surfaces in dental health services: impact of an intervention program

Resumen Introducción La atención odontológica se ha transformado en un desafío para los programas de prevención y control de infecciones asociadas a la atención de salud (IAAS), dado que el ambiente, entre otros factores, juega un rol importante en la cadena de transmisión. Método Se realizó un programa de intervención en el Servicio de Dental del Hospital Militar de Santiago, entre los años 2014-2015, que contempló tres etapas: etapa diagnóstica, de intervención y de evaluación. Objetivo Mejorar la seguridad de las superficies críticas involucradas en la atención dental. Resultados Durante la etapa diagnóstica se constató que el proceso de limpieza y desinfección era deficiente. La superficie crítica más contaminada fue la unidad porta-instrumental, luego el área limpia y la manilla de la lámpara. Las superficies que redujeron significativamente su contaminación, posterior a la intervención, fueron el área limpia y la unidad porta-instrumental. Conclusiones La capacitación en relación a los procesos de limpieza y desinfección de superficies y del equipamiento dental es una de las estrategias costo-eficientes en la prevención de las IAAS, sencilla y fácil de aplicar.

Introduction Dental care has become a challenge for healthcare associated infection prevention programs, since the environment, within other factors, plays an important role in the transmission chain. Materials and Methods An intervention program was designed for the Dental Unit of Hospital Militar de Santiago, between years 2014 and 2015. The program contemplated 3 stages: diagnostic, intervention and evaluation stage. Objective To improve the safety of critical surfaces involved in dental healthcare. Results During the diagnostic stage, the cleaning and disinfection process was found to be deficient. The most contaminated critical surface was the instrument holder unit, then the clean area and lamp handle. The surfaces that significantly reduced their contamination, after the intervention, were the clean area and the instrument carrier unit. Conclusion Training in the processes of cleaning and disinfecting surfaces and dental equipment is one of the cost-effective strategies in preventing healthcare-associated infections (HCAI), with simple and easy-to-apply methods.

Efficiency of cleaning and disinfection of surfaces: correlation between assessment methods / Eficiencia de la limpieza y desinfección de superficies: correlación entre métodos de evaluación / Eficiência da limpeza e desinfecção de superfícies: correlação entre métodos de avaliação

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the correlation among the ATP-bioluminescence assay, visual inspection and microbiological culture in monitoring the efficiency of cleaning and disinfection (C&D) of high-touch clinical surfaces (HTCS) in a walk-in emergency care unit. Method: a prospective and comparative study was carried out from March to June 2015, in which five HTCS were sampled before and after C&D by means of the three methods. The HTCS were considered dirty when dust, waste, humidity and stains were detected in visual inspection; when ≥2.5 colony forming units per cm2 were found in culture; when ≥5 relative light units per cm2 were found at the ATP-bioluminescence assay. Results: 720 analyses were performed, 240 per method. The overall rates of clean surfaces per visual inspection, culture and ATP-bioluminescence assay were 8.3%, 20.8% and 44.2% before C&D, and 92.5%, 50% and 84.2% after C&D, respectively (p<0.001). There were only occasional statistically significant relationships between methods. Conclusion: the methods did not present a good correlation, neither quantitative nor qualitatively.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar correlación del test ATP-bioluminiscencia con inspección visual y cultivo microbiológico en monitoreo de eficiencia de limpieza y desinfección (L&D) de superficies clínicas altamente tocadas (SCAT) en unidad de pronta atención. Métodos: estudio comparativo, prospectivo, realizado de marzo a junio de 2015, cuando cinco SCAT fueron muestreadas antes y después de L&D de rutina por los tres métodos. Las SCAT fueron consideradas sucias cuando presentaban: en inspección visual: polvo, deyecciones, humedad y manchas; en cultivo: ≥205 unidades formadoras de colonias por cm2, y en ATP-bioluminiscencia: ≥5 Unidades Relativas de Luz por cm2. Resultados: fueron realizadas 720 evaluaciones, 240 por método. La tasa global de superficies limpias por inspección visual, cultivo y ATP-bioluminiscencia fue, respectivamente, 8,3%, 20,8% y 44,2% antes de la L&D y de 92,5%, 50% y 84,2% después (p<0,001). Existieron sólo asociaciones puntuales estadísticamente significativas entre los métodos. Conclusión: los métodos no presentan buena correlación cuantitativa, ni cualitativa.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a correlação do teste de ATP-bioluminescência com inspeção visual e cultura microbiológica na monitorização da eficiência da limpeza e desinfecção (L&D) de superfícies clínicas altamente tocadas (SCAT) em unidade de pronto atendimento. Métodos: estudo comparativo, prospectivo, conduzido de março a junho de 2015, de forma que cinco SCAT foram amostradas antes e depois da L&D de rotina pelos três métodos. As SCAT foram consideradas sujas quando apresentaram: na inspeção visual, poeira, dejetos, umidade e manchas; na cultura, ≥2,5 unidades formadoras de colônias por cm2 e; no ATP-bioluminescência, ≥5 Unidades Relativas de Luz por cm2. Resultados: foram realizadas 720 avaliações, sendo 240 por método. A taxa global de superfícies limpas por inspeção visual, cultura e ATP-bioluminescência foi, respectivamente, de 8,3%, 20,8% e 44,2% antes da L&D e de 92,5%, 50% e 84,2% após (p<0,001). Houve apenas associações pontuais estatisticamente significativas entre os métodos. Conclusão: os métodos nem apresentaram boa correlação quantitativa, nem, qualitativa.

Efficiency of cleaning and disinfection of surfaces: correlation between assessment methods.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the correlation among the ATP-bioluminescence assay, visual inspection and microbiological culture in monitoring the efficiency of cleaning and disinfection (C&D) of high-touch clinical surfaces (HTCS) in a walk-in emergency care unit. METHOD: a prospective and comparative study was carried out from March to June 2015, in which five HTCS were sampled before and after C&D by means of the three methods. The HTCS were considered dirty when dust, waste, humidity and stains were detected in visual inspection; when ≥2.5 colony forming units per cm2 were found in culture; when ≥5 relative light units per cm2 were found at the ATP-bioluminescence assay. RESULTS: 720 analyses were performed, 240 per method. The overall rates of clean surfaces per visual inspection, culture and ATP-bioluminescence assay were 8.3%, 20.8% and 44.2% before C&D, and 92.5%, 50% and 84.2% after C&D, respectively (p<0.001). There were only occasional statistically significant relationships between methods. CONCLUSION: the methods did not present a good correlation, neither quantitative nor qualitatively.

Innovative non-thermal plasma disinfection process inside sealed bags: Assessment of bactericidal and sporicidal effectiveness in regard to current sterilization norms.

In this work, we developed a device capable to generate a non-thermal plasma discharge inside a sealed bag. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the oxygen, nitrogen and argon plasma sterilization on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis spores according to the NF EN 556 Norm. Moreover the bag integrity which is a critical key to maintain the sterile state of items after the end of the process was verified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) analyses. After plasma treatments, the bacterial counting showed a 6 log reduction of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in 45 min and 120 min respectively whatever the gas used and a 4 log reduction of B. subtilis spores in 120 min with only oxygen plasma. These results were confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations showing altered bacteria or spores and numerous debris. Taking into account the studied microorganisms, the oxygen plasma treatment showed the highest efficiency. FTIR and XPS analyses showed that this treatment induced no significant modification of the bags. To conclude this non-thermal plasma sterilization technique could be an opportunity to sterilize heat and chemical-sensitive medical devices and to preserve their sterile state after the end of the process.

Assessment of disinfection of hospital surfaces using different monitoring methods.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the efficiency of cleaning/disinfection of surfaces of an Intensive Care Unit. METHOD: descriptive-exploratory study with quantitative approach conducted over the course of four weeks. Visual inspection, bioluminescence adenosine triphosphate and microbiological indicators were used to indicate cleanliness/disinfection. Five surfaces (bed rails, bedside tables, infusion pumps, nurses' counter, and medical prescription table) were assessed before and after the use of rubbing alcohol at 70% (w/v), totaling 160 samples for each method. Non-parametric tests were used considering statistically significant differences at p<0.05. RESULTS: after the cleaning/disinfection process, 87.5, 79.4 and 87.5% of the surfaces were considered clean using the visual inspection, bioluminescence adenosine triphosphate and microbiological analyses, respectively. A statistically significant decrease was observed in the disapproval rates after the cleaning process considering the three assessment methods; the visual inspection was the least reliable. CONCLUSION: the cleaning/disinfection method was efficient in reducing microbial load and organic matter of surfaces, however, these findings require further study to clarify aspects related to the efficiency of friction, its frequency, and whether or not there is association with other inputs to achieve improved results of the cleaning/disinfection process.