The mental health of those whose rights have been taken away: An essay on the mental health of indigenous peoples in the face of the 2019 Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak.

Background: : In Latin America there are about 45 million indigenous people in 826 communities that represent 8.3% of the population. An estimated 798,365 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander were in Australia, 5,2 million indigenous people living in America and 2,13 million in Canada. Racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service use have increased especially in the context of the new coronavirus pandemic. Thus, we aimed to describe the mental health situation of the indigenous population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: : The studies were identified in well-known international journals found in three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and MEDLINE. The data were cross-checked with information from the main international newspapers. Results: : According to the literature, due to the COVID-19 pandemic there is a lack of specialized mental health services and professionals, a restricted access to quality information and a lack of access to inputs, causing negative feelings and it can exacerbate pre-existing mental problems (eg: depression, suicidal ideation, smoking and binge drink). The cultural differences are a risk factor to worsen the mental health of this already vulnerable population. Conclusion: : providing psychological first aid is an essential care component for indigenous populations that have been victims COVID-19 pandemic.

Exercise of human rights of institutionalized persons: perception of psychiatric hospital professionals.

OBJECTIVE: to comprehend the existing possibilities for the exercise of human rights by persons with mental disorders who are institutionalized in a psychiatric hospital, from the perception of professionals. METHOD: this is a qualitative descriptive-exploratory study conducted at a Psychiatric Hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. For data obtention, eleven professionals responded to a semistructured questionnaire. The traditional content analysis proposed by Bardin based the data analysis. RESULTS: the professionals know the human rights and try to preserve them in the hospital scope, although they recognize that the persons hospitalized are not entirely respected due to the lack of public policies or their non-suitability to the Brazilian reality. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the structuring of extra-hospital services is necessary, as well as the comprehension of the professionals that act in psychiatric hospitals about the objectives and the functioning of such devices to assure opportunities of exercising rights by institutionalized persons.

Sobreviver nas ruas: percursos de resistência à negação do direito à saúde / Sobrevivir en las calles: resistencias a la negación del derecho a la salud / Surviving on the streets: paths of resistance to the denial of health rights

RESUMO. Contextos de exclusão conformam ciclos de marginalização de grupos populacionais, como a população em situação de rua (PSR). Nesse contexto violações de direitos humanos são recorrentes, em especial a dificuldade de acesso à saúde. A efetivação das políticas para a PSR nas cidades brasileiras ainda é escassa, por sua restrição a cidades de médio e grande porte e ao parco investimento público. Dessa forma, o estudo tem por objetivo investigar os percursos de cuidado à saúde da PSR em um município de pequeno porte. Foram realizadas observações de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas para identificação e compreensão dos recursos acionados nas trajetórias de cuidado à saúde, que foram analisadas a partir da análise de conteúdo temática. Ressaltaram-se as diversas estratégias desenvolvidas pelo público diante da negação do direito à saúde e ao autocuidado. Destacam-se entre os resultados a precariedade de ofertas ao cuidado da saúde da mulher, a restrição do cuidado em saúde ao uso de substâncias psicoativas, de cunho medicalizante e centrado no paradigma da abstinência. Observou-se a importância da moradia para o cuidado integral, e das redes sociais e comunitárias como forma de restabelecimento da saúde nas ruas.

RESUMEN. Los contextos de exclusión conforman ciclos de marginación de grupos poblacionales, como la población en situación de calle (PSC). En este contexto, violaciones de derechos humanos son recurrentes, en especial la dificultad de acceso a la salud. La efectividad de las políticas para la PSC en las ciudades brasileñas sigue siendo escasa, por su restricción a ciudades de mediano y gran porte y a la poca inversión pública. Así, el estudio buscó investigar los recorridos de cuidado a la salud de la PSC en una ciudad de pequeño porte. Se realizaron observaciones de campo y entrevistas semiestructuradas para identificación y comprensión de los recursos accionados en las trayectorias de cuidado de la salud, que fueron analizadas a partir del análisis de contenido temático. Se resaltan las diversas estrategias desarrolladas por este público como forma de resistencia a la negación del derecho a la salud y autocuidado. Se destacan la precariedad de ofertas al cuidado de la salud de la mujer, la restricción del cuidado en salud al uso de sustancias psicoactivas, de cuño de medicalización y centrado en el paradigma de la abstinencia. Se observaron la importancia de la vivienda para el cuidado integral, y de las redes sociales y comunitarias como forma de restablecimiento de la salud en las calles.

ABSTRACT. Exclusion contexts constitute cycles of marginalization of population groups, such as the homeless people (HP). In this context, human rights violations are recurrent, especially related to the difficulty of access to health services. The effectiveness of the policies for HP in Brazilian cities is still scarce, due to its restriction to medium and large cities and the limited public investment. Thus, the study sought to investigate HP health care paths in a small city. Field observations and semi-structured interviews were carried out to identify and understand the resources used in health care trajectories, which were analyzed based on thematic content analysis. Several strategies developed by the public in the face of the denial to the health rights and self-care are highlighted. Among the results, the precariousness of offers to women's health care, the restriction of health care to the use of psychoactive substances, of medicalizing nature and centered on the abstinence paradigm were stood out. It was observed the importance of housing for comprehensive care, and social and community networks as a way of restoring health on the streets.

Offenders' perceptions of the UK prison smoking ban.

PURPOSE: Despite overall reductions in levels of smoking in the UK, rates of offender smoking remain high. In 2016, it was announced that prisons in England and Wales would gradually introduce a smoking ban. The purpose of this paper is to explore offenders' perceptions around the upcoming smoking ban. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A total of eight focus groups were conducted in four prisons across the North of England. Both smoking and non-smoking offenders participated in the focus groups, and thematic analysis was used to explore the findings. FINDINGS: Themes generated from the data were "freedom and rights", "the prison environment" and "guiding support". Participants discussed how the smoking ban was viewed as a punishment and restricted their freedom, with perceptions as to why the ban was being implemented centring around others trying to control them. Participants expressed concerns around the financial implications of the smoking ban on already stretched prison resources. Participants also recommended improving the nicotine replacement therapy on offer, and increasing the range of leisure activities within the prison to prepare for the smoking ban. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Overall, it was apparent that participants' awareness of the smoking ban was generally poor. It is recommended that offenders need to be made more aware of the smoking cessation support they will receive and given the opportunity to ask questions about the smoking ban. Increasing offenders' awareness of the ban may reduce stress associated with a perceived lack of choice around their smoking behaviours.

Health as a right and the care of the self: conception of nursing professionals.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze health as a right from the perspective of care of the self, in the conception of nursing professionals. METHOD: Qualitative study, carried out in a Federal Hospital of the city of Rio de Janeiro, with the participation of 10 nurses and 20 nursing technicians through interviews recorded, transcribed and analyzed in light of the Discursive Textual Analysis. RESULTS: Two categories emerged: Health as the right of professionals and their "non-right" to health; and Care of the self for the health professional: work and torture. CONCLUSION: There are many challenges to overcome, such as the search for satisfactory public funding, the need to improve the quality of Primary Health Care services, the implementation of a care model compatible with the country's demographic and epidemiological situation; all professionals need an effective endorsement for care of the self, such as their knowledge of the right to health.

Health as a right and the care of the self: conception of nursing professionals / Salud como derecho y cuidado de sí: concepción de los profesionales de enfermería / Saúde como direito e cuidado de si: concepção dos profissionais de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze health as a right from the perspective of care of the self, in the conception of nursing professionals. Method: Qualitative study, carried out in a Federal Hospital of the city of Rio de Janeiro, with the participation of 10 nurses and 20 nursing technicians through interviews recorded, transcribed and analyzed in light of the Discursive Textual Analysis. Results: Two categories emerged: Health as the right of professionals and their "non-right" to health; and Care of the self for the health professional: work and torture. Conclusion: There are many challenges to overcome, such as the search for satisfactory public funding, the need to improve the quality of Primary Health Care services, the implementation of a care model compatible with the country's demographic and epidemiological situation; all professionals need an effective endorsement for care of the self, such as their knowledge of the right to health.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la salud como derecho en la perspectiva del cuidado de sí, en la concepción de los profesionales de enfermería. Método: Estudio cualitativo realizado en un Hospital Federal de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, con la participación de 10 enfermeros y 20 técnicos en enfermería mediante entrevistas grabadas, transcritas y analizadas a la luz del Análisis Textual Discursivo. Resultados: Se plantearon dos categorías: La salud como derecho del profesional y su "no derecho" a la salud; y El cuidado de sí para el profesional de la salud: trabajo y suplicio. Conclusión: Muchos son los desafíos a superar, tales como la búsqueda de un financiamiento público satisfactorio, la necesidad de mejorar la calidad de los servicios de Atención Primaria de Salud, la implementación de un modelo asistencial compatible con la situación demográfica y epidemiológica del país; todos los profesionales necesitan una efectiva atención para el cuidado de sí, como el conocimiento de sí en la búsqueda del derecho a la salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a saúde como direito na perspectiva do cuidado de si, na concepção dos profissionais de enfermagem. Método: Estudo qualitativo realizado em um Hospital Federal da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, com a participação de 10 enfermeiros e 20 técnicos em enfermagem mediante entrevistas gravadas, transcritas e analisadas à luz da Análise Textual Discursiva. Resultados: Emergiram duas categorias: A saúde como direito do profissional e o seu "não direito" à saúde; e O cuidado de si para o profissional de saúde: trabalho e suplício. Conclusão: Muitos são os desafios a superar, tais como a busca de um financiamento público satisfatório, a necessidade de melhorar a qualidade dos serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde, a implementação de um modelo assistencial compatível com a situação demográfica e epidemiológica do país; todos os profissionais precisam de uma efetiva visada para cuidado de si, como o conhecimento de si na busca pelo direito à saúde.

Operationalization of patients' rights in Sudan: Quantifying nurses' knowledge.

BACKGROUND: Promoting patients' rights is essential for defining the standards of clinical services within a country. Given their responsibilities, nurses can be the primary target for research to investigate the issue of patients' rights within a healthcare system. As such, assessing the knowledge of nurses about patients' rights is an essential step toward improving the quality of healthcare in limited resource settings like Sudan. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the level of knowledge about patients' rights among the nursing staff at Friendship Teaching Hospital in Sudan. METHODS: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out at the Friendship Teaching Hospital in Sudan. We surveyed the totality of nurses (95) at the hospital using an amended survey. The data were analyzed in SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION: The study was approved by the Research Unit of Khartoum Ministry of Health and the Hospital administration. All respondents gave verbal consent prior to participating in the study. RESULTS: Only 48.4% of the participants knew about the existence of the Sudanese Charter of patients' rights. Nonetheless, our analysis found that 65.8% of nurses had acceptable level of knowledge (scored more than 75% of the total knowledge score) of patients' rights, and none of the participant scored less than 50% of the total knowledge score. Finally, we found no statistical association between the knowledge score and demographic data, educational level, whether the participant knows about the existence of the Charter or not and a number of other factors. CONCLUSION: Nurses' lack of knowledge about the existence of the Sudanese Charter of patients' rights adopted in 2009 rights confirms the need for further efforts by Ministry of Health to promote the document. Furthermore, further research is needed to investigate the disconnect between nurses' lack of knowledge about the existence of the charter and their awareness of the rights within the charter as well as the actual implementation of rights.

Epistemic struggles: The role of advocacy in promoting epistemic justice and rights in mental health.

Advocacy for people using health and social care services is widely promoted but its theoretical foundation is under-developed and its impact poorly conceptualised. This paper explores the liberatory potential of independent advocacy, using Fricker's concept of 'epistemic injustice' as a framework. People experiencing mental distress are particularly vulnerable to epistemic injustices as a consequence of deeply embedded social stigma resulting in a priori assumptions of irrationality and unreliability such that their knowledge is often discounted or downgraded. The mental health service user/survivor movement is at the forefront of validating personal experience and narrative to secure a different ontological and epistemological basis for mental distress. A foundational strand of this is advocacy to enable people to give voice to their experience. The case of independent mental health advocacy (IMHA) services under mental health legislation in England, provides an opportunity to critically examine whether advocacy can promote epistemic justice as a result of the legally sanctioned encounter between clinical assessment and subjective experience, pivoting on judgements about risk. This paper draws on empirical data from a national evaluation of IMHA services, which included 90 individual interviews with people subject to detention and three focus groups with mental health service users. Fricker's concept of epistemic injustice is used as a lens to investigate how this type of advocacy might mitigate forms of epistemic injustice, and thereby promote greater social justice in mental health. The concept of epistemic injustice provides a valuable theoretical basis for understanding the worth of advocacy in addressing testimonial injustice as well as its relative weakness in overcoming hermeneutical injustice. The challenge of independent advocacy to the dominant discourse within mental health is considered and questions raised about the place of advocacy in modern democratic mental health systems.

Living with mutilation: A qualitative study on the consequences of female genital mutilation in women's health and the healthcare system in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Female genital mutilation is a health and human rights issue which extends to western countries. It is estimated that there are some seventeen thousand women and girls living in Spain who have either been mutilated or are at risk of being so. Healthcare professionals face the challenge of providing adequate care in response to this emerging problem. AIM: To discover the repercussions of female genital mutilation on the health of sub-Saharan women residing in Spain, as well as the healthcare received. METHODS: A life-history qualitative research design was utilized. The study population included 14 genitally mutilated women residing in the Region of Murcia who had given birth in Spain and been attended to by the national public healthcare system. RESULTS: Women suffer physical, psychological, obstetric and sexual health issues as a result of female genital mutilation and despite having a favourable perception of the healthcare received during the pregnancy and the delivery, the provision of health education, detection and treatment of female genital mutilation by healthcare professionals was seen to be lacking. CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Healthcare policy must address insufficiencies in delivering adequate care to immigrant women who have been the victim of female genital mutilation by implementing the necessary resources and training for professionals to effectively meet the specific healthcare needs of this population and prevent this cruel practice from being perpetuated.

Projetos de igualdade de direitos às pessoas LGBT: significados das/os professoras/es sobre o seu protagonismo / Projects of equality of rights to LGBT people: meanings of teachers on their protagonism / Proyectos de igualdad de derechos a las personas LGBT: significados de las/los profesoras(es) sobre su protagonismo

O presente artigo aborda os significados atribuídos por professoras e professores sobre o protagonismo em projetos de promoção à igualdade de direitos, voltados à LGBT na escola. Utilizou-se a abordagem qualitativa a partir da perspectiva histórico-cultural. Participaram 05 professores que atuavam na rede estadual de Manaus, Amazonas. Realizou-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, individuais. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizada a proposta de Núcleos de Significação. Verificou-se que os significados das/os participantes como: não obrigação, cobrado, forçado, imposição e aversão funcionam como mantenedores da não implicação com à promoção da igualdade de direitos com LGBT na escola. Porém, há professores que compreendem a importância desta atuação em projetos dessa natureza. Destaca-se que neste contexto, apenas um professor verbalizou essa relevância em seu discurso. Por outro lado, foi verificado uma professora que "por questões religiosas" não se vincularia a projetos que abordassem o tema gênero e sexualidade e outro professor que alegou que se tivesse tempo ou fosse dispensado da carga horária participaria. É invisível nas narrativas a transversalidade desses temas como um assunto que pode ser abordado em sala de aula. Se fosse transversal ao menos na sala, seria uma possibilidade de protagonismo em projetos/ações de igualdade de direitos à LGBT na escola.(AU)

This article addresses the meanings attributed by teachers as their protagonism in projects to promote equal rights to LGBT students at the school. A qualitative approach from the historical-cultural perspective was performed. Five teachers who worked at state schools in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil, participated in the study. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted. It was used the Nuclei of Significance proposal. It was verified that the meanings of the participants, such as no obligation, asked, forced, imposed, and aversion maintain the non-implication with the promotion of equal rights with LGBT at school. However, there are teachers who understand the importance of this participation in these types of projects. It is noteworthy that in this context, only one teacher talked about this relevance. On the other hand, another teacher, "due to religious reasons", said that she would not be involved in projects related to gender and sexuality subjects, and another one stated that if he had the time or if he was exempted from his workload, he would participate in the projects. In the narratives, there is no transversality of these subjects as a topic that can be approached in the classroom. If they were transversal subjects at least in the classroom, there would be a possibility of protagonism in projects/measures of equality of rights to the LGBT at the school.(AU)

El presente artículo aborda los significados atribuidos por profesoras(es) sobre su protagonismo en proyectos para promover la igualdad de derechos relacionados con la LGBT en la escuela. Se utilizó el enfoque cualitativo a partir de la perspectiva histórico-cultural. Cinco profesores de la red estadual de enseñanza de Manaus (Estado de Amazonas, Brasil) participaron del estudio. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas individuales. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó la propuesta de Núcleos de Significación. Se verificó que los significados de las/los participantes como: no obligación, cobrado, forzado, imposición y aversión funcionan como mantenedores de la no implicación con la promoción de la igualdad de derechos con LGBT en la escuela, pero hay profesores que comprenden la importancia de la participación en proyectos de esa naturaleza. Es importante destacar que, en este contexto, sólo un profesor mencionó esa relevancia en su discurso. Por otro lado, una profesora que "por cuestiones religiosas" dijo que no se vincularía a proyectos que abordan el tema género y sexualidad, y otro profesor que alegó que, si tuviera tiempo o fuera dispensado de su carga horaria, participaría en el proyecto. No se ve en las narrativas la transversalidad de estos temas como un asunto que puede ser abordado en el aula. Si el tema fuera transversal por lo menos en el aula, sería una posibilidad de protagonismo en proyectos/acciones de igualdad de derechos a la LGBT en la escuela.(AU)

Beyond medical humanitarianism - Politics and humanitarianism in the figure of the Midani physician.

This article explores the complex position of local physicians at times of political unrest or conflict, conceptualizing local medical voluntarism as a form of collective action. It analyzes the evolving interpretation of medical neutrality among Egyptian physicians who provided medical assistance to injured protesters in the Egyptian uprising (2011-2013). In-depth interviews with 24 medical and non-medical volunteers on their perception of medical neutrality were matched with their mobilization and participation history, showing the extent towards which political considerations influenced their voluntary medical engagement. The results firstly show that revolutionary political considerations played a central role in the physicians' mobilization into medical networks active in the protests, as well as in their interpretation of their medical and non-medical activities. Secondly, I argue that the interpretation of medical neutrality among Egyptian physicians evolved significantly over time. A special type of medical volunteer took shape, the midani physician. This physician openly expresses his/her political convictions and adheres to (self-defined) humanitarian principles through a conscious reconciliation of the two. The article details the increasing difficulty of this task after the revolutionary movement splintered into competing factions and citizens ended up fighting each other instead of authoritarian rule.

Broadening understanding of accountability ecosystems in sexual and reproductive health and rights: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Accountability for ensuring sexual and reproductive health and rights is increasingly receiving global attention. Less attention has been paid to accountability mechanisms for sexual and reproductive health and rights at national and sub-national level, the focus of this systematic review. METHODS: We searched for peer-reviewed literature using accountability, sexual and reproductive health, human rights and accountability instrument search terms across three electronic databases, covering public health, social sciences and legal studies. The search yielded 1906 articles, 40 of which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria (articles on low and middle-income countries in English, Spanish, French and Portuguese published from 1994 and October 2016) defined by a peer reviewed protocol. RESULTS: Studies were analyzed thematically and through frequencies where appropriate. They were drawn from 41 low- and middle-income countries, with just over half of the publications from the public health literature, 13 from legal studies and the remaining six from social science literature. Accountability was discussed in five health areas: maternal, neonatal and child health services, HIV services, gender-based violence, lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgender access and access to reproductive health care in general. We identified three main groupings of accountability strategies: performance, social and legal accountability. CONCLUSION: The review identified an increasing trend in the publication of accountability initiatives in Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR). The review points towards a complex 'accountability ecosystem' with multiple actors with a range of roles, responsibilities and interactions across levels from the transnational to the local. These accountability strategies are not mutually exclusive, but they do change the terms of engagement between the actors involved. The publications provide little insight on the connections between these accountability strategies and on the contextual conditions for the successful implementation of the accountability interventions. Obtaining a more nuanced understanding of various underpinnings of a successful approach to accountability at national and sub national levels is essential.

Realization of the rights of persons with disabilities in Rwanda.

This scoping study assessed the realization of the rights for persons with disabilities in Rwanda since the signing of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD) in 2008. Underpinned by the five-stage framework of Arksey and O'Malley, the scoping study examined peer-reviewed literature published between 2008 and 2017. Nine electronic databases were searched using keywords specific to disability in Rwanda. Data were charted by three reviewers according to pre-determined and emergent categories. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data sources. A total of 60 scholarly articles met the inclusion criteria. Within the research, studies pertaining to the UN CRPD Articles of health, awareness raising, accessibility, and children with disabilities were the most published. The literature identified a movement towards the realization of the rights for persons with disabilities in Rwanda since the country signed the UN CRPD. Despite efforts to meet these rights, discrimination against persons with disabilities still exists and greater investment in the disability sector is needed, particularly for justice, social protection, and mental health services. Given the state of the evidence, concerning research gaps also exist in regards to deinstitutionalization and protection issues (i.e., violence and abuse). This consolidation of evidence may help to inform the decision-making priorities for government and civil society organizations in policy and programming and also direct future research.

Entre canteiros e nuvens, perigos e guarda-chuvas: A experiência de uma pesquisa-intervenção com pessoas em situação de rua / Among flower beds and clouds, dangers and umbrellas: The experience of an intervention research with people on the streets / Entre flores y nubes, los peligros y los paraguas: La experiencia de una investigación intervención con la gente en las calles

O artigo apresenta uma experiência de pesquisa-intervenção com pessoas em situação de rua, que buscou conhecer suas condições e trajetórias de vida, as violações de direitos sofridas, bem como suas necessidades, projetos e formas de resistência. A inserção no campo de pesquisa ocorreu por meio de uma etnografia. Foram realizadas entrevistas que possibilitaram a construção de um inventário de narrativas. Estas apontam algumas dificuldades enfrentadas pelas pessoas em situação de rua, como o preconceito, o não-lugar na cidade, a fragilidade das políticas públicas, a violência policial, e outras violações de direitos. As narrativas ainda revelam as multiplicidades da vida e as estratégias, táticas e astúcias desenvolvidas por essas pessoas para sua sobrevivência nas ruas. Por fim, destacamos a importância dos vínculos, solidariedades e produção de coletivos como vias emancipatórias em favor da invenção da vida e da luta por direitos humanos que ganham contornos neste contexto.

We present a research-intervention experience with homeless on the streets, that sought to know their living conditions and life trajectories, those suffered rights violations as well as their needs, projects and forms of resistance. Entering the research field was through an ethnography. Interviews were conducted that allowed the construction of an inventory of narratives. These point to some difficulties faced by people on the streets, such as prejudice, the non-place in the city, the fragility of public policy, police violence and other rights violations. The narratives also reveal the multiplicity of life and the strategies, tactics and cunnings developed by these people for their survival on the streets. Finally, it highlights the importance of the ties, solidarity and collective production as emancipatory way in favor of invention of life and the struggle for human rights that gain contours in this context.

Presentamos una experiencia de investigación-intervención con la gente en las calles, que trató de conocer sus condiciones y trayectorias de vida, esas violaciones de derechos sufridas, así como sus necesidades, proyectos y formas de resistencia. La inserción en el campo de pesquisa fue a través de una etnografía. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas que permitieron la construcción de un inventario de las narrativas. Estas indican algunas dificultades que enfrentan las personas en las calles, como los prejuicios, el no-lugar en la ciudad, la fragilidad de la política pública, la violencia policial y otras violaciónes de los derechos. Los relatos revelan también la multiplicidad de la vida y las estrategias, tácticas y astucias desarrolladas por estas personas para su sobrevivencia en las calles. Por último, se destaca la importancia de los lazos, la solidaridad y la producción colectiva como forma de emancipación a favor de la invención de la vida y la lucha por los derechos humanos que adquieren contornos en este contexto.

Privatização das prisões brasileiras: os dois lados da moeda / Privatization of brazilian prisons: the two sides of the currency / Privatización de las cárceles de brasil: las dos caras de la moneda

Desde o início da década de 1990, no Brasil, a privatização se mostrou como saída emergencial para a crise dos serviços que o Estado não consegue oferecer de modo eficiente, como educação, saúde, transporte, e mais recentemente a seguridade social. A pauta em questão agora é a segurança pública. Não conseguindo atender a demanda de processos que passam pelo Poder Judiciário, os estabelecimentos prisionais brasileiros estão ficando cada vez mais superlotados; os serviços defasados; constantes rebeliões; alto índice de criminalidade; negação dos direitos humanos e violência estrutural gritante. Assim, o presente artigo tem como escopo refletir sobre os dois lados da "moeda", acerca das privatizações das prisões, no cenário brasileiro. Foi utilizada a pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa e de caráter bibliográfico, com respaldo de referências teóricas da literatura especializada na área, além de documentos técnicos, de relatórios oficiais do governo e de ONG's que realizam trabalhos de controle social. A pesquisa evidenciou que a privatização parece ser a melhor saída em curto prazo, podendo resolver diversos problemas sociais. No entanto, como pensar no retorno lucrativo que toda privatização exige, se seu objetivo principal é a diminuição do público-alvo? Logo, ou essa alternativa criará um mercado que, se der certo, dará fim a si mesmo, ou acabaremos criando uma lógica de encarceramento ainda mais perversa.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, in Brazil, privatization has proved to be an emergency exit to crisis of services that the State cannot offer efficiently, such as Education, Health, Transportation, and more recently Social Security.The agenda in question is now Public Safety. Failing to meet the demand for lawsuits that pass through the Judiciary, Brazilian prisons are becoming increasingly overcrowded; the services lagged; Constant rebellions, high crime rate, denial of human rights and structural violence, glaring. Thus, this article aims to reflect on both sides of the 'currency' of prisons privatizations in the Brazilian scenario. He used the research with a qualitative approach and bibliographical character with the support of theoretical references from the specialized literature in the area, besides the technical documents, official reports from the Government and NGOs that carry out social control works. The research has shown that privatization seems to be the best way out inthe short term and can solve a number of social problems, but how can one think of the profitable return that all privatization requires if its main objective is to reduce the target population? So either this alternative will create a market that, if it turns out, will end itself, or we will end up creating an even more perverse logic of incarceration.

Desde el inicio de la década de 1990, en Brasil, la privatización se mostró como salida de emergencia a la crisis de los servicios que el Estado no puede ofrecer de manera eficiente, como Educación, Salud, Transporte, y más recientemente la Seguridad Social. La agenda en cuestión ahora es la Seguridad Pública. No logrando atender la demanda de procesos que pasan por el Poder Judicial, los establecimientos penitenciarios brasileños se están cada vez más superpoblados; Los servicios desfasados; Constantes rebeliones, alto índice de criminalidad, negación de los derechos humanos y violencia estructural, flagrante. Así, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre los dos lados de la moneda de las privatizaciones de las prisiones en el escenario brasileño. Se utilizó de la investigación con abordaje cualitativo y de carácter bibliográfico con respaldo de referencias teóricas de la literatura especializada en el área, además de los documentos técnicos, de informes oficiales del Gobierno y de ONG que realizan trabajos de control social. ¿La investigación evidenció que la privatización parece ser la mejor salida a corto plazo, pudiendo resolver diversos problemas sociales, sin embargo, como pensar en el retorno lucrativo que toda privatización exige, sisu objetivo principal es la disminución del público objetivo? Por lo tanto, o esta alternativa creará un mercado que, si es cierto, dará fin a sí mismo, o acabaremos creando una lógica de encarcelamiento aún más perversa.

The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its take on sexuality.

After analysing the concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, hereafter referred to as the Committee, this paper examines how the Committee has sustained a protective, medical, and gender binary model to address the sexual and reproductive rights of persons with disabilities. To break away from this narrow approach to sexuality, I call for an understanding of sex/gender that is more fluid and shifting, recognising the ability of persons with disabilities to express and act upon desire consensually, and bringing into the discussion issues of sexual orientation and gender identity.

Rehabilitation for Survivors of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda: What Are the Lessons Learned?

Rehabilitation remains a significant concern among survivors of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Rehabilitation falls under tertiary prevention, which is a core function of public health. Despite efforts to introduce various rehabilitation programmes for genocide survivors in Rwanda, these initiatives have often proved inadequate in meeting their long-term needs. The failure of the Rwandan Government, international community, United Nations, and other Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) calls into serious question their commitment to international human rights laws. Rehabilitation should be regarded as a free-standing human right for genocide survivors and a human rights-based approach to the rehabilitative process should incorporate measurable outcomes based on an agreed ethical framework. The author calls upon the international community to reiterate its concerns about genocide survivors and reaffirm its commitments to human rights. The main issues discussed in this article are: the long-term needs of survivors of the 1994 genocide; what is already provided, and the gaps; how Stucki's Rehabilitation Cycle framework (a problem-solving tool) can help improve current provision; the role of the international community, NGOs, and genocide survivors' organisations in advancing rehabilitation; and the need for a human rights-based approach to rehabilitation. A strong recognition of the right to rehabilitation is crucial. An ethical framework related to the human rights-based approach should also assist in setting outcomes that can be measured against agreed standards, ensuring: rights that have been violated are identified; the accountability of each service provider in promoting rehabilitation; rehabilitation which is inclusive and non-discriminatory; participation by encouraging collaboration with survivors rather than doing things for them; and empowerment by enabling survivors to understand their rights and have the confidence to challenge or question when their rights have been violated.

Human rights conflicts experienced by nurses migrating between developed countries.

BACKGROUND: Some developed countries have recently changed their role in the context of international recruitment, becoming donors due to socio-economical and political factors such as recessions. This is also the case in Italy, where there has been a flow of immigrant nurses out of the country that has been documented over the past several years. In a short time, it has become a donor country to other developed European countries, such as the United Kingdom. AIMS: To advance knowledge in the context of human rights conflicts and ethical implications of the decision-making process of nurses who migrate between developed countries, such as from Italy to the United Kingdom, during times of recession. RESEARCH DESIGN: A case study based on the descriptive phenomenological approach was undertaken in 2014. Participants and research context: A total of 26 Italian newly graduated nurses finding a job in the United Kingdom were interviewed via Skype and telephone. Ethical considerations: The Internal Review Board of the University approved the project. FINDINGS: In accordance with the descriptive phenomenological approach undertaken, three main themes emerged: (1) escaping from the feeling of being refused/rejected in order to be desired, (2) perceiving themselves respected, as a person and as a nurse, in a growth project and (3) returning if the country changes its strategy regarding nurses. DISCUSSION: Ethical implications in the context of human rights, such as autonomy of the decision, social justice and reciprocal obligation, non-maleficence and double effect, have been discussed. CONCLUSION: The call for investing in nurses and nurses' care in developed countries facing recession is urgent. Investing in nurses means respecting individuals and citizens who are at risk of developing health problems during the recession.

What children think about their rights and their well-being: A cross-national comparison.

Recent years have brought a growing social and public commitment to the promotion of children's rights and children's well-being around the world, and these have become important goals of all those striving to improve children's lives. In spite of the intimate ideological connection between the concepts of children's rights and children's well-being, they have evolved separately both theoretically and empirically. In the current article, we present a study exploring the empirical association between these 2 concepts based on data from the International Survey on Children's Well-Being. This unique survey explores children's own perspectives on their well-being (subjective well-being), their perceptions and knowledge of their rights, and their reports on their right to participation. It includes data from more than 54,000 children aged 8-12 from 16 countries around the world. Our results showed clear cross-national differences between children's knowledge and perceptions of their rights and their reports on participation. Also, children's participation in different contexts in their lives showed an association with their subjective well-being; a weaker association was found between children's knowledge and perceptions of their rights. These results indicate that children's right to participation and, to some degree, their knowledge and thinking about their rights is an indicator of their well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record

An Examination of Juveniles' Miranda Abilities: Investigating Differences in Miranda Recall and Reasoning.

Juvenile suspects are routinely expected to possess an accurate recall of written or oral Miranda warnings. This study addresses the Miranda-related comprehension recall and reasoning of legally involved juveniles. It is the first juvenile research to compare systematically two levels of complexity for Miranda warnings with the three modalities (oral, written, or combined) of administration. Unexpectedly, easily read written warnings marginally outperformed the combined modality. In order to examine Miranda reasoning, three juvenile groups were operationalized: impaired, questionable, and likely adequate. Predictably, the impaired and questionable groups possessed significantly lower verbal abilities than the likely-adequate reasoning group. In addition, the likely-adequate group exhibited the strongest appreciation of the adversarial context in which Miranda waiver decisions are rendered. The discussion addresses the marked disparities in Miranda recall from a total recall versus component-by-component understanding of Miranda rights. It also considers more generally how crucially important Miranda misconceptions might be remedied. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.