Resolução de conflitos familiares por adolescentes e defesa do domínio pessoal / Adolescents' family conflict resolution and defense of personal domain / Resolución de conflictos familiares por adolescentes y defensa del dominio personal

Compreender as estratégias de resolução de conflitos utilizadas por adolescentes na relação com seus pais é fundamental para entender como ocorre seu desenvolvimento saudável. Este artigo investigou a resolução de conflitos de adolescentes em situações de confronto entre o seu domínio pessoal e o controle parental. 36 adolescentes com idades entre 15 e 17 anos, divididos igualmente conforme o sexo, responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada, que continha quatro situações de conflito hipotéticas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo semântica e a testes não paramétricos. Os resultados foram categorizados em sete estratégias: Assunção de culpa, Submissão, Mentira, Hostilidade, Diálogo/Explicação, Negociação e Outra. A forma predominante de resolução utilizada foi o Diálogo/Explicação, considerada como uma forma recorrente de defender o domínio pessoal. Foram encontradas diferenças em relação ao sexo dos participantes e à situação hipotética. Por fim, os resultados são discutidos em termos de grau de autonomia e tipo de defesa do domínio pessoal.(AU)

Understanding the conflict resolution strategies used by adolescents in their relationship with their parents is fundamental to understanding how their healthy development occurs. This article investigated the resolution of conflicts by adolescents in confrontation situations between their personal domain and parental control. A total of 36 adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years, divided equally according to sex, answered a semi-structured interview that contained four hypothetical conflict situations. Data were subjected to semantic content analysis and non-parametric tests. The results were categorized into seven strategies: Assumption of Guilt, Submission, Lie, Hostility, Dialogue/Explanation, Negotiation, and Other. The predominant form of resolution used was Dialogue/Explanation, considered a recurrent form of defense of the personal domain. Differences were found depending on the participants' gender and the hypothetical situation. Finally, the results are discussed regarding the degree of autonomy and type of defense of the personal domain.(AU)

Enterarse de las estrategias de resolución de conflictos que los adolescentes utilizan en la relación con sus padres es fundamental para comprender cómo ocurre el desarrollo saludable de los adolescentes. A partir de una entrevista semiestructurada, presentamos cuatro situaciones hipotéticas de conflicto que fueron analizadas y respondidas por 36 adolescentes de entre 15 y 17 años, divididos según el género. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis de contenido semántico y a pruebas no paramétricas. Los resultados se categorizaron en siete estrategias de resolución de conflictos: Asunción de culpa, Sumisión, Mentira, Hostilidad, Diálogo/Explicación, Negociación y Otros. La forma de resolución más utilizada fue Diálogo/Explicación, y esta categoría fue una forma de defensa del dominio personal. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias en función del género de los participantes y conforme la situación hipotética. Los resultados se discuten en términos de grado de autonomía y tipo de defensa del dominio personal.(AU)

Domestic violence against women in the brazilian media: study of social representations / Violencia doméstica contra las mujeres en los medios de comunicación brasileños: estudio de representaciones sociales / Violência doméstica contra as mulheres na mídia brasileira: estudo de representações sociais

This study examined the content published by the newspaper Folha de São Paulo regarding domestic violence before and after Law 11340/06, commonly known as Maria da Penha Law, came into force. A retrospective and comparative documentary research analyzed 3408 news reports published between 1994 and 2018. Divided into two corpora, '12 years before' and '12 years after' the Law, the material was analyzed using the IRaMuTeQ software and Descending Hierarchical Classification. The first corpus included news reports on cases involving celebrities and little about ordinary people. It also covered the feminist struggle to reduce domestic violence, focusing on specialized police stations and shelters. The second corpus included reports on the achievements generated by the Law and its challenges, pointing out the need to regard the law as more than a punitive instrument, addressing its preventive and care spheres. Problematizing how the media discloses such law is paramount, since the content divulged affects the construction of social representations.(AU)

Este artículo tuvo por objetivo identificar el contenido de la violencia doméstica transmitido en el periódico Folha de S. Paulo antes y después de la Ley 11.340/2006 (Ley Maria da Penha). La investigación fue de carácter documental retrospectivo y comparativa, realizada a partir de 3.408 noticias difundidas entre 1994 y 2018. El material se dividió en dos corpus: 12 años antes y 12 años después de la Ley, y se analizó con el software IRaMuTeQ. En el primer corpus, los medios informaron casos de celebridades y poco sobre la gente común. También abordaron la lucha feminista para reducir la violencia doméstica. Como no existe una legislación específica, la atención se centró en estaciones de policía especializadas y refugios. En el segundo corpus, se observaron los logros generados por la Ley y sus desafíos. Se identificó la necesidad de mirar la Ley desde un punto de vista no solo punitivo, sino también abordando las esferas preventivas y de asistencia. Se enfatiza la importancia de problematizar la difusión de la Ley en los medios, ya que los contenidos generalizados afectan la construcción de las representaciones sociales.(AU)

Este artigo pretende identificar o conteúdo sobre violência doméstica difundido no jornal Folha de S. Paulo antes e depois da Lei 11340/06 (Maria da Penha). A pesquisa foi documental, retrospectiva e comparativa; com 3408 reportagens entre 1994 e 2018. O material foi dividido em dois corpora: 12 anos antes e 12 anos depois da lei, e analisado com software IRaMuTeQ. No primeiro corpus, a mídia divulgava casos de celebridades e pouco acerca de pessoas do cotidiano. Também trouxe a luta feminista para diminuir a violência doméstica. Em virtude da então inexistência de uma legislação específica, os destaques eram as delegacias especializadas e as casas abrigo. No segundo corpus, observou-se as conquistas geradas pela lei e seus desafios. Identificou-se a necessidade de olhar para a lei por um viés não apenas punitivista, abordando as esferas preventivas e assistenciais. Destaca-se a importância de problematizar a difusão da lei na mídia, visto que os conteúdos perpassados afetam a construção de representações sociais.(AU)

Percepções de mulheres companheiras de homens presos acerca da conjugalidade / Perceptions on conjugality of female partners of imprisoned men / Percepciones de mujeres parejas de hombres encarcelados acerca de la conyugalidad

Este estudo objetivou compreender a experiência de mulheres companheiras de homens privados de liberdade acerca da conjugalidade. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, em que participaram 12 mulheres companheiras de homens presos. Como instrumentos, utilizou-se um questionário de dados sociodemográficos e uma entrevista semiestruturada, a qual foi analisada por meio da Análise Temática. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que as mulheres lançavam mão de diferentes estratégias para se manterem próximas de seus companheiros, engajando-se no tratamento penal deles, o que repercutiu em uma percepção de incremento da coesão conjugal. O compromisso assumido com seus relacionamentos mostrou-se relacionado, além do amor sentido pelos parceiros, a um desejo de manutenção do casamento e da família nuclear, além de evidenciar experiências de ciúme por parte dos homens. Dificuldades na comunicação, conflitos relacionados à insatisfação com o contexto prisional, além da falta de privacidade na intimidade e sexualidade do casal foram referidos pelas participantes.(AU)

This study aimed to understand the experience of conjugality of female partners of imprisoned men. Therefore, 12 female partners of imprisoned men participated in a qualitative study. The participants answered to a sociodemographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview, which was analyzed via Thematic Analysis. The results showed that women used different strategies to stay close to their partners, engaging in their criminal treatment, which reflected in a perception of increased marital cohesion. The commitment to the relationship was related to the love felt towards the partners, the desire to maintain the marriage and the nuclear family, in addition to the experience of men's jealousy. Moreover, it was identified difficulties in communication, conflicts related to dissatisfaction with prison context, and lack of privacy related to couple's intimacy and sexuality.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender la experiencia de las mujeres parejas de hombres encarcelados sobre la conyugalidad. Para ello, se realizó una investigación cualitativa, en la cual participaron doce mujeres parejas de hombres encarcelados. El instrumento utilizado fue un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos y una entrevista semiestructurada, la cual se aplicó el análisis temático. Los resultados encontrados demostraron que las mujeres usaban diferentes estrategias para mantenerse cerca de sus parejas, comprometiéndose en el tratamiento delictivo de ellos, lo que repercutió en una percepción de mayor cohesión marital. El compromiso asumido con sus relaciones se mostró relacionado, además del amor a los cónyuges, a un deseo de mantenimiento del matrimonio y del núcleo familiar, y reveló experiencias de celos por parte de los hombres. Las dificultades en la comunicación, los conflictos relacionados a la insatisfacción con el contexto carcelario, y la ausencia de privacidad en la intimidad y sexualidad de la pareja fueron mencionadas por las participantes.(AU)

Colonialism, science, and health.

In addition to genocide, slavery, and the dispossession of indigenous people, colonialism, as a form of control, meant the suppression of traditional knowledge. The imposition of Christianity, the modern Western paradigm, and modern science that followed perpetrated this suppression. The universal role held by modern science is supported neither by epistemic nor social aspects. It is ineffective and complicit in the collapse of civilization, and it is worsened by comprehensive and unifying ideas to be reduced to an input-process of technological innovation for the benefit of social control industries such as the military, information technology, communication, or health. Furthermore, it suppresses ancestral knowledge related to health and medicine that may be beneficial and must be researched (stimulant medicines). Coupled with the health industry, it promotes the medicalization of life, spreading uncertainty, anxiety, and unease. Therefore, it is an instrument of neocolonialism that imposes its priorities, supplanting problems in subordinated countries, and extracts substantial resources, which is detrimental to social policies and programs. The biggest objection to the universality of modern science is derived from its empiricist and reductionist nature. Through the practically impossible idea of a unifying and explanatory knowledge, it impedes researchers the understanding of the complexity of the world and their historical moment and to act accordingly. It transforms great creative and liberating potential to submissiveness for the interests of capital and its representatives.

El colonialismo, como forma de dominación, significó, además de genocidio, esclavitud o despojo de pueblos originarios, la supresión de saberes tradicionales perpetrada por la imposición del cristianismo, del paradigma moderno occidental y de la ciencia moderna que le siguió. El carácter universal detentado por la ciencia moderna no se sostiene en lo epistémico ni en lo social; es inoperante con y cómplice del colapso civilizatorio; se empobrece de ideas comprensivas e integradoras para reducirse al insumo-proceso de la innovación tecnológica en provecho de las industrias del control social (militar, informática, de comunicación o de la salud); y suprime saberes ancestrales de la esfera de la salud que encierran beneficios y posibilidades que es preciso investigar (medicina estimulante). Aunada a la industria de la salud, impulsa la medicalización de la vida, preñándola de incertidumbre, angustia y desasosiego. Es instrumento del neocolonialismo al imponer sus prioridades, que suplantan las propias de los países subordinados y sustraen cuantiosos recursos en detrimento de políticas y programas sociales. La mayor objeción a la universalidad de la ciencia moderna deriva de su carácter empirista y reduccionista que, al condicionar la imposibilidad práctica de un conocimiento integrador y explicativo, aleja a los investigadores del entendimiento de la complejidad del mundo, de su momento histórico y de actuar en consecuencia, y transforma la gran potencialidad creativa y liberadora de este enorme contingente en docilidad a los designios de los intereses del capital y sus agentes.

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI): Treatment Scales and Interpersonal Characteristics in a Sample of Men Charged with or Convicted of a Sexual Offense.

An individual's interpersonal features are pertinent to treatment within clinical populations. The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) contains two scales that assess the interpersonal features of warmth (WRM) and dominance (DOM), as well as two additional measures to assess to treatment prediction, process, and rejection (RXR; TPI). The current study examined associations between these PAI scales in a sample of 92 men who underwent comprehensive evaluations of sexual behavior after being charged with or convicted of a sexual offense. Analyses indicated that RXR was positively associated with WRM and DOM, TPI was negatively associated with WRM, and the two interpersonal scales of WRM and DOM were positively correlated with each other. A significant inverse relationship was found between the two treatment scales RXR and TPI indicating that motivation for treatment may have a limited relationship with the treatment process. WRM significantly predicted scores on the TPI, and both WRM and DOM predicted individual scores on RXR. Higher scores on positive impression management (PIM) were predictive of lower TPI and higher RXR, as individuals with higher stakes cases may score higher on PIM and underreport obstacles within treatment or be unwilling to accept the need for treatment. Overall, findings suggest that interpersonal characteristics identified by the PAI scales may be advantageous in approaching treatment within this population.

Actives, passives and power: heteronormative gender norms and their implications for intimate partner violence among men who have sex with men in Tajikistan.

Global research reveals that gender-role norms have a profound effect on socio- and psycho-sexual expression (e.g. sexual positioning) among gay and bisexual men, which in turn may affect mental health and sexual risks. However, little is known about these factors among gay and bisexual men in Muslim-majority countries such as Tajikistan. Using a combination of in-depth individual interviews and focus-group assessments, this exploratory, qualitative study examined how gender roles might function as a social determinant for the practice of sexual positioning, which in turn may influence intimate partner violence (IPV), sexual risk and relational power. Results suggest that being the 'active' partner in sexual relationships closely aligns with the construct of hegemonic masculinity, affording actives more power in male-male relationships which may in some cases result in IPV directed against 'passives'. Despite this imbalance, passives also hold power in some cases, such as easier access to public resources such as the police and gay and bisexual focused services. Further research should examine gender norms and sexual positioning relative to IPV and sexual risks among Muslim men in Tajikistan.

About the inconvenience of handling mixed-breed herds; aspects of social behavior as a potential source of stress and economic losses.

The objective of this study was to assess aspects of the social behavior of a mixed-breed herd of beef cows as a potential source for stress and economic losses. Angus (AN; N = 10), Brahman (BR; N = 10), and Senepol (SE; N = 10) cows were assigned to two groups (N = 15 each containing equal breed numbers) on separate pastures. Agonistic interactions (win/loss) during feeding were recorded daily for 45 days. Dominance values were estimated as the proportion of individuals dominated to total herdmates. From this, individuals were placed into social categories based upon linear ranking as follows: dominants (D), intermediate (I), and subordinates (S). Breed influenced (P < 0.01) social category, with SE cows being dominants (P < 0.05) over AN and BR cows. Interactions between AN and BR cows were less (P < 0.0005) than interactions between AN and SE (53 vs 140, respectively). Within breeds, BR (152) and SE (182) cows had more (P < 0.0005) agonistic interactions than AN (107) cows. Although apparently influenced by breed, agonistic interactions occurred more frequently (P < 0.005) between social categories than within social categories (814 vs 310, respectively). Dominant cows were involved in more agonistic interactions with cows from different social categories than were intermediate and subordinate cows (P < 0.0005). However, intermediate (100) and subordinate (157) cows generated more (P < 0.0005) agonistic interactions within their own social category than dominant cows (53). It was concluded that, in mixed-breed herds, breed influences both social organization and agonistic interactions which could be considered as potential sources of stress and economic losses.

A economia 'psíquica' importa? descolonização e elementos subjetivos de re-inscrição social / Does 'psychic' economy matter? decolonization and subjective elements of social reinscription / La economia 'psíquica' importa ? decolonización y elementos subjetivos de re-inscripción social

O objetivo deste trabalho é enfocar a trama dos processos subjetivos desencadeada pela dominação colonial na relação que ela estabelece entre dominador e dominado: como se imbricam e se interpolam as forças vitais de cada parte, um para subjugar o outro e fazê-lo ceder, vergando-o sob o peso da astúcia, da sedução, do medo; o outro para se opor à tirania e ao controle, resistindo, lutando ou até preferindo morrer. O artigo traz o ponto de vista de diferentes autores vinculados as reflexões sobre pós- e descolonialidade e seus encaminhamentos quanto as possibilidades de resistência à violência da opressão. O foco na economia psíquica põe em relevo as conexões inexoráveis entre história pessoal e coletiva, valorizando posicionamentos ontológicos, epistemológicos e psicológicos que escapam às frequentes dicotomias e reducionismos ao buscar visibilizar as relações paradoxais entre dominador e dominado.

The aim of the present paper is to focus on the patchwork of subjective processes engendered by colonial domination within the scope of relations between the oppressor and the oppressed: how the vital forces of each side imbricate and interpolate each other, the former to subjugate the other and make him/her acquiesce either by astuteness, seduction or terror; the latter, to oppose tyranny and control by struggling, resisting or even, preferring death. The article discusses post- and decolonial scholarship in view of articulating how possibilities of resisting to violence are envisaged within this tradition. The focus on the psychic economy brings forth the inexorable connections between personal and collective history. These are analysed in their ontological, epistemological and psychological underpinnings in order to escape the frequent dichotomies and reductionisms whenever the paradoxical relations between the oppressor and the oppressed are at stake.

El objetivo de ese trabajo es discutir la trama de los procesos subjetivos engendrados por la dominación colonial en el ámbito de la relación que se establece entre opresor y oprimido: como se mezclan las fuerzas vitales de cada parte, una para someter la otra haciendo con que ceda bajo el peso de la astucia, la seducción o el miedo; la otra para se oponer a la tiranía, al control, resistiendo, luchando hasta casi escoger la muerte. El artigo presenta el punto de vista de diferentes autores asociados a la discusión pos- o decolonial y sus contribuciones a la temática de la resistencia a la violencia de la opresión. El foco sobre la economía psíquica pone en relievo el enlace inexorable entre la historia personal y la colectiva teniendo en cuenta posiciones ontológicas, epistemológicas y psicológicas que escapan dicotomías y reduccionismos comunes cuando se intenta volver visible las relaciones paradojales entre el señor y el sujeto dominado.

Temporal microstructure of dyadic social behavior during relationship formation in mice.

Socially competent animals must learn to modify their behavior in response to their social partner in a contextually appropriate manner. Dominant-subordinate relationships are a particularly salient social context for mice. Here we observe and analyze the microstructure of social and non-social behaviors as 21 pairs of outbred CD-1 male mice (Mus Musculus) establish dominant-subordinate relationships during daily 20-minute interactions for five consecutive days in a neutral environment. Firstly, using a Kleinberg burst detection algorithm, we demonstrate aggressive and subordinate interactions occur in bursting patterns followed by quiescent periods rather than being uniformly distributed across social interactions. Secondly, we identify three phases of dominant-subordinate relationship development (pre-, middle-, and post-resolution) by utilizing two statistical methods to identify stability in aggressive and subordinate behavior across these bursts. Thirdly, using First Order Markov Chains we find that dominant and subordinate mice show distinct behavioral transitions, especially between tail rattling and other aggressive/subordinate behaviors. Further, dominant animals engaged in more digging and allogrooming behavior and were more likely to transition from sniffing their partner's body to head, whereas subordinates were more likely to transition from head sniffing to side-by-side contact. Lastly, we utilized a novel method (Forward Spike Time Tiling Coefficient) to assess how individuals respond to the behaviors of their partner. We found that subordinates decrease their tail rattling and aggressive behavior in response to aggressive but not subordinate behavior exhibited by dominants and that tail rattling in particular may function to deescalate aggressive behavior in pairs. Our findings demonstrate that CD-1 male mice rapidly establish dominance relationships and modify their social and non-social behaviors according to their current social status. The methods that we detail also provide useful tools for other researchers wishing to evaluate the temporal dynamics of rodent social behavior.

Contribuições da Psicologia às Lutas Transversais Travadas em Meio às Metrópoles de Privilégios / Contributions of Psychology to Cross-sectional Struggles Held at the Metropolis of Privileges / Contribuciones de la Psicología a las Luchas Transversales que se Libran en Medio a las Metropoles de Privilegios

Esse artigo tem por objetivo refletir sobre as possibilidades de contribuição da Psicologia a ações de enfrentamento a práticas violentas, e junto às lutas transversais travadas pelos grupos com os quais trabalhamos. Para tanto, partimos do conceito de lutas transversais de Michel Foucault, entendidas como lutas antiautoritárias e democratizantes que têm por alvo os mecanismos de dominação, exploração e submissão. Entendemos que os saberes psis, ao se colocarem a serviço das lutas transversais, podem servir como ferramentas de análise e enfrentamento a estes mecanismos. Nesse sentido, trazemos duas experiências de pesquisa e extensão realizadas em territórios que se encontravam em meio a processos de remoção, um deles na Comunidade Indiana, no bairro Tijuca, no Rio de Janeiro e o outro na Grande Cruzeiro, em Porto Alegre. Tais análises assumem o caráter de denúncia das violências decorrentes de gestões estatais, dando visibilidade às formas de submissão que operam pela produção do que chamaremos de uma "subjetividade culpada" e pela inscrição das populações alvo das remoções no lugar de não cidadãos, de sujeitos de um não direito. Buscaremos, ainda, evidenciar as articulações entre essas ferramentas de produção de subjetividade e as problemáticas materiais, decorrentes das desigualdades de acesso à moradia e à cidade. Por fim, afirmamos o caráter de resistência presente na compreensão de subjetividade como processo em constante construção e nas possibilidades de produzirmos rupturas nas práticas que encerram determinados modos de habitar e viver nas cidades como mais ou menos legítimos....(AU)

This article aims to reflect on the possibilities of contribution of Psychology to actions to confront violent practices, and the transversal struggles waged by the groups with which we work. To do so, we start from the concept of transverse struggles of Michel Foucault, understood as anti-authoritarian and democratizing struggles that aim at the mechanisms of domination, exploitation and submission. We understand that psis knowledge, when placed in the service of the transversal struggles waged by the groups with which we work, can serve as tools of analysis and coping with these mechanisms. In this sense, in this article, we bring two research and extension experiments carried out in territories that were in the midst of removal processes, one in the Indiana Community, in the Tijuca neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, and the other in the region of Grande Cruzeiro in Porto Alegre. Such analyses assume the character of denunciation of the violence arising from state management, promoted through the removal processes of Indiana and part of the Grande Cruzeiro, giving visibility to the forms of submission that operate through the production of what we will call a "guilty subjectivity" and by the inscription of the target populations of the removals in the place of non-citizens, of subjects of a non-right, of illegitimate inhabitants of the city. We will also seek, with our analyses, to highlight the articulations between these tools of production of subjectivity and the concrete material problems arising from the inequalities of access to housing and the city. Finally, we affirm the character of resistance present in the understanding of subjectivity as a process in constant construction and in the possibilities of producing ruptures in practices that contain certain ways of living in cities as more or less legitimate....(AU)

Este artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre las posibilidades de la contribución de la Psicología para hacer frente a las prácticas violentas, y junto con las luchas transversales que libran los grupos con los que trabajamos. Con este fin, partimos del concepto de luchas transversales de Michel Foucault, entendido como luchas antiautoritarias y democratizadoras que apuntan a los mecanismos de dominación, explotación y sumisión. Entendemos que el conocimiento psis, al ponerse al servicio de las luchas transversales, puede servir como herramienta para el análisis y para hacer frente a estos mecanismos. En este sentido, traemos dos experiencias de investigación y extensión llevadas a cabo en territorios que se encontraban en medio de procesos de remoción, una en la Comunidad de Indiana, en el barrio de Tijuca, en Río de Janeiro y la otra en Grande Cruzeiro, en Porto Alegre. Dichos análisis asumen el carácter de denunciar la violencia resultante de la gestión estatal, dando visibilidad a las formas de sumisión que operan produciendo lo que llamaremos una "subjetividad culpable" y por la inscripción de las poblaciones objetivo de los retiros en el lugar de los no ciudadanos, de sujetos de un no derecho. También buscaremos resaltar las articulaciones entre estas herramientas de producción de subjetividad y los problemas materiales que surgen de las desigualdades en el acceso a la vivienda y la ciudad. Finalmente, afirmamos el carácter de resistencia presente en la comprensión de la subjetividad como un proceso en constante construcción y en las posibilidades de producir rupturas en las prácticas que incluyen ciertas formas de vivir y vivir en ciudades como más o menos legítimas....(AU)

Sociocultural and structural perpetuators of domestic violence in pregnancy: A qualitative look at what South Indian women believe needs to change.

In India, reported rates of domestic violence rise as high as 31%. Abuse against pregnant women in India is associated with depressive and PTSD symptoms, and poor birth outcomes, yet no evidence-based interventions have been tested on this population. In this cross-sectional qualitative study, we sought perspective on South Indian women's concerns about abuse during pregnancy and what they believed would help. Participants cited economic dependence on husbands and sociocultural structures as factors perpetuating domestic violence. Women also described resilience factors that can protect against abuse. Our participants highlighted a requisite for interventions within health and social systems.

[Children's politics and the hierarchy dilemma]. / La politique de l'enfant et le dilemme de la hiérarchie.

Hierarchy is a recurrent feature of social life. From an early age, children are confronted with power relationships wherein a dominant individual imposes his/her will to a subordinate individual. Recent research has shown that young children develop sophisticated abilities in understanding power. However, little is known about how young children react to power-based inequality. Do they consider a dominant should be favored so as to strenghten the status quo ? Or do they consider that the subordinate must be favored to conteract a social inequality? In the current paper, I present and discuss a recent study, published in Developmental Psychology, that investigates this issue.

Domínio e passividade na economia psíquica de agressores sexuais / Domination and passivity in acts of sexual violence / Dominio y pasividad en la economía psíquica de agresores sexuales

Este artigo, fundamentado no saber da Psicanálise, é dedicado ao estudo dos mecanismos defensivos em jogo nos atos de violência sexual. Consideramo-los como uma das respostas possíveis do ego diante de uma excitação desorganizadora no mundo interno. Para elaborar esta hipótese, exploraremos a noção de domínio na qual identificamos duas dimensões: dominar o objeto externo por meio do poder, da força e, subjacente a esta, a dominação no mundo interno da invasão de uma força pulsional excessiva. Na relação de domínio, travada nos atos de violência sexual, o objeto deve ser ultrajado, colocado na posição de coisa a manipular. Estes atos, de natureza eminentemente perversa, sinalizam a afirmação de onipotência narcísica do sujeito, como tentativa extrema por parte de seu ego de barrar um vivido de passividade frente a uma alteridade interna inassimilável, na busca de salvaguarda psíquica

This article, based on psychoanalytic knowledge, is dedicated to the study of the defensive mechanisms at play in acts of sexual violence. We consider such mechanisms as one of the ego's possible responses before a disruptive excitement in the inner world. To elaborate this hypothesis, we will explore the notion of domination in which we identify two dimensions: to dominate the external object through power, strength, and, underlying these, the domination of the invasion of an excessive instinctual force in the inner world. In the relationship of control, established in acts of sexual violence, the object shall be insulted, placed in the position of a thing to manipulate. These acts of an eminently perverse nature indicate the statement of narcissistic omnipotence of the subject, as an extreme attempt by his ego to bar the experience of passivity before an unassimilable internal otherness, in search for psychical safeguard

Este artículo, basado en el saber del Psicoanálisis, se dedica al estudio de los mecanismos de defensa en juego en los actos de violencia sexual. Nosotros los consideramos como una de las respuestas posibles del ego ante una excitación desorganizadora en el mundo interior. Para elaborar esta hipótesis, vamos a explorar la noción de dominio en la que identificamos dos dimensiones: dominar el objeto externo a través del poder, de la fuerza y, subyacente a esta, la dominación, en el mundo interno, de la invasión de una fuerza pulsional excesiva. En la relación de dominio que se traba en los actos de violencia sexual, el objeto debe ser ultrajado, colocado en la posición de cosa a manipular. Estos actos, de naturaleza eminentemente perversa, apuntan la afirmación de omnipotencia narcisista del sujeto, como un intento extremo de su ego para impedir una experiencia de pasividad vivida ante una alteridad interna inasimilable, en busca de salvaguardia psíquica

Hierarchy and health: Physiological effects of interpersonal experiences associated with socioeconomic position.

OBJECTIVE: The inverse association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and cardiovascular disease may involve social psychophysiological processes. To test effects of aspects of SEP on physiological reactivity, we experimentally manipulated 3 features of social context related to social hierarchy-social rank or status relative to an interaction partner, the partner's degree of dominant behavior, and the presence of social-evaluative threat. METHOD: The study design was a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 (Participant Relative Status [high vs. low] × Partner Dominance [high vs. low] × Evaluative Threat [high vs. low] × Sex [male vs. female]) factorial, and 180 undergraduates participated. Cardiovascular and salivary cortisol responses were measured while participants engaged in a controlled interaction task with a prerecorded confederate partner. RESULTS: Lower participant relative status resulted in greater increases in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Interacting with a more dominant partner resulted in greater increases in SBP and heart rate (HR), and larger changes in cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activation. Higher levels of social-evaluative threat evoked larger increases in HR and SBP. In some cases, these effects were stronger in men than in women, and aspects of the low status social context had synergistic effects on some physiological outcomes. CONCLUSION: Interpersonal interactions and experiences may contribute to the association between SEP and cardiovascular health through the mechanism of physiological activation. Recurring patterns of everyday social experiences and their physiological effects may be a pathway linking the broader social context to cardiovascular disease. (PsycINFO Database Record

Validity Assessment of 5 Day Repeated Forced-Swim Stress to Model Human Depression in Young-Adult C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ Mice.

The development of animal models with construct, face, and predictive validity to accurately model human depression has been a major challenge. One proposed rodent model is the 5 d repeated forced swim stress (5d-RFSS) paradigm, which progressively increases floating during individual swim sessions. The onset and persistence of this floating behavior has been anthropomorphically characterized as a measure of depression. This interpretation has been under debate because a progressive increase in floating over time may reflect an adaptive learned behavioral response promoting survival, and not depression (Molendijk and de Kloet, 2015). To assess construct and face validity, we applied 5d-RFSS to C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice, two mouse strains commonly used in neuropsychiatric research, and measured a combination of emotional, homeostatic, and psychomotor symptoms indicative of a depressive-like state. We also compared the efficacy of 5d-RFSS and chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a validated depression model, to induce a depressive-like state in C57BL/6J mice. In both strains, 5d-RFSS progressively increased floating behavior that persisted for at least 4 weeks. 5d-RFSS did not alter sucrose preference, body weight, appetite, locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, or immobility behavior during a tail-suspension test compared with nonstressed controls. In contrast, CSDS altered several of these parameters, suggesting a depressive-like state. Finally, predictive validity was assessed using voluntary wheel running (VWR), a known antidepressant intervention. Four weeks of VWR after 5d-RFSS normalized floating behavior toward nonstressed levels. These observations suggest that 5d-RFSS has no construct or face validity but might have predictive validity to model human depression.

Confronting as autonomy promotion: Speaking up against discrimination and psychological well-being in racial minorities.

Few studies have considered confrontation in the context of coping with discriminatory experiences. These studies test for the first time whether confronting racial discrimination is associated with greater psychological well-being and physical health through the promotion of autonomy. In two separate samples of racial minorities who had experienced racial discrimination, confrontation was associated with greater psychological well-being, and this relationship was mediated by autonomy promotion. These findings did not extend to physical health symptoms. These studies provide preliminary evidence that confrontation may aid in the process of regaining autonomy after experiencing discrimination and therefore promote well-being.

Evidências métricas da adaptação da Escala de Dominância Social numa amostra portuguesa / Metric Evidences of the adaptation of the Social Dominance Scale in a portuguese sample / Evidencias de validez da la adaptación de la escala de dominancia social en una muestra portuguesa

Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar evidências de validação da escala de Orientação para a Dominância Social para a população portuguesa. Participaram 910 pessoas, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (58,7%), com idades variando de 18 a 81 anos (M=34,09; DP=11,57). Foram realizadas análises de consistência interna, fatorial exploratória (n=455) e fatorial confirmatória (n=455). Os resultados mostram o modelo de dois fatores como mais adequado do que o modelo original e com bom valores de consistência interna. Concluiu-se que esse é um instrumento psicometricamente adequado. Reitera-se a premência de continuar a estudar a da análise da validade de critério em relação ao sexismo ambivalente, neossexismo e personalidade autoritária...

This study aims to present evidences of the validity of the social dominance orientation scale for Portuguese population. Participants were 910 Portuguese people. Most of them were women (58.7%), with ages ranging from 18 to 81 years (M=34.09; SD=11.57). Reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis (n=455) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=455) were carried out. Results supported a two-component model for the SDO scale, which displayed a better fit than the original one-factorial structure. The scale showed good psychometric properties. In conclusion, the SDO is a psychometrically adequate instrument, being better represented by a two-component model. Future studies should examine the criterion validity through the analysis of the relationship of social dominance with ambivalent sexism, neosexism and authoritarian personality, among others...

El objetivo de este estudio es presentar evidencias de validez de la adaptación de la escala de orientación a la dominancia social en una muestra portuguesa. Participaron 910 personas de varios puntos de Portugal, siendo la mayoría de los participantes mujeres (58,7%) con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 81 años (M=34,09; DP=11,57). Se realizaron análisis de consistencia interna, análisis factorial exploratoria (n=455) y análisis factorial confirmatoria (n=455). Los resultados mostraron que el modelo de dos factores tuvo un mejor ajuste que el modelo unidimensional original, mostrando buenos valores de consistencia interna. Considerado una estructura de dos factores, la escala demuestra ser un instrumento psicométricamente adecuado. Futuros estudios deberán analizar la validez de criterio a través de las relaciones con el sexismo ambivalente, el neosexismo y la personalidad autoritaria, entre otras...

Vicariously learned helplessness: the role of perceived dominance and prestige of a model.

Prior research has examined the relationship between various model characteristics (e.g., age, competence, similarity) and the likelihood that the observers will experience vicariously learned helplessness. However, no research in this area has investigated dominance as a relevant model characteristic. This study explored whether the vicarious acquisition of learned helplessness could be mediated by the perceived dominance of a model. Participants observed a model attempting to solve anagrams. Across participant groups, the model displayed either dominant or nondominant characteristics and was either successful or unsuccessful at solving the anagrams. The characteristics displayed by the model significantly affected observers' ratings of his dominance and prestige. After viewing the model, participants attempted to solve 40 anagrams. When the dominant model was successful, observers solved significantly more anagrams than when he was unsuccessful. This effect was not found when the model was nondominant.

A low-cost automated apparatus for investigating the effects of social defeat in Syrian hamsters.

We describe an automated apparatus that can be used to investigate the effects of defeat in hamsters. It consists of a covered alleyway that leads to a box, or arena, where hamsters can be kept separate or allowed to fight. The alleyway is divided into seven equal-sized chambers. Low-power lasers and laser detectors are used to keep track of a hamster's position in the alleyway. A CFL flood lamp placed over the chamber farthest from the arena generates a light gradient in the alleyway that engenders in the subjects a preference for the darker chambers near the arena. A computer automatically records the interruption of the laser beams and yields three measures: average position, the frequency of visits to each chamber, and the frequency of changes in direction of travel in each chamber. The results of a pilot study indicated that when a dominant hamster was placed behind a screened gate in the arena and a subordinate hamster was placed in the alleyway, the subordinate maintained a significantly greater distance from the dominant than did a nondefeated hamster. The subordinate hamster also changed its direction of travel more frequently than did the nondefeated hamster. The results suggest that conditioned fear was elicited in the defeated hamster by proximity to the dominant hamster, an effect that is consistent with published results in which the data were recorded manually or by using commercially available event-tracking software.

Peripheral administration of oxytocin increases social affiliation in the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber).

The neuropeptide oxytocin regulates a wide variety of social behaviors across diverse species. However, the types of behaviors that are influenced by this hormone are constrained by the species in question and the social organization that a particular species exhibits. Therefore, the present experiments investigated behaviors regulated by oxytocin in a eusocial mammalian species by using the naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber). In Experiment 1, adult non-breeding mole-rats were given intraperitoneal injections of either oxytocin (1mg/kg or 10mg/kg) or saline on alternate days. Animals were then returned to their colony and behavior was recorded for minutes 15-30 post-injection. Both doses of oxytocin increased huddling behavior during this time period. In Experiment 2, animals received intraperitoneal injections of either oxytocin (1mg/kg), an oxytocin-receptor antagonist (0.1mg/kg), a cocktail of oxytocin and the antagonist, or saline across 4 testing days in a counterbalanced design. Animals were placed in either a 2-chamber arena with a familiar conspecific or in a small chamber with 1week old pups from their home colony and behaviors were recorded for minutes 15-30 post-injection. Oxytocin increased investigation of, and time spent in close proximity to, a familiar conspecific; these effects were blocked by the oxytocin antagonist. No effects were seen on pup-directed behavior. These data suggest that oxytocin is capable of modulating affiliative-like behavior in this eusocial species.