Contribuições da educação permanente para os conselhos de saúde: um estudo de revisão integrativa / Contributions of continuingeducation tothehealth councils: an integrative review study / Contribuciones de la educación continua a los consejos de salud: un estudio de revisión integradora

Introdução:Aeducação permanente propicia uma reflexão contínua frente à realidade posta e nos instiga a buscar soluções criativas para a superação dos problemas de saúde e, por conseguinte, qualificar as ações dos conselheiros de saúde, no intuito de aumentar a resolubilidade, a qualificação técnica e a eficiência do sistema de saúde.Objetivo:Analisar as contribuições da educação permanente para os Conselhos de Saúde.Metodologia:Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura científicaguiada pelo checklistIndicativos de Qualidade para Artigos de Revisão Integrativa, realizada em julho de 2021 e atualizada em junho de 2023.Resultados:Os 15 artigos incluídos na amostra final versam, em sua maioria, sobre os Conselhos Municipais de Saúde (73%), são decorrentes de estudos realizados no Sudeste do Brasil (60%) e foram publicados nos últimos vinte anos, com maior frequência em 2011 (20%). As congruências identificadas nos artigos foram organizadas em três categorias: 1) O papel do conselheiro de saúde; 2) Desafios encontrados no exercício do controle social; 3) A qualificação para o aperfeiçoamento dos processos decisórios dos Conselhos de Saúde. Os achados do estudo mostram que a falta de conhecimentos específicos e a ausência de ações de educação permanente para os conselheiros de saúde dificultam os processos decisórios e deliberativos dos Conselhos de Saúde.Conclusões:As consequências da falta de conhecimento sobre os temas pertinentes ao exercício do controle social têm grande influência na condução de políticas públicas e do sistema de saúde no Brasil (AU).

Introduction:Continuing education provides continuous reflection in the face of the imposed reality and encourages us to seek creative solutions to overcome health problems and, consequently, qualify the actions of health counselors, in order to increase solvability, technical qualification and efficiency of the health system. Objective:To analyze the contributions of continuing education to the Health Councils.Methodology:This is an integrative review of the scientific literature guided by the Quality Indicators forIntegrative Review Articles checklist, carried out in July 2021 and updated in June 2023. Results:Most of the 15 articles included in the final sample are about Municipal Health Councils (73%), are the result of studies carried out in the southeast of Brazil (60%) and were published in the last 20 years, most frequently in 2011 (20%). The congruences identified in the articles were organized into three categories: 1) The role of the health counselor; 2) Challenges found in the exercise of social control; 3) The qualification for the improvement of the decision-making processes of the Health Councils. The study findings show that the lack of specific knowledge and the absence of continuing education actions for health counselors hinder the decision-making and deliberative processes of the Health Councils. Conclusions:The consequences of the lack of knowledge about issues related to the exercise of social control have a great influence on the conduct of public policies and the health system in Brazil (AU).

Introducción: La educacióncontinua proporciona una reflexión continua frente a la realidad planteada y nos impulsa a buscar soluciones creativaspara superar los problemas de salud y, por lo tanto, calificar las acciones de los consejeros de salud, con el fin de aumentar la resolutividad, la calificación técnica y la eficiencia del sistema de salud. Objetivo: Analizar las contribuciones de la educación continua a los Consejos de Salud.Metodología: Esta es una revisión integradora de la literatura científica guiada por la lista de verificación Indicadores de Calidad para Artículos de Revisión Integradora, realizada en julio de 2021 y actualizada enjunio de 2023. Resultados: Los 15 artículos incluidos en la muestra final son en su mayoría sobre Consejos Municipales de Salud (73%), son resultado de estudios realizados en el Sudeste de Brasil (60%) y fueron publicados en los últimos 20 años, con mayorfrecuencia en 2011 (20%). Las congruencias identificadas en los artículos fueron organizadas en tres categorías: 1) El papel del consejero de salud; 2) Desafíos encontrados en el ejercicio del control social; 3) La capacitación para la mejora de los procesos de toma de decisiones de los Consejos de Salud. Los hallazgos del estudio muestran que la falta de conocimientos específicos y la ausencia de acciones de educación continua para los consejeros de salud dificultan la toma de decisiones y los procesos deliberativos de los Consejos de Salud.Conclusiones: Las consecuencias de la falta de conocimiento sobre cuestiones relacionadas con el ejercicio del control social tienen una gran influencia en la conducción de las políticas públicas y el sistema de salud en Brasil (AU).

Evidence-informed framework for gender transformative continuing education interventions for midwives and midwifery associations.

INTRODUCTION: Continuing education for midwives is an important investment area to improve the quality of sexual and reproductive health services. Interventions must take into account and provide solutions for the systemic barriers and gender inequities faced by midwives. Our objective was to generate concepts and a theoretical framework of the range of factors and gender transformative considerations for the development of continuing education interventions for midwives. METHODS: A critical interpretive synthesis complemented by key informant interviews, focus groups, observations and document review was applied. Three electronic bibliographic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE and MEDLINE) were searched from July 2019 to September 2020 and were again updated in June 2021. A coding structure was created to guide the synthesis across the five sources of evidence. RESULTS: A total of 4519 records were retrieved through electronic searches and 103 documents were included in the critical interpretive synthesis. Additional evidence totalled 31 key informant interviews, 5 focus groups (Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania), 24 programme documents and field observations in the form of notes. The resulting theoretical framework outlines the key considerations including gender, the role of the midwifery association, political and health systems and external forces along with key enabling elements for the design, implementation and evaluation of gender transformative continuing education interventions. CONCLUSION: Investments in gender transformative continuing education for midwives, led by midwifery associations, can lead to the improvement of midwifery across all United Nations' target areas including governance, health workforce, health system arrangements and education.

Asistencia sanitaria y servicios sociales: enseñanza y aprendizaje significativo en talleres técnicos por el método de proyecto / Healthcare and social services: meaningful teaching and learning in technical workshops by the project method

Los derechos humanos, incluyendo la concreción del derecho a la salud, en Perú, contempla el mandato dirigido a los poderes públicos para que organicen la asistencia sanitaria, como elemento causal, específico y adopten el conjunto de medidas necesarias para lograr la prevención de las enfermedades o la mejora de las condiciones sanitarias generales, mediante el método de proyecto en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje se abordan los principios rectores de la política social y económica, contenidos del Estado social, y los mecanismos de justiciabilidad y exigibilidad. Se estudió el proceso enseñanza y aprendizaje significativo sobre asistencia sanitaria y servicios sociales en los talleres técnicos, en la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas, de la Universidad Peruana Los Andes, durante el periodo lectivo 2019-II. En el egresado conlleva la interacción entre los conocimientos y la información nueva que recibe, en este proceso se construye un nuevo conocimiento o profundiza en los ya existentes. Este conocimiento es organizado y sistemático con conexiones interdisciplinarias entre ideas, se promueve desde el trabajo en equipo y colaborativo, capaz de vencer ambigüedades, complejidades y a lo impredecible; y aprovecha los recursos o herramientas de la vida real, por lo que el método de proyecto es una herramienta pedagógica aplicable a la formación del abogado(AU)

Human rights, including the realization of the right to health, in Peru, contemplates the mandate directed to the public powers to organize health care, as a causal, specific element and adopt the set of measures necessary to achieve the prevention of diseases or the improvement of general sanitary conditions, through the project method in the teaching-learning process, the guiding principles of social and economic policy, contents of the social State, and the mechanisms of justiciability and enforceability are addressed. The teaching and meaningful learning process on health care and social services was studied in technical workshops at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Universidad Peruana Los Andes, during the 2019-II school period. In the graduate, it involves the interaction between knowledge and the new information received, in this process a new knowledge is built or deepens existing ones. This knowledge is organized and systematic with interdisciplinary connections between ideas, it is promoted from team and collaborative work, capable of overcoming ambiguities, complexities and the unpredictable; and it takes advantage of the resources or tools of the real life, reason why the project method is a pedagogical tool applicable to the training of the lawyer(AU)

Formação de Apoiadores Institucionais para o Acolhimento em Redes de Atenção à Saúde (ApI-ARAS): Caderno de Planejamento, Monitoramento e Avaliação (PMA) / Training Institutional Supporters for Reception in Health Care Networks (ApI-ARAS): Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (PMA) Notebook

Este Caderno de Textos foi elaborado com o propósito de subsidiar o itinerário e gestão na Formação de Apoiadores Institucionais para o Acolhimento em Redes de Atenção à Saúde (ApI-ARAS), no que tange ao Planejamento, Monitoramento e Avaliação, a partir dos pressupostos da Política Nacional de Humanização (PNH) e Política Nacional de Educação Permanente em Saúde (PNEPS). O ApI-ARAS é uma proposta integrada de qualificação das frentes de Apoio Institucional no âmbito do SUS no Tocantins, com o objetivo de fortalecer o Acolhimento em Redes de Atenção à Saúde. Acreditamos que o encontro destes atores no processo formativo tem potencial para o fortalecimento da atuação dos apoiadores institucionais. Este Caderno integra conteúdos referentes ao Planejamento, Monitoramento e Avaliação, articulando com outros Cadernos, especialmente construídos para subsidiar o processo formativo ApI-ARAS, dialogando com os temas previstos na Matriz Curricular do Curso: Apoio como potência e intervenção na realidade; Saúde do(a) trabalhador(a) do SUS; Acolhimento em Redes de Atenção à Saúde; e Eixos avaliativos e indicadores. Neste volume foram contemplados aspectos referentes ao desenho do processo formativo, bases pedagógicas, metodológicas e de intervenção, além do delineamento do monitoramento e avaliação, norteadores para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e gestão. Esperamos que este material contribua para reflexões acerca das questões que permeiam o universo do trabalho e para a (re)organização do processo de trabalho em saúde, promovendo a autonomia dos sujeitos envolvidos na produção de saúde.

This Textbook was prepared with the purpose of subsidizing the itinerary and management in the Training of Institutional Supporters for Reception in Health Care Networks (ApI-ARAS), with regard to Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, based on the assumptions of the National Humanization Policy (PNH) and National Policy on Permanent Education in Health (PNEPS). ApI-ARAS is an integrated proposal for the qualification of Institutional Support fronts within the scope of the SUS in Tocantins, with the objective of strengthening the Reception in Health Care Networks. We believe that the meeting of these actors in the training process has the potential to strengthen the performance of institutional supporters. This Notebook integrates contents related to Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, articulating with other Notebooks, specially built to subsidize the ApI-ARAS training process, dialoguing with the themes foreseen in the Curriculum Matrix of the Course: Support as power and intervention in reality; Health of SUS workers; Reception in Health Care Networks; and Evaluation axes and indicators. In this volume, aspects related to the design of the training process, pedagogical, methodological and intervention bases, in addition to the design of monitoring and evaluation, guiding the teaching-learning and management process were considered. We hope that this material will contribute to reflections on the issues that permeate the universe of work and for the (re)organization of the health work process, promoting the autonomy of the subjects involved in the production of health.

Este Libro de Texto fue elaborado con el propósito de subsidiar el itinerario y la gestión en la Formación de Apoyos Institucionales para la Acogida en Redes de Atención a la Salud (API-ARAS), en lo que se refiere a Planificación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, con base en los presupuestos de la Política Nacional de Humanización ( PNH) y Política Nacional de Educación Permanente en Salud (PNEPS). ApI-ARAS es una propuesta integrada para la calificación de frentes de Apoyo Institucional en el ámbito del SUS en Tocantins, con el objetivo de fortalecer la Acogida en las Redes de Atención a la Salud. Creemos que el encuentro de estos actores en el proceso de formación tiene el potencial de fortalecer la actuación de los promotores institucionales. Este Cuaderno integra contenidos relacionados con la Planificación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, articulándose con otros Cuadernos, especialmente construidos para subsidiar el proceso de formación ApI-ARAS, dialogando con los temas previstos en la Matriz Curricular del Curso: Apoyo como poder e intervención en la realidad; Salud de los trabajadores del SUS; Acogida en Redes de Atención a la Salud; y Ejes e indicadores de evaluación. En este volumen se consideraron aspectos relacionados con el diseño del proceso de formación, bases pedagógicas, metodológicas y de intervención, además del diseño de seguimiento y evaluación, orientando el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y de gestión. Esperamos que este material contribuya a la reflexión sobre las cuestiones que permean el universo del trabajo y para la (re)organización del proceso de trabajo en salud, promoviendo la autonomía de los sujetos involucrados en la producción de salud.

Assessing webinar outcomes for health professionals: a perspective from Indonesia during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

PURPOSE: With the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, health institutions and hospitals are increasingly relying on e-learning for continuing education. However, in many countries there is still limited data on the effectiveness of online learning particularly in the healthcare field. This study aims to evaluate whether webinar as a form of online educational intervention is satisfactory and effective for the continuing education of health professionals in Indonesia. METHODS: We collected participants' demographic information including health profession, place of work, work unit, and year of graduation. There were six independent webinars included in this study. Webinar outcomes included satisfaction and learning scores. Regarding satisfaction, participants were told to complete a satisfaction survey and asked whether they would recommend the webinar to their colleagues. Regarding learning, information on their mean pre-test and post-test scores was collected. RESULTS: A total of 3,607 health professionals were enrolled, with the highest participation in webinars about emergency cases and COVID-19 management. The response towards satisfaction was overwhelmingly positive. In all six webinars, post-test scores were statistically significantly higher than pre-test scores. Recently graduated physicians scored higher in learning than senior physicians, while place of work and work unit did not significantly affect the scores. CONCLUSION: The use of webinar for health professionals training in Indonesia was well-received amid the ongoing pandemic. In the future, health institutions and teaching hospitals should optimize the implementation of webinar training as it is associated with low cost, high flexibility, and less time commuting.

Pertinencia de una estrategia de profesionalización para oftalmólogos sobre la prevención de la discapacidad visual / Relevancy of a professionalization strategy for ophthalmologists on the prevention of visual disability

En la especialidad de oftalmología, la profesionalización constituye una exigencia, atendiendo al principio humanista de la atención al paciente, sustentada en el perfeccionamiento continuo de saberes y habilidades que garanticen su calidad de vida y bienestar social, así como en el análisis del proceso de capacitación profesional en promoción de salud y prevención de las enfermedades que causan discapacidad visual. En tal sentido, en este artículo se argumenta la pertinencia de la implementación de una estrategia de profesionalización sobre discapacidad visual para los especialistas en oftalmología, la cual resulta coherente con la educación permanente y continuada, pues contribuye al mejoramiento del desempeño profesional en la atención integral a los pacientes aquejados por este problema de salud.

In the ophthalmology specialty, professionalization constitutes a demand, taking into account the humanist principle of the patient care, sustained in the continuous improvement of knowledge and abilities that guarantee his life quality and social well-being, as well as in the analysis of the process of professional training in health promotion and prevention of the diseases that cause visual disability. In such a sense, the relevancy of a professionalization strategy implementation on visual disability for the specialists in ophthalmology is argued in this work, which is coherent with the permanent and continuous education, because it contributes to the improvement of the professional performance in the comprehensive care to the patients that are suffering due to this health problem.

Relações de gênero na rede municipal de belo horizonte: formação docente continuada / Relaciones de género en la red municipal de belo horizonte: formación continuada / Gender relations in the municipal network of belo horizonte: continuous teacher training

RESUMO. Este texto apresenta o relato reflexivo do projeto de formação continuada docente na rede municipal de educação de Belo Horizonte, entre 2015 e 2018, no campo das relações de gênero. A parceria entre a Secretaria Municipal de Educação e a Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais promoveu as condições necessárias para a realização e integração das atividades acadêmicas de extensão, ensino e pesquisa nos níveis da graduação e pós-graduação. Apesar do contexto político nacional das ofensivas antigênero no campo educacional, a demanda por ações formativas partiu de docentes e gestores/as da educação ao se depararem com os impactos das assimetrias na aprendizagem entre meninas e meninos, bem como situações de violência de gênero na escola. À luz dos pressupostos teóricos pós- estruturalistas de gênero, a formação utiliza metodologias diversificadas como grupos de estudo, seminários, oficinas pedagógicas e estudos de caso em diferentes espaços da cidade como escolas, universidade e museus. A análise dos quatro anos do projeto revela a importância de uma abordagem interdisciplinar das relações de gênero e de caráter permanente, pois ações formativas isoladas têm se mostrado ineficazes.

RESUMEN. En este texto se presenta el informe de reflexión del proyecto de formación continua de profesores y profesoras de la Red Municipal de Educación de Belo Horizonte, entre 2015 y 2018, en el ámbito de las relaciones de género. La asociación entre el Departamento Municipal de Educación y la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Minas Gerais promovió las condiciones necesarias a la realización e integración de las actividades académicas de extensión, enseñanza e investigación en los niveles de licenciatura y posgrado. A pesar del contexto político nacional de las ofensivas de género en el ámbito educativo, la demanda de acciones de capacitación provino de los maestros y administradores de la educación cuando se enfrentaron a los impactos de las asimetrías en el aprendizaje entre niñas y niños, así como a situaciones de violencia de género en la escuela. A la luz de los supuestos teóricos postestructuralistas de género, la capacitación utiliza diversas metodologías como grupos de estudio, seminarios, talleres pedagógicos y estudios de caso en diferentes espacios de la ciudad como escuelas, universidades y museos. El análisis de los cuatro años del proyecto muestra la importancia de un enfoque interdisciplinario de las relaciones de género de carácter permanente, ya que las acciones formativas aisladas han demostrado ser ineficaces.

ABSTRACT. This text presents the reflective report of the project of continuous teacher training in the Municipal Education Network of Belo Horizonte, between 2015 and 2018, in the field of gender relations. Partnership between the Municipal Department of Education and the Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais promoted the necessary conditions for the implementation and integration of academic activities of extension, education and research at undergraduate and graduate levels. Despite the national political context of gender offensives in the educational field, the demand for training actions came from teachers and education managers when they faced the impacts of asymmetries in learning between girls and boys, as well as situations of gender violence at school. In the light of the post-structuralist theoretical assumptions of gender, training uses diverse methodologies such as study groups, seminars, pedagogical workshops and case studies in different spaces of the city, such as schools, universities and museums. The analysis of the four years of the project revealed the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to gender relations of a permanent nature, since isolated training actions have proved ineffective.

Biosciences Proposal Bootcamp: Structured peer and faculty feedback improves trainees' proposals and grantsmanship self-efficacy.

Grant writing is an essential skill to develop for academic and other career success but providing individual feedback to large numbers of trainees is challenging. In 2014, we launched the Stanford Biosciences Grant Writing Academy to support graduate students and postdocs in writing research proposals. Its core program is a multi-week Proposal Bootcamp designed to increase the feedback writers receive as they develop and refine their proposals. The Proposal Bootcamp consisted of two-hour weekly meetings that included mini lectures and peer review. Bootcamp participants also attended faculty review workshops to obtain faculty feedback. Postdoctoral trainees were trained and hired as course teaching assistants and facilitated weekly meetings and review workshops. Over the last six years, the annual Bootcamp has provided 525 doctoral students and postdocs with multi-level feedback (peer and faculty). Proposals from Bootcamp participants were almost twice as likely to be funded than proposals from non-Bootcamp trainees. Overall, this structured program provided opportunities for feedback from multiple peer and faculty reviewers, increased the participants' confidence in developing and submitting research proposals, while accommodating a large number of participants.

An Evaluation of a Continuing Education Workshop for Audiologists on the Assessment and Management of Tinnitus.

INTRODUCTION: Tinnitus assessment and management is an important component of audiology. The benefits of continuing education (CE) workshops in the field of tinnitus have not been published. This study evaluated the outcomes of a workshop centered around a Sound Therapy and Aural Rehabilitation for Tinnitus (START) framework. Our hypotheses were that a CE workshop would (1) be useful, (2) improve clinician's knowledge and willingness to undertake tinnitus practice, and (3) result in learners using knowledge gained in their practice. METHODS: Twenty-five participants attending a 3-day tinnitus workshop were invited to complete an evaluation immediately and 3 months after the workshop's completion. The workshop consisted of seminars and practical sessions. The pedagogical approaches employed were experiential (theory building, reflection, and testing) and community of practice (shared experiences). RESULTS: Participants reported on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not useful-5 = excellent) a high level of satisfaction both immediately after the workshop (ratings of usefulness: mean, 4.8; SD, 0.4; willingness to practice: 4.6; SD. 0.6; ability to manage: 4.6; SD, 0.5; all "excellent" ratings) and 3 months later (ratings of usefulness: mean, 4.2; SD, 0.9, "very useful;" willingness to practice: 4.6; SD, 0.6, "excellent;" ability to manage: 4.1; SD. 0.5, "very useful"). Open-ended questions indicated participants made changes in their practice that reflected material provided in the CE. CONCLUSION: The workshop was successful in improving knowledge and confidence of audiologists in undertaking tinnitus assessment and management, but the need for ongoing support and supervision was a common theme.

Supporting workforce practice change: protocol for a pilot study of a motivational interviewing virtual client software tool for health professionals.

INTRODUCTION: Motivating behavioural change during client consultations is of crucial importance across all health professions to address the growing burden of chronic conditions. Yet health professionals often lack the skills and confidence to use evidence-based counselling interventions to support clients' behavioural change and mobilise clients' resources and self-efficacy for change to address their long-term needs. AIMS: This pre-post pilot study will develop a motivational interviewing (MI) virtual client training tool for health professionals and test the effectiveness of the educational content and usability of the virtual client interaction. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Postgraduate students across a range of health disciplines will be recruited. Data assessing attitudes towards preventive healthcare will be collected using a modified version of the Preventive Medicine Attitudes and Activities Questionnaire. Conversations with the virtual client will be analysed using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code to assess changes in MI skills. The System Usability Scale will be used to assess the usability of the virtual client training tool. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol was approved by the Flinders University Social and Behavioural Research Ethics Committee in May 2019. The results of the pilot study will inform the development of an avatar-based mobile application consisting of MI teaching and interactions with a generic virtual client that can be easily adapted to multiple scenarios.

Can Digitization of Health Care Help Low-Resourced Countries Provide Better Community-Based Rehabilitation Services?

In the wake of globalization, proliferation of digital technologies (DTs) is rapidly changing many activities across sectors, including influencing health to "go digital." Harnessing opportunities of DTs can be a pathway for delivery of health services, such as community-based rehabilitation (CBR) to the vulnerable groups of populations, particularly those in countries with low resources where health systems are weak and experiencing a deficit of trained health workers necessary to effectively deliver a full spectrum of health services. This perspective explored how some DTs can be leveraged in delivery of CBR services in rural and remote areas of countries with low resources. This is described based on information access and exchange, social satisfaction, shortages of rehabilitation workforce, professional development, and capacity building. However, since seizing advantages of DTs can inevitably be associated with spillovers and limitations, including needs prioritization, skills and language limitations, internet addiction and censorship issues, professionalism and ethical dilemmas, and sustainability, if proper measures are not taken, a caution is made. Moreover, as DTs are revolutionizing various activities across sectors, including health, this is not meant as a substitute for traditional health care activities, including those delivered through CBR, but rather to augment their delivery in settings with low resources and elsewhere.

Evaluating change: Using the Measure of Processes of Care-Service Provider as an outcome measure for performance and confidence in family-centred care.

BACKGROUND: Family-centred care (FCC) is considered the best practice in paediatric care but it is not always implemented sufficiently. Effective training programmes that enhance health care providers' knowledge and self-efficacy have the potential to improve FCC implementation in their daily practice. The goal of the study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the measure of processes of care (MPOC)-service provider (MPOC-SP) version and MPOC confidence (MPOC-Con) in detecting changes following an FCC training. METHODS: The MPOC-Con was developed for this study as a sequel to MPOC-SP to measure self-efficacy related to specific FCC practices. Twenty-four health care providers (occupational and physical therapists, speech pathologist, and special education teacher) participated in a 6-month FCC provider training. The training included 30 contact hours on FCC principles and techniques through experiential learning, reflective exercises, peer mentoring, and case-study analyses. The MPOC-SP and MPOC-Con were administered preparticipation and postparticipation. RESULTS: Repeated multivariate analysis of variance and reliable change index (RCI) analyses indicated a significant group increase in performance and confidence following the training in two of the four MPOC-SP factors and in all MPOC-Con factors, F(1, 7) = 5.17, P = .003, η2  = .68; RCI > 1.96. Individual change patterns in FCC performance indicated patterns of increased, decreased, or stable performance, with the highest increased performances reported for treating people respectfully (79%) and communicating specific information (71%), mostly stable performance in providing general information (75%) and similar levels of increase and stability (41% and 39%, respectively) for interpersonal sensitivity. The Pearson's correlation between MPOC-SP and MPOC-Con were significant, moderate-strong, and positive (r = .42-.69, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: The MPOC-SP and the MPOC-Con are sensitive measures suitable for evaluating individual and group changes following training. When designing professional development programmes, managers and educators should consider the interrelation between self-efficacy and implementing acquired knowledge and skills in FCC.

Educação permanente e gestão em saúde: a concepção de enfermeiros / Permanent education and health management: a conception of nurses / Educación permanente y gestión de la salud: una concepción de enfermeros

Objetivo: Analisar a compreensão de enfermeiros sobre a Educação Permanente em Saúde como ferramenta de gestão. Métodos: Investigação qualitativa realizada com o aporte teórico-metodológico da hermenêutica dialética. Os dados foram coletados por entrevistas com 14 enfermeiros. Resultados: Q maioria dos enfermeiros relata compreender a importância da Educação Permanente em Saúde como ferramenta de gestão, mas demonstra uma visão incipiente desta ao descrever práticas educativas como atividades de transmissão do conhecimento pontuais, geralmente direcionadas a um grupo profissional específico e com temáticas definidas à partir de necessidades gestoras. Conclusão: A Educação Permanente em Saúde, entendida como questionamento permanente e compartilhado do processo de trabalho, com vistas à transformação das práticas em saúde, é uma potente ferramenta para a mudança no cotidiano dos serviços, assim como na gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde

Objective: To analyze the nurses understanding of Permanent Education in Health as a management tool. Methods: Qualitative research supported by the theoretical-methodological contribution of the dialectical hermeneutics. The data collection consisted of interviews with 14 nurses. Results: Most nurses report understanding the importance of Permanent Education in Health as a management tool, but show an incipient view of it when describing educational practices as punctual knowledge transmission activities, usually directed to a specific professional group and with pre-defined themes based exclusively on management needs. Conclusion: Permanent Education in Health, understood as a permanent and shared analysis of work process, aiming at the transformation of health practices, is a powerful tool to promote changes in the services, as well as in the management of the Unified Health System (SUS)

Objetivo: Analizar la comprensión de enfermero sobre la Educación Permanente en Salud como herramienta de gestión. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa realizada con el aporte teórico-metodológico de la hermenéutica-dialéctica. Los datos se recopilaron por medio de entrevistas con 14 enfermeros. Resultados:La mayoría de los enfermeros relata comprender la importancia de la Educación Permanente en Salud como herramienta de gestión, pero demuestra una visión incipiente de ella en describir las prácticas educativas como actividades puntuales de trasmisión de conocimiento, en general dirigidas a un grupo específico de profesionales y con temáticas definidas a partir de las necesidades gestoras. Conclusión: La Educación Permanente en Salud, comprendida como cuestionamiento permanente y compartido del proceso de trabajo, con el fin de la transformación de las prácticas en salud, es una fuerte herramienta para el cambio en la cotidianidad de los servicios, así como en la gestión del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS)

Paramedic Learning Style Preferences and Continuing Medical Education Activities: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study.

BACKGROUND: Paramedics participate in continuing medical education (CME) to maintain their skills and knowledge. An understanding of learning styles is important for education to be effective. This study examined the preferred learning styles of ground ambulance paramedics and describes how their preferred learning styles relate to the elective CME activities these paramedics attend. METHODS: All paramedics (n=1,036) employed in a provincial ground ambulance service were invited to participate in a survey containing three parts: demographics, learning style assessed by the Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI), and elective CME activity. RESULTS: 260 paramedics (25%) participated in the survey. Preferred learning styles were: assimilator, 28%; diverger, 25%; converger, 24%; and accommodator, 23%. Advanced life support (ALS) providers had a higher proportion of assimilators (36%), and basic life support (BLS) providers had a higher proportion of divergers (30%). The learning style categories of CME activities attended by paramedics were: assimilators, 25%; divergers, 26%; convergers, 25%; and accommodators, 24%. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that paramedics are a diverse group of learners, and learning style differs within their demographics. Paramedics attend CME activities that complement all learning styles. Organizations providing education opportunities to paramedics should consider paramedics a diverse learning group when designing their CME programs.

Is the supply of continuing education in the anatomical sciences keeping up with the demand? Results of a national survey.

Continuing education (CE) is an essential element in the life-long learning of health care providers and educators. Despite the importance of the anatomical sciences in the training and practice of clinicians, no studies have examined the need/state of anatomy-related CE nationally. This study assessed the current landscape of CE in the anatomical sciences to contextualize preferences for CE, identify factors that influence the perceived need for CE, and examine the association between supply and demand. Surveys were distributed to educators in the anatomical sciences, practicing physical therapists (PTs), and anatomy training programs across the United States. Twenty-five percent (9 of 36) of training programs surveyed offered CE, certificates, or summer series programs related to anatomy. The majority of PTs (92%) and anatomy educators (81%) felt they had a potential or actual need for anatomy related CE with the most popular formats being online videos/learning modules and intensive, hands-on workshops. The most commonly perceived barriers to participating in CE for both groups were program location, cost, and duration, while educators also perceived time of year as a significant factor. Logistic regression analyses revealed that no investigated factor influenced the need or desire for PTs to engage in anatomy related CE (P ≤ 0.124), while teaching experience and the highest level of learner taught significantly influenced the perceived need among anatomy educators (P < 0.001). Overall, quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed a robust need for CE that strategically integrates anatomy with areas of clinical practice and education. Anat Sci Educ 11: 225-235. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.

Enhanced "Train and Hope" for Scalable, Cost-Effective Professional Development in Youth Suicide Prevention.

BACKGROUND: The knowledge base surrounding how to most effectively prepare and sustain practitioner knowledge and skills for suicide risk assessment and management is limited. AIMS: This study examined the impact of a 6-hr continuing education training, and the effect of a posttraining reminder system, on mental health practitioners' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior surrounding suicide assessment and intervention. METHOD: Data were obtained prior to the training, immediately after the training, and at the 3-month follow-up. Medical record data were abstracted for a subsample of practitioners. Participants were randomly assigned to an e-mail reminder condition or no reminder condition that provided information related to the training. RESULTS: All practitioners demonstrated increase s in suicide assessment knowledge and attitudes for engaging in suicide risk assessments from pre- to posttest, and gains were maintained at the 3-month follow-up. There was no effect of the e-mail reminder on practitioner knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors compared with the condition without the e-mail reminder. The use of e-mail reminders was not associated with any additional changes. LIMITATIONS: Limitations include predominantly self-report and small sample. CONCLUSION: Strategies to effectively change practitioner knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward suicidal clients may include continuing education. Efficient and effective designs of reminder systems for augmenting and supporting suicide assessment management training are needed.

Evaluating the effects of organizational and educational interventions on adherence to clinical practice guidelines in a low-resource primary-care setting in Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Mid-level care providers serve as the backbone of primary care in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Despite this, research suggests that the quality and consistency of this care is uneven. This study assessed the degree to which a set of four simple, low-cost interventions could improve adherence to a set of clinical quality measures (CQMs) associated with four common health conditions seen in a resource-constrained primary care setting. METHODS: A quasi-experimental, longitudinal study was carried out in three primary care clinics in Nairobi, Kenya from August 2014 to January, 2015. Mid-level clinical officers (COs) at each clinic participated in four interventions aimed at improving CQM adherence. A group of temporary COs acted as a control group. Clinical encounter data were abstracted from eligible medical charts and assessed for CQM adherence. Mixed-effects logistic regression models were then fitted to these data to determine whether adherence to CQMs improved over time, and if this adherence differed by provider type and other characteristics. RESULTS: Adherence to CQMs increased from 41.4% to 77.1% for COs that took part in the intervention, and dropped slightly from 26.5% to 21.8% for temporary COs over the 6-month study period. This difference was statistically different between treatment groups and suggests that environmental interventions alone cannot change behaviour. Adherence also varied significantly by health condition, but did not vary by provider gender, age or clinic site. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the potential for low-tech, low-cost interventions to improve the quality of care delivered by mid-level care providers in resource-constrained settings. Given the widespread utilization of mid-level care providers across sub-Saharan Africa, multicomponent interventions such as this one, that consist of simple educational modules and clinic-based feedback sessions, could lead to substantial improvements in the quality of primary care in these settings.

A Strategic Approach for Developing an Advanced Practice Workforce: From Postgraduate Transition-to-Practice Fellowship Programs and Beyond.

The healthcare provider landscape is rapidly changing. Given the imminent retirement of baby boomer physicians, implementation of the Affordable Care Act, and the increased utilization of health care services by an ever-aging population, the supply of providers cannot keep pace with the demand for services. This has led to an increased utilization of advanced clinical practitioners (ACPs). This article shows how one large highly-matrixed health care system approached identifying this workforce, and how thought leaders worked collaboratively with physicians, administrators, and ACPs to meet a growing demand for providers. Carolinas HealthCare System developed a 3-pronged approach to this opportunity. The development of a Center for Advanced Practice was explored and implemented. This Center serves as a 2-way conduit of information and ideas between system administrators and providers. It also serves as a central source of regulatory and practice information for administrators and providers. The growing number of open ACP positions, along with the reluctance to employ novice and new graduate ACPs, led to the development of a postgraduate transition to practice fellowship program. This program's clinical tracks and curriculum are described. Finally, a collaborative effort between the health care system and a local university resulted in the local offering of an acute care nurse practitioner program, which allowed system nurses to continue their education without the need for relocation. Higher satisfaction and engagement, lower turnover, better career opportunities, more satisfied administrators, and physicians all contributed to the overwhelming success of this initiative.

A supervisão acadênica no Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil: a experiência do grupo expecial de supervisão / Academic supervision in the Doctors Project for Brazil: the experience of the special supervisory group

A supervisão acadêmica é um dos eixos educacionais do Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil. É desenvolvida por instituições de ensino que firmaram termo de adesão junto ao Ministério da Educação (MEC) para acompanhar as atividades dos médicos do projeto nas unidades básicas de saúde. Iniciada em 2013, a supervisão foi implantada em todos os estados do país como sendo uma estratégia para fortalecimento da Educação Permanente, mediante a integração ensino serviço. Encontrou na região norte o maior desafio para realizar suas atividades em virtude da dificuldade de deslocamento. Em 2014 o MEC cria o Grupo Especial de supervisão (GES) para realizar o acompanhamento de médicos em regiões de difícil acesso no estado do Amazonas. O GES foi considerado pela equipe do MEC o grupo que conseguiu desenvolver a supervisão acadêmica o mais próximo do que foi preconizado pela legislação do Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil. Este trabalho, é um estudo de caso com abordagem qualitativa, que tem por objetivo analisar o processo de Supervisão Acadêmica realizada pelo Ministério da Educação aos médicos participantes do Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil acompanhados pelos supervisores do Grupo Especial de Supervisão (GES) que atuam no Estado do Amazonas. Verificou-se que o GES desenvolve todas as atividades preconizadas pela supervisão, o que tem facilitado a realização das mesmas tem sido o apoio logístico das forças armadas para o deslocamento na Floresta Amazônica, a formação em medicina de família e comunidade dos supervisores, a integração com os tutores e a organização do processo de trabalho para realizar tudo que é previsto para a atividade de visita in loco, em um curto intervalo de tempo devido à dificuldade de deslocamento para região. Discutir o processo de trabalho desta estratégia é uma estratégia de educação permanente para qualificação da supervisão como um todo.(AU)

Academic supervision is one of the educational axes of the More Doctors Project for Brazil. It is developed by educational institutions that have signed an adhesion agreement with the Ministry of Education (MEC) to follow the activities of the project doctors in the basic health units. Beginning in 2013, supervision was implemented in all states of the country as a strategy to strengthen Lifelong Learning through the integration of teaching service. He found in the north the greatest challenge to carry out his activities due to the difficulty of displacement. In 2014 the MEC creates the Special Supervision Group (GES) to carry out the monitoring of physicians in regions of difficult access in the state of Amazonas. The GES was considered by the team of the MEC the group that was able to develop the academic supervision that was closer to what was recommended by the legislation of the More Medical Project for Brazil. This study is a case study with a qualitative approach, which aims to analyze the process of Academic Supervision carried out by the Ministry of Education to the physicians participating in the Project More Doctors for Brazil accompanied by the Supervisors of the Special Group of Supervision (GES) In the State of Amazonas. It was verified that the GES develops all the activities advocated by the supervision, which has facilitated the accomplishment of these have been the logistical support of the armed forces for the displacement in the Amazon Forest, training in family medicine and community of supervisors, With the tutors and the organization of the work process to accomplish everything that is planned for the activity of on-site visit, in a short time due to the difficulty of moving to the region. Discussing the work process of this strategy is a strategy of continuing education to qualify supervision as a whole.(AU)