What Is Working for Practitioners: A Mixed Method Analysis Using the Collaborative Practice Assessment Tool.

Interprofessional practice (IPP) is thought to increase coordination of care and provide numerous benefits for clients and practitioners. While the importance of interprofessional education and practice has been emphasized in the literature and by numerous organizations including the World Health Organization, understanding what is working for practitioners is still elusive. Using the World Health Organization's framework regarding IPP and the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) guidelines and competencies, this research attempted to identify what is working for practitioners when it comes to IPP and where opportunities for growth are still evident. The Collaborative Practice Assessment Tool was distributed to practitioners across disciplines, with a focus on speech-language pathologists and behavior analysts, and both qualitative and quantitative measures were analyzed to determine what reported IPP strategies are in use. Results indicated that practitioners are more similar than they are different when it comes to what is working with regard to the IPEC competencies (i.e., values/ethics for interprofessional practice, roles/responsibilities, interprofessional communication, and teams and teamwork) and where change is needed. Discussion and suggestions relevant to clinical practice were identified and a call for development of IPP training across and within disciplines based on IPEC competencies is recommended.

Retrospective assessment of an intentional interprofessional experiential education experience involving pharmacy students in a dental clinic.

BACKGROUND: Our objective was to create an intentional Interprofessional Education Experience (IEE) that satisfied the requirements set forth by the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE 2013), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Standard 11, and the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) Competencies. These frameworks elevate the importance of interprofessional education in pharmacy. They not only guide educational standards but also emphasize the crucial role of collaborative healthcare practices in ensuring comprehensive patient care and improving health outcomes. Our evaluation of PharmD students' attainment of Interprofessional Education (IPE) learning outcomes employed both quantitative and qualitative assessment methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of their achievements. INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION ACTIVITY: Fourteen PharmD students participated in an intentional IEE experience in a community dental clinic, collaborating with the dental clinic team and patients. Assessment methods combined quantitative data from SPICE-R2 with qualitative insights from daily reflections and an IPE Field Encounter based on IPEC Competencies. This approach ensured a thorough evaluation across individual experiences. DISCUSSION: Quantitative analysis revealed a statistically increase in mean scores for four out of ten questions on the SPICE-R2 instrument. Qualitative data analysis utilized grounded theory to analyze emerging themes. IMPLICATIONS: Employing both quantitative and qualitative assessment methods in this intentional IEE environment has proved beneficial in assessing IPE learning outcomes. The PharmD students were able to deliver patient-centered care as valuable members of an interprofessional healthcare team.

Framework for an interprofessional experience addressing health and disability for health professional students.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A Health and Disabilities Interprofessional Education (IPE) course was implemented to join three healthcare disciplines together to collaboratively plan, implement, and reflect on professional roles and responsibilities. The goal and purpose of this course was to create an advancement of interprofessional education and practice within health science professions early in their students' programs utilizing innovative teaching methods working directly with individuals with disabilities. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING: 72 students were assigned to interprofessional teams of 10-11 people. Through asynchronous and synchronous learning activities, student teams worked together to plan and conduct community-based client interviews. FINDINGS: Quantitative and qualitative evaluation methods were used to explore the impact of interprofessional experiential learning experiences. Qualitative data showed a greater awareness and understanding of the different roles and responsibilities in interprofessional teams as well as a greater appreciation for the value of interacting with persons with disabilities (PWD) during their training. Quantitative data showed a significant change in students' understanding of their roles and responsibilities as a member of an interprofessional team, their confidence with working with PWD in a future healthcare capacity, as well as their understanding of how the social determinants of health may influence the healthcare experience of a PWD. SUMMARY: Interprofessional education and experiential learning opportunities are good ways to facilitate "real" patient care experiences and team roles and responsibilities. This enables healthcare students to practice communication, build relationships, and understand the lived experience of their patients.

Enseñanza y aprendizaje de los determinantes sociales en salud en la región de las Américas / Teaching and learning of social determinants in health in the region of the Americas

Introducción: La región de las Américas es considerada como la más desigual del mundo. Los recursos humanos en salud resultan fundamentales para superar estas diferencias mediante el abordaje de los Determinantes Sociales. Objetivo: Revisar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de los Determinantes Sociales en programas de ciencias de la salud en la región de las Américas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura mediante la búsqueda de documentos oficiales y artículos en las bases de datos Web of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed, Science Direct y Lilacs. Se seleccionaron 68 documentos para su análisis. Resultados: La región de las Américas ha tenido un avance significativo en cuanto a la inclusión de las políticas públicas que actúan sobre los Determinantes y que ayudan a que los recursos humanos en salud se formen con enfoque de atención primaria. Sin embargo, es importante que las facultades de ciencias de la salud de la región profundicen en el conocimiento de estrategias pedagógicas y de investigación, y que faciliten la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los Determinantes. A su vez, se observan avances en la inclusión de la Educación Interprofesional en la región. Conclusiones: Los programas de ciencias de la salud deben profundizar en la aplicación de estrategias pedagógicas y de investigación, que faciliten la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los Determinantes, los cuales promueven la reflexión del papel de profesional en la disminución de las inequidades sociales y el mejoramiento en la salud de la población(AU)

Introduction: The region of the Americas is considered as the most unequal in the world. Human resources in health are essential for overcoming these differences, by means of addressing social determinants. Objective: To review the processes of teaching and learning about social determinants in health science programs in the region of the Americas. Methods: A literature review was carried out by searching for official documents and articles in the databases ofWeb of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed, Science Direct and Lilacs databases. Sixty-eight documents were selected for the analysis. Results: The region of the Americas has made significant progress in terms of including public policies influencing on determinants and helping human resources in health to be trained under a primary care approach. However, it is important thathealth sciences schools in the region deepen their knowledge of pedagogical and research strategies, as well as they facilitate teaching and learning of the determinants. At the same time, progress has been observed regarding the inclusion of interprofessional education in the region. Conclusions: Health sciences programs should deepen the application of pedagogical and research strategies that facilitate teaching and learning of the determinants, which foster reflection about the role of professionals in reducing social inequalities and improving population health(AU)

Navigate the Challenges of Simulation for Assessment: A Faculty Development Workshop.

Introduction: Given barriers to learner assessment in the authentic clinical environment, simulated patient encounters are gaining attention as a valuable opportunity for competency assessment across the health professions. Simulation-based assessments offer advantages over traditional methods by providing realistic clinical scenarios through which a range of technical, analytical, and communication skills can be demonstrated. However, simulation for the purpose of assessment represents a paradigm shift with unique challenges, including preservation of a safe learning environment, standardization across learners, and application of valid assessment tools. Our goal was to create an interactive workshop to equip educators with the knowledge and skills needed to conduct assessments in a simulated environment. Methods: Participants engaged in a 90-minute workshop with large-group facilitated discussions and small-group activities for practical skill development. Facilitators guided attendees through a simulated grading exercise followed by in-depth analysis of three types of assessment tools. Participants designed a comprehensive simulation-based assessment encounter, including selection or creation of an assessment tool. Results: We have led two iterations of this workshop, including an in-person format at an international conference and a virtual format at our institution during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a total of 93 participants. Survey responses indicated strong overall ratings and impactfulness of the workshop. Discussion: Our workshop provides a practical, evidence-based framework to guide educators in the development of a simulation-based assessment program, including optimization of the environment, design of the simulated case, and utilization of meaningful, valid assessment tools.

Forum: Serving African American English Speakers in Schools Through Interprofessional Education & Practice.

Purpose African American English (AAE) speakers often face mismatches between home language and school language, coupled with negative attitudes toward AAE in the classroom. This forum, Serving African American English Speakers in Schools Through Interprofessional Education & Practice, will help researchers, parents, and school-based practitioners communicate in ways that are synergistic, collaborative, and transparent to improve educational outcomes of AAE speakers. Method The forum includes a tutorial offering readers instructions on how to engage in community-based participatory research (Holt, 2021). Through two clinical focus articles, readers will recognize how AAE develops during the preschool years and is expressed across various linguistic contexts and elicitation tasks (Newkirk-Turner & Green, 2021) and identify markers of developmental language disorder within AAE from language samples analyzed in Computerized Language Analysis (Overton et al., 2021). Seven empirical articles employ such designs as quantitative (Byrd & Brown, 2021; Diehm & Hendricks, 2021; Hendricks & Jimenez, 2021; Maher et al., 2021; Mahurin-Smith et al., 2021), qualitative (Hamilton & DeThorne, 2021), and mixed methods (Mills et al., 2021). These articles will help readers identify ways in which AAE affects how teachers view its speakers' language skills and communicative practices and relates to its speakers' literacy outcomes. Conclusion The goal of the forum is to make a lasting contribution to the discipline with a concentrated focus on how to assess and address communicative variation in the U.S. classroom.

An Interprofessional Approach to Teaching Advocacy Skills: Lessons from an Academic Medical-Legal Partnership.

Medical students and educators recognize that preparing the next generation of health leaders to address seemingly intractable problems like health disparities should include advocacy training. Opportunities to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to effectively advocate at the policy level to promote systems-, community-, and population-level solutions are a critical component of such training. But formal advocacy training programs that develop and measure such skills are scarce. Even less common are interprofessional advocacy training programs that include legal and policy experts to help medical students learn such skills. This 2016-2017 pilot study started with a legislative advocacy training program for preclinical medical students that was designed to prepare them to meet with Capitol Hill representatives about a health justice issue. The pilot assessed the impact of adding an interprofessional education (IPE) dimension to the program, which in this case involved engaging law faculty and students to help the medical students understand and navigate the federal legislative process and prepare for their meetings. Results from the pilot suggest that adding law and policy experts to advocacy-focused training programs can improve medical students' advocacy knowledge and skills and increase their professional identity as advocates.

An assessment of interprofessional education in schools/colleges of pharmacy in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Pharmacy educational standards provide requirements for interprofessional education (IPE). However, there has not been a comparison of IPE structure between doctor of pharmacy programs in the United States (US). The purpose of this study was to gather information regarding current IPE programs and curricula in schools/colleges of pharmacy (S/COP) across the US. METHODS: A survey was developed and emailed to at least one faculty member or administrator from each S/COP responsible for IPE or experiential education. The survey gathered information on IPE status, structure, and oversight. It also explored mechanisms promoting IPE success, pieces of advice for starting or expanding IPE, and hurdles for IPE implementation. RESULTS: Eighty-five S/COP representing 59.9% of programs in the US responded to the survey. All respondents felt IPE was either very important or important to pharmacy education. Mechanisms that promoted IPE success included partnerships, faculty interest in IPE, having an IPE center, being located on an academic medical center, administrative support, and integrating IPE during curricular development. IPE hurdles included logistics, faculty buy-in, sustainability, distance from other programs, and differing accreditation standards across programs. Themes of advice for others were to be innovative/patient/flexible, collaborative, identify key initial partners, develop a director or coordinator of IPE position, and receive administrative support. CONCLUSIONS: IPE is a vital component to training the next generation of health professionals, but the process for can be daunting. Building on the successes of others and predicting barriers can assist S/COP in developing effective IPE.

Evaluation of distance facilitation and technology in an interprofessional simulation exercise.

INTRODUCTION: This paper explores two objectives: (1) effectiveness of interprofessional education facilitators utilizing distance technology to facilitate and debrief an interprofessional exercise with students located on the islands Oahu and Hawai'i Island (Hilo), and (2) impact of technology on the simulation experience for facilitators and students. METHODS: Four disciplines participated in an interprofessional hospital discharge exercise for the same geriatric patient case. Two questions administered to facilitators and students after each session focused on: (1) satisfaction with the students' ability to work through the simulation, and (2) satisfaction with the use of distance technology. RESULTS: Results showed no significant differences when comparing students to facilitators for the students' ability to work through the simulation. Students gave significantly lower satisfaction scores with distance technology than faculty. There were no significant differences in scores among disciplines between either facilitators or students. Pharmacy distance students had significantly lower scores for satisfaction with the simulation exercise and for the role of distance technology compared to other students. Qualitative analyses showed trend improvements over five semesters in four technology areas; volume, noise, difficulty with clarity/understanding, and seating location/placement issues for the on-site group, but only significant improvement with clarity/understanding in the distance group. CONCLUSIONS: Interprofessional simulation exercises can be successfully facilitated from both on-site and distance site without compromising students' ability to work through the exercise. Satisfaction with distance technology was lower for distance student groups.

Effect of interprofessional education on oral assessment performance of nursing students.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interprofessional educational programmes on the improvement of nursing students' oral assessment performances by comparing their attitudes, confidence, abilities, and self-performance before and after the education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects included 112 first-year nursing students in a Japanese nursing school. They participated in the oral assessment educational programmes, which were supported by dentists and introduced into the 1-year curriculum. The first programme was a 1.5-hr lecture with a self-oral assessment training in May 2018, and the second was a 1-hr oral assessment training in October 2018. The questionnaire surveys investigating nursing students' attitudes, confidence, and self-performance regarding oral assessment and the tests measuring their oral assessment abilities were conducted before and after the programmes. The total scores on the tests were 0-9 points. RESULTS: A total of 101 (90.2%) nursing students responded to all the questionnaires and tests. Their attitudes and confidence regarding oral assessment were significantly improved after the programmes. The total average scores on the tests were significantly increased from 6.8 points at baseline to 7.9 points after the programmes. The percentage of their performance of self-oral assessment every day significantly increased from 15.8% at baseline to 32.7% after the programmes. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that the educational programme might be effective in improving not only the students' attitudes and confidence regarding oral assessment but also their oral assessment abilities and self-oral assessment performance. Therefore, future programmes must focus on training them to improve oral health care referrals.

Educación interprofesional y vivencias de los estudiantes en la ejecución de proyectos de desarrollo social / Interprofessional Education and Life Experience of Students in the Implementation of Social Development Projects

Introducción: La educación terciaria tiene el reto de formar profesionales de salud idóneos para desempeñarse como agentes proactivos de cambio. La participación en proyectos sociales es una estrategia para integrar la educación interprofesional en sus competencias. Objetivo: Comprender las vivencias de los estudiantes que participan en proyectos de desarrollo social, en el marco de la educación interprofesional. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico. La muestra se obtuvo por saturación teórica, conformada por 11 estudiantes que participaron en proyectos de desarrollo social. La colecta de datos se realizó con una entrevista en profundidad a los estudiantes que otorgaron su consentimiento informado. Se utilizó el análisis fenomenológico de Coalizzi identificando significados, categorías y subcategorías. Resultados: Del análisis de los discursos emergieron 4 categorías: trabajo en equipo, colaboración interprofesional, toma de decisiones y resolución de conflictos, adquisición de nuevos conocimientos y habilidades. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes participantes fortalecieron el trabajo en equipo ya que conocieron mejor su rol. La comunicación interprofesional fue base para consolidar su participación en los roles de liderazgo y les permitió visualizar su actuar ulterior como profesionales de la salud en la búsqueda de la atención centrada en el paciente con una práctica colaborativa. Frente a dificultades surgidas aprendieron a tomar decisiones en equipo para resolver los conflictos a través del reconocimiento de las líneas de autoridad. Han adquirido nuevos conocimientos y habilidades lo que permite que su formación sea más sólida al asumir un compromiso con la sociedad para dar una atención centrada en el paciente, interprofesionalmente y con calidad(AU)

Introduction: Tertiary education is challenged to train health professionals qualified to act as proactive agents of change. Participation in social projects is a strategy to integrate interprofessional education into its competences. Objective: To understand the experiences of the students who participate in social development projects, within the framework of interprofessional education. Methods: Qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. The sample was obtained by theoretical saturation, made up of 11 students who participated in social development projects. The data collection was carried out with an in-depth interview with the students who gave their informed consent. Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis was used, and meanings, categories and subcategories were identified. Results: From the analysis of the discourses, four categories emerged: teamwork, interprofessional collaboration, decision making and conflict resolution, acquisition of new knowledge and skills. Conclusions: The participating students strengthened teamwork, as they knew their role better. Interprofessional communication was the basis to consolidate their participation in leadership roles and allowed them to visualize their subsequent actions as health professionals in the search for patient-centered care with collaborative practice. Before the difficulties that appeared, they learned to make team decisions to resolve conflicts through the recognition of lines of authority. They have acquired new knowledge and skills, which makes their training more solid by assuming a commitment to society and to provide quality patient-centered care interprofessionally(AU)