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1.
Prev Vet Med ; 183: 105118, 2020 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32891899

RESUMO

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne pathogen affecting humans and domestic animals worldwide. This study aimed to determine the molecular epidemiology and its associated risk factors of A. phagocytophilum infection in cattle in four ecological zones of Iran. A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was utilized during 2017-2018. A total of 1851 blood samples from 320 cattle farms were collected and examined using specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) based on the 16S rRNA gene. The overall prevalence of A. phagocytophilum was 15.5% (286/1851) by using nPCR. All four zones were A. phagocytophilum positive, the presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA was detected in eight out of nine tested provinces. Univariable analysis of risk factors indicated that climate, altitude, longitude, latitude, season, farm-type, feeding method, hygiene of the farm, tick infestation, use of acaricides by the farmer, distance from other farms, contact with wild animals, race, sex, and milk yield were significant determinants (P < 0.05) for A. phagocytophilum infection. The multivariable analysis determined that longitude, latitude, season, feeding method, and hygiene of the farm remained as significant risk factors for A. phagocytophilum infection (P < 0.05). Specific (SaTScan) cluster analysis identified two high risks and four low risks statistically significant clusters for A. phagocytophilum infection amongst the study areas (P < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA isolates were 96-99% identical to sequences deposited in the GenBank. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive molecular study on the epidemiology and risk factors analysis of A. phagocytophilum infection in cattle in different climatic zones of Iran. Further investigations are necessary to be performed regarding the tick vectors, reservoir animals, and the zoonotic potential of the A. phagocytophilum in the endemic region of Iran.


Assuntos
Anaplasma phagocytophilum/fisiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Ecossistema , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Anaplasmose/microbiologia , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/microbiologia , Irã (Geográfico)/epidemiologia , Prevalência , RNA Bacteriano/análise , RNA Ribossômico 16S/análise , Fatores de Risco
2.
PLoS One ; 13(9): e0204609, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30261027

RESUMO

Promoting health equity is a fundamental public health objective, yet health disparities remain largely overlooked in studies of vectorborne diseases, especially those transmitted by ticks. We sought to identify health disparities associated with Lyme disease and human monocytic ehrlichiosis, two of the most pervasive tickborne diseases within the United States. We used general linear mixed models to measure associations between county-level disease incidence and six variables representing racial/ethnic and socioeconomic characteristics of counties (percent white non-Hispanic; percent with a bachelors degree or higher; percent living below the poverty line; percent unemployed; percent of housing units vacant; per capita number of property crimes). Two ecological variables important to tick demography (percent forest cover; density of white-tailed deer) were included in secondary analyses to contextualize findings. Analyses included data from 2,695 counties in 37 states and the District of Columbia during 2007-2013. Each of the six variables was significantly associated with the incidence of one or both diseases, but the direction and magnitude of associations varied by disease. Results suggested that the incidence of Lyme disease was highest in counties with relatively higher proportions of white and more educated persons and lower poverty and crime rates; the incidence of human monocytic ehrlichiosis was highest in counties with relatively higher proportions of white and less educated persons, higher unemployment rates and lower crime rates. The percentage of housing units vacant was a strong positive predictor for both diseases with a magnitude of association comparable to those between incidence and the ecological variables. Our findings indicate that racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in disease incidence appear to be epidemiologically important features of Lyme disease and human monocytic ehrlichiosis in the United States. Steps to mitigate encroachment of wild flora and fauna into areas with vacant housing might be warranted to reduce disease risk.


Assuntos
Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Doença de Lyme/epidemiologia , Animais , Vetores Aracnídeos , Cervos , Etnicidade , Feminino , Florestas , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Humanos , Incidência , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Pobreza , Prática de Saúde Pública , Grupos Raciais , Carrapatos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia
3.
Aust Vet J ; 95(12): 462-468, 2017 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29243242

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of selected canine vector-borne diseases (Leishmania infantum, Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis) and endo- and ectoparasites in Samoan dogs presenting for surgical sterilisation and to report on the general health management of the dogs. METHODS: This study was a prospective serological cross-sectional survey. Management data were obtained for 242 dogs by interview with their owners. Blood samples were collected from 237 dogs and screened for the canine vector-borne diseases using point-of-care qualitative ELISA assays. Anaplasma spp. positive samples were screened by PCR and sequenced for species identification. Rectal faecal samples were collected from 204 dogs for faecal flotation and immunofluorescent antibody tests were performed for Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. on a subset of 93 faecal samples. The skin and coat of 221 dogs were examined for presence of ectoparasites. RESULTS: The D. immitis antigen was detected in 46.8% (111/237) of dogs. Seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. was 8.4% (20/237); A. platys was confirmed by PCR. Prevalence of hookworm was 92.6% (185/205) and Giardia was 29.0% (27/93). Ectoparasites were detected on 210/221 (95.0%) of dogs examined and 228/242 dogs (94.2%) had previously never received any preventative medication. CONCLUSIONS: There was a very high prevalence of D. immitis, hookworm and external parasites in Samoan dogs, and prophylactic medication is rarely administered. This is the first report confirming A. platys in Samoa and the South Pacific islands. The public health implications of poor management of the dogs should be considered and investigated further.


Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Anaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Anaplasmose/diagnóstico , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Animais , Antígenos de Helmintos , Borrelia burgdorferi/isolamento & purificação , Estudos Transversais , Dirofilaria/isolamento & purificação , Dirofilariose/diagnóstico , Dirofilariose/epidemiologia , Vetores de Doenças , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Cães , Ehrlichia canis/isolamento & purificação , Ehrlichiose/diagnóstico , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Feminino , Entrevistas como Assunto , Leishmania infantum/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Doença de Lyme/diagnóstico , Doença de Lyme/epidemiologia , Doença de Lyme/veterinária , Masculino , Prevalência , Samoa/epidemiologia
4.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis ; 8(4): 646-656, 2017 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28457822

RESUMO

New genotypes of Anaplasmataceae agents have been detected in wild carnivores, birds and deer in Brazil. The present work aimed to investigate the presence of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma species in rodents sampled in Brazil. Additionally, a newly designed quantitative 5' nuclease real-time multiplex PCR for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. detection based on groEL gene amplification was designed, showing high specificity and sensitivity (10 groEL fragment copy/µL). Between 2000 and 2011, different rodent species [n=60] were trapped in 5 Brazilian biomes. Among 458 rodent spleen samples, 0.4% (2/458) and 2.4% (11/458) were positive for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp., respectively. Of 458 samples, 2.0% (9/458) and 1.1% (5/458) were positive for Anaplasma sp. and Ehrlichia sp., respectively, using conventional 16S rRNA PCR assays. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic analyse based on a small region of 16S rRNA genes positioned the Anaplasma genotypes in rodents near Anaplasma phagocytophilum or Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma odocoilei isolates. Ehrlichia genotypes were closely related to E. canis. There was a low occurrence of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in wild and synanthropic rodents in Brazil, suggesting the circulation of new genotypes of these agents in rodents in the studied areas.


Assuntos
Anaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Chaperonina 60/genética , Ehrlichia/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Doenças dos Roedores/epidemiologia , Roedores , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Anaplasmose/microbiologia , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Ehrlichia/genética , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/microbiologia , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Prevalência , RNA Bacteriano/genética , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Doenças dos Roedores/microbiologia
5.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis ; 13(12): 846-50, 2013 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24107211

RESUMO

We hereby propose a novel sensitive, specific, and cost-efficient method to detect Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys DNA from canine whole blood samples by multiplex PCR. Blood samples from hemoparasited dogs attending the Veterinary Hospital at the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia-UFRA, Belém, Brazil, were collected in tubes containing EDTA. Amplification of E. canis and A. platys 16S rDNA by nested (n) PCR was successfully achieved by using primers specific to the Anaplasmataceae in the first round of PCR, followed by a second round of PCR using E. canis-specific primers in conjunction with A. platys-specific primers. The amplicons obtained were cloned and sequenced, yielding sequences of 478 and 473 bp (including primers) pertaining to regions of the 16S rDNA of E. canis and A. platys, respectively. The protocol we here propose may help to measure the prevalence of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) and canine cyclic thrompocytopenia, not only in northern Brazil, where there is no data available, but also elsewhere.


Assuntos
Anaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Anaplasmose/diagnóstico , DNA Bacteriano/sangue , Ehrlichia canis/isolamento & purificação , Ehrlichiose/diagnóstico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/métodos , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Brasil/epidemiologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Primers do DNA/genética , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Cães , Ehrlichia canis/genética , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Feminino , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/economia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/normas , Prevalência , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterinária , Fatores de Tempo
6.
Artigo em Russo | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19621812

RESUMO

AIM: To study the rate of infection of ticks captured one of the Moscow park terrains with bacteria (agents of tick borreliosis and anaplasmosis). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rates of infection of dried ticks with agents of main tick-borne bacterial infections (tick borreliosis and anaplasmosis) were determined by nested PCR. RESULTS: In May-June 2006, 76 ticks (40 adult females, 36 adult, males) belonged to Ixodes ricinus species were captured by the method "on flag". Number of ticks on the chosen terrain was 1.77 ticks per km2. 22.4% of ticks (12 females and 5 males) were positive for the agent of tick borreliosis--spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato which is pathogenic for humans. The main detected pathogen was Euro-Asian genovariant of B. garinii--7 female and 5 male ticks (70.6% from total number of infected ticks) were infected with it. Five female ticks were infected with genovariant of B. afzelii. One female tick (1.2%) was infected with B. valaisiana. CONCLUSION: Anaplasma A. phagocytophilum causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis was not detected in captured adult ticks.


Assuntos
Anaplasma phagocytophilum/isolamento & purificação , Vetores Aracnídeos/microbiologia , Infecções por Borrelia/microbiologia , Borrelia/isolamento & purificação , Ehrlichiose/microbiologia , Ixodes/microbiologia , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Animais , Infecções por Borrelia/epidemiologia , Infecções por Borrelia/transmissão , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/transmissão , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Moscou/epidemiologia
7.
Parassitologia ; 39(2): 161-5, 1997 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9530703

RESUMO

A general review of the tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats is given, with the emphasis on those thought to be of greatest economic importance. These include babesiosis, theileriosis, cowdriosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Nairobi sheep diseases and tick paralysis. A commented list of tick-borne diseases and their vectors is presented. It is stressed that large gaps remain in our knowledge of the real importance in the field of many of these diseases, especially in local stock.


Assuntos
Doenças das Cabras/economia , Doenças dos Ovinos/economia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/veterinária , Anaplasmose/economia , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Animais , Babesiose/economia , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/economia , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Cabras , Hidropericárdio/economia , Hidropericárdio/epidemiologia , Doença dos Ovinos de Nairobi/economia , Doença dos Ovinos de Nairobi/epidemiologia , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/epidemiologia , Theileriose/economia , Theileriose/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/economia , Paralisia por Carrapato/epidemiologia , Paralisia por Carrapato/veterinária , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/economia , Doenças Transmitidas por Carrapatos/epidemiologia
8.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 208(8): 1290-4, 1996 Apr 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8635974

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether preferentially vaccinated horses were at risk for exposure to Ehrlichia risticii, whether horses with equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME) were likely to have been nonvaccinated, and whether clinical severity and financial costs associated with care and treatment of EME were less for vaccinated horses with EME than for nonvaccinated horses with EME. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and case-control studies. PROCEDURE: Information on usage of E risticii bacterins to control EME was collected for 2,587 horses located on 511 farms throughout New York. Each horse was tested for serum antibodies directed against E risticii. Data on efficacy of vaccination to reduce the prevalence and clinical severity of EME and monetary losses associated with EME were collected from 68 horses with EME and 132 clinically normal horses. RESULTS: A correlation was not detected between the county seropositive proportion and the proportion of horses vaccinated against EME. Among horses diagnosed for EME, median date of diagnosis was not delayed for vaccinated horses, compared with that for nonvaccinated horses. Mean cost per case was not significantly different for nonvaccinated horses, compared with that for vaccinated horses ($ 1,082 and $ 1,001, respectively). Vaccination was not associated with a reduction in prevalence or in severity of EME-related clinical signs. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Administering killed E risticii bacterin once a year to control EME in New York appears to have limited success. Among horses in which EME was diagnosed, severity of illness and financial costs attributable to EME were indistinguishable for vaccinated and nonvaccinated horses.


Assuntos
Vacinas Bacterianas , Ehrlichia/imunologia , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/veterinária , Animais , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos Transversais , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/prevenção & controle , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Cavalos , New York/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Estações do Ano , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Vacinação/economia , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados
9.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 208(8): 1295-9, 1996 Apr 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8635975

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether horses in New York should be vaccinated against equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME). DESIGN: Decision-tree analyses of data from a cross-sectional study and a case-control study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Horses in New York. PROCEDURE: Annual expected monetary loss per horse attributable to EME was calculated for vaccinated and nonvaccinated horses in New York. Because risk of being seropositive was dependent on county in which the horse was located, farm elevation, and use of each horse, decision-tree analyses were stratified by these factors. RESULTS: Annual expected monetary loss per horse attributable to EME for horses vaccinated by veterinarians ranged from $ 21 to $ 21.83/horse/y; for horses vaccinated by owners ranged from $ 10 to $ 10.83/horse/y; and for nonvaccinated horses ranged from $ 0 to $ 4.03/horse/y. Assuming 78% of vaccinated horses were protected and mean losses associated with EME included costs for horses that died, annual incidence density at which expected monetary loss for vaccinated horses was equal to that for nonvaccinated horses was 12 cases/1,000 horses/y and 25 cases/1,000 horses/y for horses vaccinated by owners or by veterinarians, respectively. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Annual vaccination minimizes monetary losses attributable to EME only when the annual incidence density exceeds 12 to 25 cases/1,000 horses/y. In New York, expected monetary losses are minimized when horses are not vaccinated because of the low annual incidence density in most regions.


Assuntos
Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/veterinária , Animais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Análise Custo-Benefício , Estudos Transversais , Árvores de Decisões , Ehrlichiose/economia , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichiose/prevenção & controle , Doenças dos Cavalos/economia , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Cavalos , New York/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Vacinação/economia
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