Social representation of spiritual surgeries in Umbanda: culture, religion and contributions of nursing theory.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the social representation of spiritual surgeries in Umbanda for Bantu-Amerindian ritual mediums and their contributions to the cross-cultural care proposed by Madeleine Leininger. METHODS: a descriptive-exploratory, qualitative study, supported by the procedural approach of Social Representation Theory and Transcultural Nursing Theory, carried out with 30 Umbanda mediums of the Bantu-Amerindian ritual through interviews, submitted to the Iramuteq software for lexical analysis. RESULTS: mostly women, white, with an average of 46 years old and approximately 14 years of practice in Umbanda participated. The social representation of spiritual surgeries in Umbanda is objectified and anchored through a biomedical vision of care, encompassing a set of beliefs, values and practices as religious treatments, through faith, whose main objective is healing. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: spiritual surgeries are a form of transcultural care, according to Madeleine Leininger's propositions, as they integrate the culture of a group through health care in Umbanda.

The development of cultural competences in nursing students and their significance in shaping the future work environment: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Working in a culturally diverse environment entails a moral and professional responsibility to provide culturally competent care. This has been recognised as an important measure to reduce health inequalities, improve the quality of care and increase patient satisfaction. The aim of this study was to assess the level of cultural competence in nursing students a decade after the introduction of transcultural nursing content into the nursing curriculum in Slovenia. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design with 180 s-year nursing students as a convenience sample was used. Cultural competence was assessed using the Cultural Competence Assessment Tool (CCATool) via an online survey. IBM SPSS facilitated statistical analysis, using descriptive statistics and inferential methods, including the chi-square test. Non-parametric tests (Mann Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis H and Wilcoxon signed-rank) were used for non-normally distributed data (Shapiro-Wilk test, p < 0.05). The significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: The results indicate that students demonstrate a high level of cultural competence, although there is room for improvement in terms of cultural sensitivity, as determined by coding the CCATool. The results also show a remarkable contrast between their self-assessed scores and the objective scores obtained from CCATool coding of the statements in each subscale (p < 0.005). In addition, significant differences (p = 0.002) are found in subscale "Cultural Knowledge" particularly between students who have lived abroad for more than 6 months and those who have not. The latter group has a higher score in the CCATool, indicating greater cultural knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that the presence of transcultural elements in the Slovenian nursing curriculum is associated with higher self-reported levels of cultural competence among nursing students, although the present research design does not allow for causal interpretations. This competence is of immense importance in preparing students for their future professional environment. However, it is crucial to further refine the nursing curriculum, especially through greater integration of transcultural content in all health disciplines. In addition, the introduction of innovative teaching and learning approaches can better prepare students to deal with the diverse cultural experiences they will encounter in their nursing careers.

Examination of individualised care behaviours and ethnocentrism of nurses caring for refugees: A descriptive and exploratory study.

BACKGROUND: Qualified individualised nursing care should be provided to all communities and ethnic groups with free of ethnocentrism. AIMS: To evaluate nurses' individualised care behaviours and ethnocentric attitudes and predict the relationship between their individualised care behaviours and ethnocentric attitudes. DESIGN: A descriptive and exploratory study. METHODS: This study was conducted with 250 nurses working in a public and two private hospitals in a city, an area with many refugees. Data were collected using the Ethnocentrism Scale and Individualised Care Behaviours Scale. Structural equation model analysis to test hypothetical model and descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS: Nurses working in the private hospitals had a higher individualised care decision control mean score. Those nurses who enjoyed spending time with people from different cultures had lower mean ethnocentrism scale scores, higher individualised care clinical status, personal life and decision control status subscales mean scores compared to other nurses. Mean scores of the individualised care personal life and decision control status subscales of the nurses who followed the literature on transcultural nursing was higher. A significant relationship between the ethnocentrism levels and individualised care behaviours was identified. Accordingly, the ethnocentric attitudes of the nurses negatively affected their individualised care behaviours, and the model established between the two concepts is statistically appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: Nurses who work in private hospitals, receive intercultural nursing education and enjoy spending time with different cultures have higher individualised care behaviours and lower ethnocentrism levels. Ethnocentric attitudes of the nurses negatively affected their individualised care behaviours. Care strategies should be developed that consider the factors that will maximize individualised care practices that minimize ethnocentric behaviours among nurses. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION: Increasing awareness on individualised care behaviours, ethnocentric attitudes and effected factors will contribute to improve of nursing care quality of nurses while giving care to individuals from different cultures.

Integration of Population Health, Social Determinants, and Social Justice in Transcultural Nursing and Culturally Competent Care: White Paper by the Scholars Education Interest Group.

INTRODUCTION: As part of its mission to advance Transcultural Nursing worldwide, the Transcultural Nursing Society Scholars upholds the central role of the discipline and cultural competence in advocacy, empowerment, and transformation of the life conditions of disadvantaged populations. This White Paper affirms the Scholars' core belief in the value of Transcultural Nursing and culturally competent care in addressing social determinants to promote health equity. METHODS: The Scholars Education Interest Group proposes recommendations for changes in education, practice, and research undergirding the discipline and expand cultural competence to directly address social structural and historical forces that perpetuate health vulnerability in diverse populations. RESULTS: Collaborative leadership between the TCNS Scholars, Board of Trustess and members should develop initiatives to foster implementation of the recommendations and promote global dissemination of exemplars in education, research and practice. DISCUSSION: Collaborative implementation of recommendations will generate evidence of health equity outcomes through TCN and culturally competent care.

Interrelações das Epistemologias do Sul e o cuidado transcultural nas práticas em saúde e Enfermagem / Interrelaciones de Epistemologías del Sur y cuidado transcultural en salud y prácticas de enfermería / Interrelationships of Epistemologies of the South and cross-cultural care in health and Nursing practices

Resumo Objetivo refletir sobre as interrelações do cuidado transcultural e as Epistemologias do Sul nas práticas em saúde e Enfermagem. Método trata-se um de estudo reflexivo, com base em uma revisão narrativa da literatura, destacando os conceitos da linha abissal, ecologia dos saberes e descolonização do saber do referencial das Epistemologias do Sul. Resultados após a análise reflexiva do material emergiram três eixos reflexivos, a saber: Populações ao Sul da linha abissal; Ecologia dos saberes e a interculturalidade; e Descolonização do saber nas práticas em saúde e Enfermagem: cuidado culturalmente congruente. Considerações finais e implicações para a prática a valorização da cultura de autocuidado de grupos populacionais vulneráveis ao sul da linha abissal é fundamental para oportunizar a visibilidade e a voz, retirados pelo processo de colonização no campo da saúde, fruto da supervalorização do saber biomédico. Observa-se a necessidade do diálogo entre os conhecimentos para a construção de um ambiente de aprendizagem mútua, caracterizado como ecologia dos saberes. Para isso, é preciso o processo de descolonização na perspectiva do pensamento pós-abissal, com a valorização do saber popular, em prol de um cuidado culturalmente congruente. Por fim, na Enfermagem, o referencial da Teoria da Universalidade e Diversidade do Cuidado Cultural instrumentaliza o enfermeiro para planejar e implementar o cuidado transcultural sensível.

Resumen Objetivo reflexionar sobre las interrelaciones del cuidado transcultural y las Epistemologías del Sur en las prácticas de salud y Enfermería. Método se trata de un estudio reflexivo, a partir de una revisión narrativa de la literatura, destacando los conceptos de la línea abisal, ecología del saber y descolonización del saber en el marco de las Epistemologías del Sur. Resultados luego del análisis reflexivo del material surgieron tres ejes reflexivos, a saber: Poblaciones al sur de la línea abisal; Ecología del conocimiento e interculturalidad; y Descolonización del saber en salud y prácticas de Enfermería: cuidado culturalmente congruente. Consideraciones finales e implicaciones para la práctica la valorización de la cultura del autocuidado de los grupos poblacionales vulnerables al sur de la línea abisal es fundamental para generar espacios de visibilidad y voz sustraídos por el proceso de colonización en el campo de la salud, producto de la sobrevaloración de la biomedicina conocimiento. Hay una necesidad de diálogo entre saberes para construir un ambiente de aprendizaje mutuo, caracterizado como la ecología del saber. Para ello, se necesita el proceso de descolonización desde la perspectiva del pensamiento postabismal, con la valorización del saber popular, en pro del cuidado culturalmente congruente. Finalmente, en Enfermería, el marco de la Teoría de la Universalidad y Diversidad del Cuidado Cultural equipa a los enfermeros para planificar e implementar un cuidado transcultural sensible.

Abstract Objective to reflect on the interrelationships of transcultural care and the Epistemologies of the South of health and Nursing practices. Method this is a reflective study, based on a narrative review of the literature, highlighting the concepts of abyssal line, ecology of knowledge, and decolonization of knowledge from the framework of the Epistemologies of the South. Results after the reflective analysis of the material, three reflexive axes emerged, namely: Populations south of the abyssal line; Ecology of knowledge and interculturality; and Decolonization of knowledge in health and nursing practices: culturally congruent care. Final considerations and implications for practice the appreciation of the self-care culture of vulnerable population groups south of the abyssal line is essential to create opportunities for visibility and voice removed by the colonization process in the health field, as a result of the overvaluation of biomedical knowledge. There is a need for dialogue between knowledge to build an environment of mutual learning, characterized as the ecology of knowledge. For this, the decolonization process is needed from the perspective of post-abyssal thinking, with the appreciation of popular knowledge, in favor of culturally congruent care. Finally, in nursing, the framework of the Theory of Universality and Diversity of Cultural Care equips nurses to plan and implement sensitive transcultural care.

[Implementation of an Advanced Nursing Practice to advance transcultural healthcare: A practical development project]. / Implementierung von Advanced Nursing Practice zur Förderung transkultureller Versorgung.

Implementation of an Advanced Nursing Practice to advance transcultural healthcare: A practical development project Abstract. Background: Patients and staff with different cultural backgrounds encounter each other in different roles at the children's hospital. Cultural differences are at the heart of misinterpretations and misunderstandings that can result in errors and prolong hospitalisation. Aim: To meet the challenges of reaching a common understanding in trans-cultural care, improve empowerment and ensure adequate treatment of children and family alike we introduced an ANP trans-cultural care team (ANP-TKV). Methods: The role of the ANP-TKV team was conceived as a project, encompassing a stakeholder and risk analysis, defining of the organisation, the setting of milestones, resources and controlling, as well as establishing an information concept. Results: The project concept successfully integrated and consolidated the APN-TKV team into our hospital activity. The team is now regularly consulted to manage complex trans-cultural situations, sensitises diverse professional groups and initiates professional inputs. It also provides helpful material and is able to anticipate potential current trans-cultural issues. Discussion: The evidence-based work of the ANP-TVK team has exerted positive effects on therapeutic teams as well as patients and their families and initiates a cultural change within the hospital. It is now an operative addition to the hospital's strategic commission. Further development of the meaning of trans-cultural and the question of allocation of financial and time resources to the APN-TKV team are presently under review.

Improving Cultural Competence and Self-Efficacy Among Postgraduate Nursing Students: Results of an Online Cultural Care Training Program.

INTRODUCTION: Since nurses and nursing students interact with culturally diverse clients in health care settings, training programs are required to improve cultural competence and self-efficacy among them. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an online cultural care training program on cultural competence and self-efficacy among postgraduate nursing students. METHODS: The present interventional study used random sampling to allocate 80 postgraduate nursing students into the intervention and control groups. Cultural care training program was held for the intervention group. RESULTS: No significant difference in cultural competence and self-efficacy scores was found between the intervention and control groups in the pretest. However, the intervention group scored higher in terms of cultural competence and self-efficacy after the intervention. DISCUSSION: Given cultural diversity and prevalence of medical tourism, nursing instructors need to pay special attention to cultural care education at all academic levels.

Assistência em enfermagem à luz da teoria transcultural / Atención de enfermería a la luz de la teoria transcultural / Nursing care in the light of the transcultural theory

Objetivo: Analisar as evidências cientificas de como a Teoria da Universalidade e Diversidade do Cuidado Cultural está sendo utilizada na prática da assistência em enfermagem. Métodos: Revisão Integrativa da literatura, na qual a busca de artigos foi realizada na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde com os descritores "Culturally Competent Care; Nursing Care; Nursing Theory e Transcultural Nursing, com o operador boleano "AND", no período de maio e junho de 2021. Inicialmente foram encontrados 750 estudos e após o aperfeiçoamento, 9 foram incluídos. Foi utilizado para auxiliar no desenvolvimento desta revisão o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Resultados: a teoria favorece a prestação de cuidados de enfermagem considerando o fator cultural, capacitando o indivíduo a efetuar atividades segundo padrões definidos por uma variação de crenças, valores e condições socioeconômicas em uma sociedade. Conclusão: Sua aplicabilidade resulta numa assistência mais humana diante das diferentes demandas da sociedade contemporânea.(AU)

Objective: Analyze the scientific evidence of how the Theory of Universality and Diversity in Cultural Care is being used in the practice of nursing care. Methods: Integrative literature review, in which the search for articles was performed in the Virtual Health Library with the descriptors "Culturally Competent Care; Nursing Care; Nursing Theory and Transcultural Nursing, with the Boolean operator "AND", from May to June 2021. Initially, 750 studies were found and after improvement, 9 were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used to assist in the development of this review. Results: the theory favors the provision of nursing care considering the cultural factor, enabling the individual to perform activities according to patterns defined by a variation of beliefs, values and socioeconomic conditions in a society. Conclusion: Its applicability results in a more humane assistance in face of the different demands of contemporary society(AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica de cómo se está utilizando la Teoría de la Universalidad y la Diversidad en el Cuidado Cultural en la práctica del cuidado de enfermería. Métodos: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, en la que se realizó la búsqueda de artículos en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud con los descriptores "Atención Culturalmente Competente; Cuidado de enfermera; Teoría de Enfermería y Enfermería Transcultural, con el operador booleano "AND", de mayo a junio de 2021. Inicialmente se encontraron 750 estudios y luego de la mejoría se incluyeron 9. Se utilizó para ayudar en el desarrollo de esta revisión lo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Resultados: la teoría favorece la prestación del cuidado de enfermería considerando el factor cultural, capacitando al individuo para realizar actividades según patrones definidos por una variación de creencias, valores y condiciones socioeconómicas en una Sociedad. Conclusión: su aplicabilidad da como resultado una asistencia más humana frente a las diferentes demandas de la sociedad contemporánea(AU)

Experiences of Iranian Pediatric Nurses in Providing Care to Hospitalized Children of Different Language Backgrounds: A Qualitative Study.

INTRODUCTION: Communication is one of the main foundations of providing care. Nurses have encountered patients from different languages due to globalization and mobilities within and between countries. This study aimed to explore the Iranian pediatric nurses' experiences in providing care for children of different language backgrounds. METHODOLOGY: In this conventional qualitative content analysis study, 15 pediatric nurses were selected through purposive sampling from four specialty pediatric hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected via in-depth semistructured face-to-face interviews and concurrently analyzed via conventional content analysis. RESULTS: Data analysis resulted in 132 primary codes, which were reduced to 95 during constant comparison and categorized into 34 subcategories, six main categories, and the main theme emerging from the categories was "language as a barrier in providing effective nursing care." DISCUSSION: This study suggests that language differences between pediatric nurses and hospitalized children may make nursing care less effective and act as a barrier to achieving patient care goals.

Transcultural Nurse Views on Culture-Sensitive/Patient-Centered Assessment and Care Planning: A Descriptive Study.

INTRODUCTION: Culture-sensitive (CS) and patient-centered (PC) care are considered essential to achieve high-quality equitable care. The purpose of this study was to determine how expert nurses incorporate CS/PC care into their assessment and care planning practices, especially for culturally diverse and marginalized patients. METHODOLOGY: Using a qualitative, descriptive design, we conducted a focus group at the October 2019 Transcultural Nursing Society Conference. Participants (n = 9) discussed how they instilled cultural sensitivity and patient-centeredness into their assessment and care planning skills. RESULTS: Participants revealed attitudes, knowledge, and skills associated with CS/PC assessment and care planning. They also identified specific strategies for translating CS/PC theory into assessment and care planning practices. DISCUSSION: Three principles and many pragmatic strategies for incorporating CS/PC care into daily practice emerged from the data. Nurses may find these principles and strategies helpful in integrating CS/PC care into their daily care of patients in busy clinical settings.

Nursing students' experience of learning cultural competence.

INTRODUCTION: European societies are rapidly becoming multicultural. Cultural diversity presents new challenges and opportunities to communities that receive immigrants and migrants, and highlights the need for culturally safe healthcare. Universities share a responsibility to build a fair and equitable society by integrating cultural content in the nursing curricula. This paper aims to analyze European student nurses´ experience of learning cultural competence and of working with patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A phenomenological approach was selected through a qualitative research method. 7 semi-structured focus groups with 5-7 students took place at the participants' respective universities in Spain, Belgium, Turkey and Portugal. RESULTS: 5 themes and 16 subthemes emerged from thematic analysis. Theme 1, concept of culture/cultural diversity, describes the participants' concept of culture; ethnocentricity emerged as a frequent element in the students' discourse. Theme 2, personal awareness, integrates the students' self-perception of cultural competence and their learning needs. Theme 3, impact of culture, delves on the participants' perceived impact of cultural on both nursing care and patient outcomes. Theme 4, learning cultural competence, integrates the participants' learning experiences as part of their nursing curricula, as part of other academic learning opportunities and as part of extra-academic activities. Theme 5, learning cultural competence during practice placements, addresses some important issues including witnessing unequal care, racism, prejudice and conflict, communication and language barriers, tools and resources and positive attitudes and behaviors witnesses or displayed during clinical practice. CONCLUSION: The participants' perceived level of cultural competence was variable. All the participants agreed that transcultural nursing content should be integrated in the nursing curricula, and suggested different strategies to improve their knowledge, skills and attitudes. It is important to listen to the students and take their opinion into account when designing cultural teaching and learning activities.

O papel da enfermagem para a promoção da sustentabilidade em populações vulneráveis / The role of nursing for sustainability promotion in vulnerable populations / El papel de la enfermería para la promoción de la sostenibilidad en poblaciones vulnerables

Objetivo: Discutir o papel da enfermagem na promoção da sustentabilidade em comunidades vulneráveis. Método: Estudo reflexivo fundamentado na Teoria do Cuidado Transcultural, competências do enfermeiro e no conceito de sustentabilidade associado ao desenvolvimento de populações vulneráveis, especificamente, em comunidades quilombolas. Resultados: Enfermeiros devem estar sensíveis às diferenças culturais, inserindo-as no planejamento do cuidar, pois a interação e assimilação das ações propostas, estão relacionadas aos valores culturais dos indivíduos. Práticas de saúde desenvolvidas pela enfermagem, na perspectiva da promoção da saúde devem considerar o empoderamento das populações vulneráveis, através de ações sustentáveis, possibilitando melhorias socioeconômicas, refletindo no bem-estar ambiental e na saúde. Considerações finais: A enfermagem deve realizar o cuidado ético, considerando as particularidades culturais, proporcionando promoção da saúde através de práticas sustentáveis. (AU)

Objective: Vulnerable populations like the remaining Quilombola community need health care tailored to their demands and needs. The purpose of this study is to discuss the role of nursing in promoting sustainability in vulnerable communities. Methods: Reflective study based on the Theory of Culture Care, nursing competencies, and on the concept of sustainability. Results: Nurses must be sensitive to cultural differences inserting themselves in care planning strategies as nursing actions must consider the cultural values of individuals. Health practices developed by nurses, in the perspective of health promotion, must consider the empowerment of vulnerable populations through sustainable actions, enabling socioeconomic improvements and reflecting on environmental well-being and health. Conclusion: Nurses must perform ethical care considering cultural particularities and promoting health through sustainable practices. This reflection article presents possibilities of action in the broader view of health to vulnerable communities providing support to health professionals. (AU)

Objetivo: Discutir el papel de la enfermería en la promoción de la sostenibilidad en comunidades vulnerables. Métodos: Estudio reflexivo basado en la Teoría del Cuidado Transcultural, las competencias enfermeras y el concepto de sustentabilidad asociado al desarrollo de poblaciones vulnerables, específicamente en comunidades quilombolas. Resultados: El enfermero debe ser sensible a las diferencias culturales, insertándolas en la planificación de los cuidados, ya que la interacción y asimilación de las acciones propuestas están relacionadas con los valores culturales de los individuos. Las prácticas de salud desarrolladas por la enfermería, en la perspectiva de la promoción de la salud, deben considerar el empoderamiento de las poblaciones vulnerables, a través de acciones sostenibles, posibilitando mejoras socioeconómicas, reflexionando sobre el bienestar y la salud ambiental. Conclusión: Enfermería debe realizar un cuidado ético, considerando las particularidades culturales, brindando promoción de la salud a través de prácticas sostenibles. (AU)

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool for use with undergraduate nursing students in Spain.

BACKGROUND: The provision of culturally competent care helps reduce healthcare inequalities. There is a positive association between the cultural competence of nursing professionals and patient satisfaction, and also between nurses' self-efficacy and patients' adherence to treatment. While training in this respect is important, the self-assessment of skills should also be addressed. AIMS: To produce a culturally-validated Spanish-language version of the Transcultural Self-Efficacy Tool (TSET) for use in undergraduate nursing studies, and to evaluate its implementation within the Spanish educational system. METHODS: This cultural adaptation and psychometric validation study was carried out with student nurses from two universities. International standards were followed for the translation and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire. All students completed the questionnaire twice, the second time 14 days after the first. Those who took the Transcultural Care course at the University of Málaga also completed the questionnaire a third time, after concluding this study subject. The reliability, discriminatory capacity, stability and sensitivity to change of the questionnaire were tested and confirmed, and a confirmatory factor analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 286 students took part in this study. Overall, the TSET obtained a reliability score of 0.978, according to Cronbach's alpha test. In relation to nationality of origin, the discriminatory capacity of the questionnaire was -1.067 (-1815 a -0,320) = 0.005. Stability, assessed at 14 days using the intraclass correlation coefficient, was 0.901 (0.873 a 0.923) <0.001. The before-after sensitivity to change for those who took the Transcultural Care course was 1.820 (1558 a 2083) <0.001. CONCLUSIONS: This Spanish-language version of the TSET is culturally suitable for the educational context of undergraduate nursing students in Spain, and its psychometric validation was performed with satisfactory results.

Production of knowledge based on the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality: documental research.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the abstracts that relate nursing to the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality, published in the annals of the main national scientific events in the category, over a 12-year period. METHODS: documental research carried out in the annals of the Brazilian Nursing Congress and the National Nursing Research Seminar. Data collection took place from July/2018 to June/2019 using a form. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. RESULTS: 99 studies were analyzed, and three categories emerged: Cultural diversity, emic perspective, and cultural context: possibilities for applying the theory; Incongruencies and peculiarities of the care sectors: limitations of the application of the theory; Knowledge production to improve care: implications for professional nursing practice. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the investigated scientific production enabled the construction of knowledge of cultural aspects related to nursing care and showed similarities and variations in care practices.

Cultural competence among nurses and its influencing factors: A cross-sectional study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of cultural competence and its influencing factors among Chinese nurses by using a cross-sectional design. Participants were recruited from four tertiary hospitals in Jiangsu, China, and 325 nurses completed the Cultural Competence Inventory for Nurses in China. Data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression to identify factors influencing cultural competence. The results showed that Chinese nurses self-rated cultural competence at a moderate level (mean value of 101.7 out of 145), which indicates that cultural training is necessary to improve their cultural competence. Nurses who were younger and had fewer years of working experience, had lower educational backgrounds, seldom learned about different cultures via mass media, and rarely resided in or visited places with different cultures tended to have lower cultural competence levels, and should be provided more opportunities for cultural training. By considering demographic characteristics that influence cultural competence among Chinese nurses, educators can specifically design cultural training content at an appropriate level, targeting trainees' needs and thereby enhance training effectiveness.

American Roma: A Cultural Care Case Study.

This case study depicts the cultural conflict that occurred when an American Roma (Gypsy) woman delivered her baby at a small hospital that had no knowledge or experience with the Roma culture. The case is analyzed based on the three modes of nursing actions and decisions for culturally congruent nursing care, an important tenet of Leininger's culture care theory. Culture care preservation and maintenance efforts included enabling family presence, respecting the culture's moral code, and acknowledging child-rearing norms. Cultural care accommodation and negotiation focused on the patient's hospital room accommodation, negotiating adherence to identification and security measures, and formulating the discharge plan. Cultural care repatterning and restructuring was not attempted. Recommendations for nursing practice are made based on this case, migration trends, and recent cultural changes.

Culturally Congruent Care From the Perspectives of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Introduction: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are three world religions that occupy much of the world stage in health care, journalism, and media. Nurses frequently provide care for representatives of these groups. Culturally competent nurses recognize that there are differences and similarities within and between these religions. Methodology: This article incorporates findings from a scholarly review of the literature and transcultural nursing/health care principles and is guided by Leininger's Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory. It discusses the roots from which these religions emerged, and the similarities and differences in religious beliefs and practices as pertained to health care. Conclusion: Nurses and other health care professionals may use knowledge presented in this article to conduct individualized cultural assessments and provide culturally congruent health care to Jewish, Christian, and Muslim populations. Leininger's three culture care modes of decisions and actions offer a creative approach to providing meaningful and helpful culturally sensitive care.